Brown Type Research Articles

Effect of a Low-Protein Diet with Different Levels of Amino Acid Mixture in Laying Hens on their Performance and Some Qualitative Characteristics of Eggs

This study was conducted for the period from 1/1/2022 to 1/8/2022 (210 days), to study the effect of replacing the mixture of amino acids (methionine, lysine, and threonine) instead of the protein concentrate in the diets of laying hens that reduced crude protein by (1, 1.5, 2%) in some qualitative characteristics of eggs. In the study, (128) laying hens of the Lohmann Brown type were used, at the age of (21) weeks, preceded by two weeks of preparation for the herd. They were randomly distributed among 8 treatments, with 8 replications for each treatment, as each repetition includes (2) chickens (16 chickens/treatment). And the experimental treatments were as follows: T1 the control (standard diet), T2 (a treatment devoid of the protein concentrate), and the treatments T3, T4, and T5 (in which the percentage of crude protein was reduced by 1% and a mixture of amino acids consisting of methionine, lysine, and threonine was added by 1, 1.5, and 2%, respectively)., and treatments T6, T7, and T8 (in which the percentage of crude protein was reduced by 2% and a mixture of amino acids consisting of methionine, lysine, and threonine was added by 1, 1.5, and 2%, respectively). The results showed that there was a significant (P < 0.05) superiority for the treatments T1, T4, and T8 in yolk weight, yolk diameter, yolk relative weight, and yolk index at the middle of the experiment at the age of (21-32) weeks, while both were significantly superior (P < 0.05) From the coefficients T2, T9, T10 in the yolk weight, yolk height, yolk diameter, and the relative weight of the yolk in the last period of the experiment, The results showed a significant superiority (P < 0.05) for treatments T1, T8, and T10 when calculating the Albumin weight, Albumin height, Albumin diameter, and the relative weight of the egg, Treatments T2 and T3 were significantly (P<0.05) superior when measuring the weight of the eggshell, the relative weight of the eggshell, and the average thickness of the eggshell, compared with most of the experimental treatments. These results indicate that there is a qualitative improvement for some of the studied traits when adding the mixture of amino acids and reducing the percentage of total protein by 1.2% compared to the control group that does not contain amino acids.

Mechanical Pressing of Coconut Oil and Evaluation of Its Lubricant Properties

Vegetable oils represent an important element in protecting a sustainable environment. The pursuit of environmentally friendly solutions and the ever-increasing costs of synthetic oil production are increasing the interest in natural vegetable oils. This paper presents and discusses the possibilities of using the oils obtained from coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.) harvested in Indonesia (North Sumatra region), with three maturity levels (green, yellow, and brown), as lubricants. The specific mechanical energy for linear pressing of the green, yellow, and brown types was 22.3, 20.7, and 18.5 J·goil−1, respectively. The water content of the oils obtained from the green, yellow, and brown types was 1786, 2033, and 1902 mg H2O·g−1, respectively. The mathematical models for linear pressing were established. The sizes of the wear area for the green, yellow, and brown types were 25.7, 24.4, and 34.3 mm2, respectively. The UV–visible spectral curves of the oils, in the range of 180–320 nm, were determined. The results of the lubrication properties of the Reichert test showed that better lubrication properties were exhibited by the green and yellow types, which are comparable to the lubricating properties of engine oils. The results from the SEM images also showed a better structure of the worn surface and fewer traces of abrasive wear.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Kunyit (Curcuma domestica) Dalam Air Minum Terhadap Performa Produksi Ayam Ras Petelur Fase Layer

This study aims to analyze the effect of giving turmeric extract as an additive in drinking water on the production performance of layer phase laying hens. The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) carried out experimentally with 60 laying hens in the layer phase of the Isa Brown type with five treatments and four replications. The treatment used was P0 (without adding turmeric extract) as a control, P1 (1% turmeric extract), P2 (2% turmeric extract), P3 (3% turmeric extract), P4 (4% turmeric extract). The variables observed included Ration Consumption, Body Weight Growth (PBB), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Drinking Water Consumption, Hen Day Production (HDP). The research data were analyzed using analysis of variance and if they showed significant differences then they were further tested using Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that the addition of turmeric extract as an additive had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on the production performance of layer phase laying hens (P&lt;0.05) on Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Drinking Water Consumption and Hen Day production (HDP). For drinking water consumption, the highest yield was P0 = 7,132,50 ± 187,68a. At FCR the highest result was obtained P2 = 2,35 ± 0,26a, while at HDP the highest result was obtained P1 = 69,75 ± 11,58a. The conclusion from this study is that the addition of turmeric extract can be used as a feed additive to extend the shelf life of laying hens.

A Review on Nutritional Properties and Health Benefits of Finger Millet

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is one of the important small millets with high nutraceutical value in the world. Most of the millet farmers attracted by Finger millet cultivation due to its wide adoptability in different soil types and climate. It also grows well in hot climates with short rainfall periods and cool climates with warm millets. A multitude of small farmers grow finger millet with limited water resources and in many countries this crop is often referred to as “poor people's crop”. The grains of finger millets are very small in size with brown, light brown and white in colours based on different cultivars. The white cultivars have been developed mainly for the baking industry, the brown and light brown types used for porridge while the brown cultivar is utilized for brewing traditional opaque beer in Southern Africa. Finger millet has the highest source of calcium and iron when compared to the other cereals. Finger millet contains high concentration of carbohydrates, dietary fibre, phytochemicals and essential amino acids; presence of essential minerals; as well as a gluten‑free status. Diet is a major focus of public health strategies aimed at maintaining optimum health throughout life, thus preventing early onset of chronic diseases as well as promoting healthier ageing. Many researchers have described that finger millet helps in natural weight loss, strengthens bone, prevents diabetes, prevents anti-ageing, maintains blood pressure levels, protects from disease, improves in hemoglobin status in children etc.,. Studies on the different properties of foods have shown that consumption of certain foods may provide greater health benefits. Finger millet is not only used for human consumption, but it is also used as feed for cattle and birds. Finger millet is used in the preparation of different foods both in natural and malted forms, like porridge, puddings, pancakes, biscuits, roti, bread, noodles, and other snacks. Besides this, it is also used as a nourishing food for infants when malted and is regarded as wholesome food for diabetic patients. Therefore, necessary need to needs to increase production and productivity through various improved technologies to meet our requirements in future and also strengthen public distribution system for achieving nutritional security.

Machine learning for underwater laser detection and differentiation of macroalgae and coral

A better understanding of how spatial distribution patterns in important primary producers and ecosystem service providers such as macroalgae and coral are affected by climate-change and human activity-related events can guide us in anticipating future community and ecosystem response. In-person underwater field surveys are essential in capturing fine and/or subtle details but are rarely simple to orchestrate over large spatial scale (e.g., hundreds of km). In this work, we develop an automated spectral classifier for detection and classification of various macroalgae and coral species through a spectral response dataset acquired in a controlled setting and via an underwater multispectral laser serial imager. Transferable to underwater lidar detection and imaging methods, laser line scanning is known to perform in various types of water in which normal photography and/or video methods may be affected by water optical properties. Using off the shelf components, we show how reflectance and fluorescence responses can be useful in differentiating algal color groups and certain coral genera. Results indicate that while macroalgae show many different genera and species for which differentiation by their spectral response alone would be difficult, it can be reduced to a three color-type/class spectral response problem. Our results suggest that the three algal color groups may be differentiated by their fluorescence response at 580 nm and 685 nm using common 450 nm, 490 nm and 520 nm laser sources, and potentially a subset of these spectral bands would show similar accuracy. There are however classification errors between green and brown types, as they both depend on Chl-a fluorescence response. Comparatively, corals are also very diverse in genera and species, and reveal possible differentiable spectral responses between genera, form (i.e., soft vs. hard), partly related to their emission in the 685 nm range and other shorter wavelengths. Moreover, overlapping substrates and irregular edges are shown to contribute to classification error. As macroalgae are represented worldwide and share similar photopigment assemblages within respective color classes, inter color-class differentiability would apply irrespective of their provenance. The same principle applies to corals, where excitation-emission characteristics should be unchanged from experimental response when investigated in-situ.

Effects of Melatonin on Fat Graft Retention Through Browning of Adipose Tissue and Alternative Macrophage Polarization.

Melatonin is a widely used drug that can affect adipocyte inflammation, resulting in adipose tissue browning. Inducing the browning of white fat and changing the inflammatory microenvironment of early transplanted fat have positive effects on the retention rate of fat grafts. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin on fat graft retention, determine whether it is related to adipose tissue browning and the inflammatory microenvironment, and explore the underlying mechanisms. A C57BL/6 mice fat transplantation model was established. The mice were divided into a control group (ethanol), a high-dose group (40 mg/kg/day melatonin), a medium-dose group (20 mg/kg/day melatonin), and a low-dose group (10 mg/kg/day melatonin). They were also given oral gavage treatment for 2 weeks. The grafted fat was collected 2, 4, and 12 weeks after treatment. The medium-dose and high-dose melatonin groups had significantly higher fat graft retention rates than the control group at 12 weeks. The medium-dose melatonin group had smaller multilocular adipocytes, which enhanced the expression of uncoupling protein 1 and increased neovascularization in the grafted fat. The medium-dose group also had a higher distribution of M2 macrophages. These findings suggest that melatonin administration can improve the retention of fat grafts through polarization of macrophages toward the anti-inflammatory type and induction of adipose tissue browning. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Standard Operating Procedure for Production of Mouse Brown Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Over the past years, stem cell technology was heralded as a significant breakthrough of the century in scrutinizing the intricacies of human body biology and discovering different therapeutic approaches. Recently, adipose tissue, as a suitable source of harvesting mesenchymal stem cells, has attracted the attention of many researchers in the field of regenerative medicine. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into different types of cells such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. Adipose tissue, especially brown type, is considered an attractive cell source for various therapeutic purposes, such as restoring damaged tissue or fighting against diseases such as obesity. The growth of importance of stem cell applications in regenerative medicine has highlighted the need to seek appropriate mesenchymal stem cells sources. Recently, in the light of many efforts in the field of regenerative medicine, mice have gained increasing interest as a suitable source of adipose tissue for the extraction of mesenchymal stem cells, which can be used in the preclinical investigations in order to aid in the treatment of many human diseases.

Peramalan Jumlah Penumpang di Bandar Udara Soekarno-Hatta dengan menggunakan Pemulusan Eksponensial Tripel tipe Holt-Winter dan tipe Brown

The main airports in Indonesia, including at Soekarno-Hatta, are deserted, due to government policies to overcome the Covid-19 disease outbreak. The number of passengers has fallen drastically, every month the plane is erratic in carrying passengers. With a pandemic like this, the airline must make a strategy to avoid losses. To overcome this problem, the purpose of this study is to predict the number of passengers at Soekarno-Hatta Airport during the pandemic using triple exponential smoothing of Brown type and Holt-Winter type. In the triple exponential smoothing method, trend analysis is carried out and followed by smoothing three times.

Physical characteristics, nutritional composition and phenolic compounds of some of the sorghum landraces obtained in South Africa

Sorghum is among the predominant food plants in sub-Saharan Africa with established dietary and health benefits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical and nutritional characteristics and phenolic compounds of some of the sorghum genotypes grown in South Africa. The varieties investigated were white (Macia-SA), red (M48) and brown sorghum (M153). The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method was used for physical, nutritional and mineral examination and the Waters Synapt G2 quadruple time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer (MS) for the evaluation of the phenolic compound. The highest mineral content for the genotypes was potassium, in the range of 3599.24, 4248.04, and 4763.45 mg/kg; the highest value recorded was in the brown sorghum (SBrown) variety. The white sorghum (SWhite) variety had higher dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE) and starch contents compared to the red and brown types. Furthermore, higher ash, crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) values were observed in respect of the red sorghum variety. The most abundant phenolic compound in this study was caffeic acid, and this was more in the red sorghum. Naringenin-7-O-glucoside was the only quantified flavonoid, the highest content was reported in the red sorghum genotype. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and naringenin-7-O-glucoside contributed largely to the clustering of the genotypes in component 1 (PC1), while feruloylquinic acid and ferulic acid contributed to the clustering of component 2 (PC2). High component loadings for PC1 were contributed by the red sorghum (SRed) variety. These results suggest that sorghum varieties grown under South African climatic conditions are rich sources of valuable nutrients and diverse phenolic compounds, with brown and red sorghum types being the outstanding varieties. Sorghum’s unique phenolic profile qualifies it to be used to lessen oxidative stress and prevent diseases such as cancer. It has the potential to be utilized in the development of functional food additives.

Physiological and sanitary quality of black bean seeds dependent on storage time and initial seed moisture content

Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a species of great importance for family farming, both for food security and socioeconomic activity. The objective of this work was to assess the physiological and sanitary viability of black bean seeds stored with different initial moisture contents and cold storage periods. It was used a completely randomized design, 3×5 (seed moisture levels: 10, 13 and 16%, and storage periods: 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months in cold rooms, with four repetitions). Black bean seeds belonging to variety IPR88 Uirapuru were grown in the municipality of Santa Maria, Brazil, harvested in March 2020, and stored in a cold room (15ºC and 40% RH) in Kraft paper bags (brown type, 1.0 kg). Physiological variables and sanitary quality were assessed through laboratory tests. According to the results, it was possible to verify that the physiological and sanitary quality of black beans were negatively affected with the increase of storage period, in all grades. However, it is possible to store these seeds with moisture contents of 10 or 13% for a period of up to nine months in a cold room, with a 70% germination quality.

Peramalan Hasil Produksi Ikan Kerapu Provinsi Sumatera Barat dengan Menggunakan Pemulusan Eksponensial Ganda Tipe Holt dan Triple Tipe Brown

Grouper is marine fish found in Indonesian waters which are very popular and have high market prices. The production of grouper in West Sumatra is produced by cultivation using floating net cages and direct fishing. The purpose of this study is to form a forecasting model for grouper production of West Sumatra. Also this study to predict the production of grouper based on the model formed using Holt type double exponential smoothing and brown triple exponential smoothing. The data collection method used is data on grouper production of West Sumatra province from 2008 to 2020 which was obtained from the Marine and Fisheries Service of West Sumatra Province. The method used is Holt type double exponential smoothing and brown type triple exponential smoothing. Based on the forecasting model, the forecast results for the next 5 years have increased compared to the previous year's production. By using the Holt type double exponential smoothing method, the predicted results in the year 2021-2025 are 4553.83, 4761.96, 4970.08, 5178.20, 5383.33, while using the brown type triple exponential smoothing method the results are obtained successive forecast of 4868,89, 5160,70, 5464,24, 5779,52, 6106,53.

METODE TRIPLE EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING TIPE BROWN PADA PERAMALAN PRODUKSI PADI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH

Paddy is one of the staple food crops that almost all Indonesians consume every day. Central Java Province is one of the national food buffer provinces, therefore a model is needed to predict the amount of paddy production in Central Java Province for the future. The amount of paddy production in Central Java Province is not constant and fluctuates every year, so the one-parameter Triple Exponential Smoothing model of the Brown type is used to predict the amount of paddy production in Central Java Province. Based on the results of the analysis of the data, it was obtained that the one-parameter Triple Exponential Smoothing model of the Brown type which is appropriate to be used to predict the amount of paddy production in Central Java Province is F28+m=9485520,31-536660,01(m)+(0,5)(-91215,38)(m2), where the number of periods from 1 to 5.

Optimization of solvent extraction and HPLC-DAD method parameters for determination of phenolic compounds in various Brazilian propolis

Propolis is an organotherapeutic product collected by honey bees that contains a large number of phytoconstituents, possessing excellent pharmacological properties. In this study, phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity were evaluated in different types of Brown, Green and mixture of Red, Green I and Brown II (RGB) Brazilian propolis. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction was performed by direct solvent extraction (DSE) and successive solvent extraction (SSE) methods. The ethanolic extract of Green I propolis by SSE was higher in total phenolics (403.88 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoids (311.57 mg QE/g extract), and DPPH· scavenging activity (82.33 µMol TE/g extract) compared to other Brazilian propolis samples. Moreover, different solvent phases were used in the HPLC-DAD analysis and the results were validated by linearity and sensitivity. The optimized method was proven to be precise revealing good separation of standard phenolic compounds. Thermal stability of the compounds was accessed by using different column oven temperatures (40, 50 and 60 °C), and the results showed that lower temperature (40° C) retains the maximum contents of total phenolics in the 80% ethanolic extract of Green I propolis (253.71 mg/g extract) by DSE compared to other propolis samples. This extract (109.35 mg/g extract) also obtained a higher amount of total phenolic compounds in the SSE compared to ethyl acetate and acetone extracts. Among the phenolic compounds, artepillin C (60.10 mg/g extract) was higher in the SSE of Green I propolis 80% ethanolic extract. Thus, this study optimized the extraction and HPLC analytical conditions for the determination of phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity in different samples of Brazilian propolis.

Optically active centers in brown type IaAB diamonds from the Istok placer in the northeastern Siberian Platform: spectroscopic properties and the effect of HPHT treatment

Optically active centers in brown type IaAB diamonds from the Istok placer in the northeastern Siberian Platform: spectroscopic properties and the effect of HPHT treatment

Mineralogy and petrogenesis of fracture coatings in Athabasca Group sandstones from the McArthur River uranium deposit

ABSTRACT The McArthur River unconformity-related uranium deposit, located in the Athabasca Basin of Saskatchewan, Canada, is structurally hosted near the unconformity between Archean to Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary basement and the Proterozoic Athabasca Group sandstones. In this study, the mineralogy and geochemistry of fracture materials within the entire ca. 550 m thickness of the Athabasca Group sandstones and the metasedimentary (host) rocks from the McArthur River area were used to determine the paragenetic sequence and origin of minerals in and near the fractures. Our work sought to determine if the host minerals record elements associated with the uranium deposit at depth and if they could be used to guide exploration (vectoring). Fracture orientations indicate that most are moderately dipping (&amp;lt;50°) and provided permeable pathways for fluid movement within the basin, from below, and through the overlying sedimentary rocks. Many of the fractures and adjacent wall rocks record evidence of multiple distinct fluid events. Seven types of fracture fillings were identified from drill core intersecting the Athabasca Basin and present distinct colors, mineralogy, and chemical features. Brown (Type 1) and pink (Type 7) fractures host paragenetically late botryoidal goethite, Mn oxide minerals, and poorly crystallized kaolinite that formed from relatively recent low-temperature meteoric fluids, as indicated by poor crystallinity and low δ2H values of –198 to –115‰. These minerals variably replaced higher temperature minerals that are rarely preserved on the fractures or in wall rock near the fractures. Hydrothermal alteration associated with the mineralizing system at ca. 200 °C is recorded in assemblages of dickite, well-crystallized kaolinite, and spherulitic dravite in some white and yellow (Type 2) and white (Type 3) fractures, as reflected by the crystal habits and variable δ2H values of –85 to –44‰. Fibrous goethite in white and yellow (Type 2) and black and orange (Type 5) fractures and microfibrous Mn oxy-hydroxide minerals in black (Type 4) fractures also crystallized from hydrothermal fluids, but at temperatures less than 200 °C. White and yellow fractures (Type 2) containing fibrous goethite reflect fracture networks indicative of hydrothermal fluids associated with the mineralizing system during primary dispersion of pathfinder elements and therefore extend the deposit footprint. Brown (Type 1) and pink (Type 7) fractures have low δ2H values in botryoidal goethite and poorly crystallized kaolinite and are indicative of the movement of meteoric waters. Secondary dispersion of elements from the deposit to the surface on some fractures is evidence that fractures are pathways for element migration from the deposit to the surface, over distances exceeding ∼500 m.

The Effects of Prenatal Supplementation with β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate and/or Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid on the Development and Maturation of Mink Intestines Are Dependent on the Number of Pregnancies and the Sex of the Offspring.

Simple SummaryThe American mink has a unique and complex biology, and farmed mink can produce multiple litters. Reproductive success depends on optimal housing, nutrition, body condition and genetic selection. Nutrition during pregnancy affects fetal and offspring development. Therefore, feed supplements must be introduced with caution, especially on high productivity farms, where reproductive efficiency depends on optimal maternal nutrition and maintaining the best possible animal health status. The current study aimed to investigate the structure and maturation of the small intestine in the offspring of primiparous and multiparous mink supplemented with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate and/or alpha-ketoglutaric acid during gestation. Prenatal supplementation induced long-term effects on intestinal development in offspring which were dependent on parity and offspring gender. Intestinal absorption, peristalsis and secretion were affected by prenatal supplementation, as evidenced by the accompanying structural changes. The findings presented here have important nutritional implications, not only for mink breeding but for production overall. The possible effects of the interactions between parity, offspring gender and dietary supplements should be taken into consideration in terms of feeding practice and supplementation plans for the breeding of animals. Further studies are necessary to elucidate possible epigenetic effects of gestational supplementation on the generations of offspring that follow.Prenatal and postnatal supplementation with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) affects the development and maturation of offspring. Both substances have the potential to stimulate cell metabolism via different routes. However, parity affects development and may alter the effects of dietary supplementation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of gestational supplementation with HMB and/or AKG to primiparous and multiparous minks on the structure and maturation of the offspring’s small intestine. Primiparous and multiparous American minks (Neovison vison), of the standard dark brown type, were supplemented daily with HMB (0.02 g/kg b.w.) and/or AKG (0.4 g/kg b.w.) during gestation (n = 7 for each treatment). Supplementation stopped when the minks gave birth. Intestine samples were collected from 8-month-old male and female offspring during autopsy and histology and histomorphometry analysis was conducted (LAEC approval no 64/2015). Gestational supplementation had a long-term effect, improving the structure of the offspring’s intestine toward facilitating absorption and passage of intestinal contents. AKG supplementation affected intestinal absorption (enterocytes, villi and absorptive surface), and HMB affected intestinal peristalsis and secretion (crypts and Goblet cells). These effects were strongly dependent on parity and offspring gender. Present findings have important nutritional implications and should be considered in feeding practices and supplementation plans in animal reproduction.

Genetic characterization of donkeys of Braj region of India

The grey type donkeys of Braj region of Uttar Pradesh in India were genetically characterized using ten heterologous microsatellite loci. At these loci the PCR product size ranged from 75-95 bp at locus HTG6 to 251-277 bp at locus COR18. The observed number of alleles varied from 4 (HTG15) to 10 (HTG7 and AHT4) with a mean of 7.50 ± 1.96. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.46 (HTG6 and NVHEQ54) to 0.79 (COR18) with a mean of 0.66 ± 0.12. The mean genetic diversity estimate (FIS) was 0.157. When these donkeys were compared on the basis of allelic frequency data at these loci to the brown type donkeys of Ladakh, Spiti and Rayalseema regions in the union territories/states of Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh, respectively, they clustered independently from these three donkey populations in a dendrogram based on Goldstein’s average square distances indicating their genetic distinctness.

Best-fitted regression models for profitability of two egg-type commercial pullets.

This study is focused on describing the most important factors which have a great influence on profitability of egg production of two commercial layer flocks under Egyptian conditions, LSL white and brown. The data for each flock has been collected from seven governorates including the Delta and Upper Egypt zones over the period 2005-2012. General linear procedure was generated to get both least square means and separation of means. Application of stepwise regression was carried to predict the most important factors that affect egg production profitability in US dollar. White egg layers had significantly higher net profit per hen than the brown egg type, being as 12.2 vs. 12.1 cents for the white andbrown type egg layers, respectively. Closed houses and battery systems were the preferred systems for the white-egg genotype where pullets achieved significantly higher egg income over feed coast by 15.9 and 14.9 cents for closed and battery system, respectively compared to 10.9 and 11.5 cents for the LSL brown one, respectively. Open houses and floor systems were profitable for brown-egg genotype by recording a significantly higher profitability as 13.3 and 12.7 cents, respectively copmared to 8.7 and 9.7 cents for the white-egg genotype.Both white and brown-egg types had recorded significantly higher net profitability under delta zone rather than upper Egypt by 2.2 cents and 2.1 cents, respectively. Application of the stepwise regression procedure was to predict the net profit (Y) from three independent variables, egg weight (X1), egg price (X2), and hen housed egg production (X3). Generally, LSL white layers,egg price(X2) had the highest share in profitability by 44.24% compared to hen housed egg production(X3) that share 29.98%. For LSL brown layers, egg weight(X1) is the most important factor accounting for the profitability in cents. Its relative importance to the profitability is 57.24% followed by egg price(X2) 21.25%. Hen housed egg production(X3) had very little share 0.14%.

Establecimiento in vitro del hongo nematófago Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata en diferentes suelos

Las condiciones edáf icas presentes en los agroecosistemas pueden influir en el establecimiento y la efectividad de un agente de control microbiano para nematodos. Por esta razón, se propuso como objetivo de la presente investigación, evaluar el establecimiento in vitro de Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata en suelos agrícolas cubanos de tipo Ferralítico, Fluvisol y Pardo. Para ello, tres tipos de suelos se analizaron mediante la técnica suelo membrana, evaluándose en cada uno de ellos las poblaciones microbianas nativas, el crecimiento micelial y el crecimiento relativo del hongo nematófago de interés. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado y el procesamiento estadístico de los datos se realizó mediante un ANOVA factorial y regresión lineal. Los resultados demostraron que, P. chlamydosporia var. catenulata creció y produjo clamidosporas en todas las condiciones edáf icas evaluadas, no obstante, el mayor crecimiento se registró en los suelos Fluvisol y Ferralítico comparado con el Pardo. Lo cual sugirió, que las mayores poblaciones microbianas nativas y el pH ácido presente en el suelo Pardo, pudieron afectar el crecimiento de este hongo. Los resultados conf irman que la especie fúngica nematófaga P. chlamydosporia var. catenulata posee capacidad de adaptación, persistencia y multiplicación en diferentes suelos y se sugiere su utilización en los suelos Fluvisol, Ferralítico y Pardo, siempre que no presenten un pH ácido ≤ 4.17.

Исследование свойств шкурок лисопесцового гибрида как перспективной продукции звероводческих хозяйств

Consumer interest and demand for new objects of fur farming products increases, among which a special place is occupied by various hybrids. When hybridization is carried out on an industrial scale, you can get amazingly beautiful, unique animals, such as fox-and-polar fox hybrids. At present white, blue and veil Arctic foxes are crossed with red, silver-black and other foxes. Depending on the selection of pairs and their inherited inborn qualities, offspring are obtained with skins of a wide range of colors, including original colors, which are several times more expensive than the original forms and are in high demand on the world fur market. The results of the study on commercial properties of fox-and-polar fox hybrid skins of the color types Sapphire Frost, Sapphire Gold Fox, Golden Island Shadow, Blue Frost Brown Type, sold at the Finnish fur auction Saga Furs are given in the article. The analysis of indicators of hair length of various categories, skin thickness, color and weight of fox-fox hybrid skins of various color types, depending on topographic areas: side, ridge and rump, is presented.