Brown Solution Research Articles

Transformations of the lunar coordinates and orbital parameters

view Abstract Citations (37) References (2) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Transformations of the lunar coordinates and orbital parameters Eckert, W. J. ; Walker, M. J. ; Eckert, D. Abstract Because of its high quality and long acceptance as the standard of comparison, Brown's lunar theory will, for years to come, play a key role in the discussion of the observed lunar motion and in the critical examina- tion of new, more precise theoretical developments. In the modification of Brown's basic solution to facilitate the comparison with observation the full precision of the solution was not preserved since this was not then considered necessary. Some of this loss of precision was regained by the Improved Lunar Ephemeris in 1952. The purpose of this paper is to make the full accuracy of Brown's solution available for the comparison with observation and to increase the precision of the relations between the computed coordinates and the param- ters on which they are based. The precision of the solar terms in sin parallax is improved by more than an order of magnitude. Publication: The Astronomical Journal Pub Date: June 1966 DOI: 10.1086/109923 Bibcode: 1966AJ.....71..314E full text sources ADS |

Methaemoglobin formation by Mycoplasma gallisepticum: the role of hydrogen peroxide.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum, the agent responsible for common respiratory disease of turkeys, has been shown to agglutinate turkey erythrocytes1. During the course of investigations of a neurotropic strain of this organism (S6) which produces encephalitis associated with cerebral arteritis2, it was observed that incubation of a suspension of M. gallisepticum with washed turkey erythrocytes at 37° C caused the cells to become dark brown. Washed mycoplasmas enclosed in dialysis tubing also caused browning of erythrocyte suspensions and converted turkey and human haemoglobin to a brown solution which exhibited the spectral characteristics of methaemoglobin.

Some complex anions containing rhenium

Rhenium pentachloride dissolves in 12M hydrochloric acid to give a reddish brown solution from which salts such as Cs2ReOCl5 may be isolated. Oxidation of the rhenium occurs if the solution is allowed to stand exposed to the air and salts such as (K,Cs)2ReOCl6 may be isolated. These salts of rhenium(VI) have also been isolated by treating a solution of rhenium pentachloride in a thionyl chloride/iodine monochloride mixture with caesium chloride. The complex acid thought to be HReI5, separated by ether extraction of a solution of potassium hexaiodorhenate(IV) in 20% sulphuric acid, has been shown to be in fact H2(ReI5OH) by isolating salts using cations soluble in organic solvents.

Über die Hydrolyse von Eisen(III)‐perchlorat‐Lösungen

AbstractThe authors investigate the reaction products formed, when Fe(H2O)36+ is deprotonated in perchlorate solutions. When a small amount of base is added, metastable solutions containing the ions Fe(H2O)3+, Fe(H2O)5OH2+, Fe2(H2O)8(OH)4+ and Fe(H2O)4(OH)+ are formed, and α‐FeOOH slowly crystallises out. In a narrow intermediate range immediately after adding the base, colloidal amorphous Fe(OH)3 and crystalline α‐FeOOH are formed. If more base is added a dark brown solution of colloidal amorphous Fe(OH)3 results, in which the crystallisation of α‐FeOOH, under certain conditions also of γ‐FeOOH, begins after an induction period of several days. Only when a nearly equivalent amount of base is added, Fe(OH)3 is precipitated. On ageing, this changes partly into α‐Fe2O3, partly into α‐FeOOH, a rather large amount remaining amorphous. In all the systems, no stable state is reached at room temperature, even after years. If a small amount of Fe2+ ions is coprecipitated, a complete crystallisation of the amorphous hydroxide to α‐FeOOH takes place. The mechanism of the formation of the crystalline phases is discussed.

Carbohydrate material in carious dentine—I: Preliminary investigations

Carious dentine hydrolysates, prepared using strong mineral acid (6 N HCl), are brown and contain insoluble black material. However, hydrolysates of carious dentine prepared using 1.5 N sulphuric acid, 5 N formic acid, 2 N sodium hydroxide and collagenase, though light brown, were devoid of any black precipitate. Autoclaving dissolved 70 per cent of carious dentine, and the resultant light brown solution was also free of insoluble black material. These results indicated that the precipitate in strong mineral acid hydrolysates of carious dentine probably formed during the hydrolysis procedure. The possibility that this feature was due to the presence of carbohydrate material was supported by the results of carbohydrate analyses. It was found that carious dentine contained approximately 4 per cent “glucose” units of carbohydrate, in contrast to sound dentine which contained 0.4 per cent “glucose” units. Carious dentine contained material giving a positive Elson-Morgan reaction, but paper Chromatographic studies failed to indicate the presence of the amino-sugars glucosamine or galactosamine. The fractions of carious dentine resistant to collagenase action or autoclaving contained higher concentrations of carbohydrate material.

A light-sensitive yellow pigment from the housefly.

Extraction of house-fly heads with neutral phosphate buffer yielded a dark brown solution from which a number of pigments were separated, either wholly or partially, by chromatography on a column of calcium phosphate mixed with celite. One of the pigments was light-sensitive, and had a yellow color, with a spectral absorption maximum at 437 mmicro in phosphate buffer at pH 6.5. Several consecutively eluted fractions from each chromatogram of the house-fly head extract showed the characteristic absorption curve of this pigment with no trace, spectroscopically, of the other pigments of the extract. The products of bleaching the pigment at pH 6.5 had an absorption curve showing plateaus at 440 to 460 mmicro and 350 to 360 mmicro and an inflection at about 250 mmicro. Above pH 8.0 the pigment bleached in the dark giving an absorption maximum at about 380 mmicro, and inflections at 290 mmicro and at about 250 mmicro. With 2.5 to 5 N HCl or H(2)SO(4) an absorption maximum at 470 to 475 mmicro was obtained with either the unbleached or the bleached pigment. With sulfosalicylic acid, ethanol, or heating at 100 degrees C., a part of the pigment was precipitated, leaving a light-stable yellow supernatant. This light-sensitive house-fly pigment cannot as yet be identified with any of the previously known insect pigments or with the photosensitive pigments of other animals, though these latter compounds exhibit some similarity in their spectroscopic properties.

Iodine complexes in inert solvents—IV

Abstract Spectrophotometric measurements of the rate of decoloration of brown diethyl ether-iodine solutions are reported. The addition of sodium iodide increases the rate of decoloration fivefold.

A new selective method of staining mast cells

The author describes a method of selective staining of the mast cells granules with the aid of acidified basic Bismark brown solution, prepared according to a special prescription (basis Bismark brown 0.5 gm, ethyl alcohol 80 ml, 1 N hydrochloric acid 20 ml). The method is simple and does not require any differentiation.

Vital staining and mechanical inversion ofVolvox

AVolvox species was stained vitally with various dyes. As a result, it was found that the basal hemisphere was especially stainable with aurantia in mother colonies, and with trypan blue in daugher colonies before the natural inversion. When soaked in Bismarck brown solution young daughter colonies are mechanically inverted from the basal pole. This seems to be attributed to the volume decrease of the cavity caused by the dehydration of gelatinous matter which occupies that part. Similar phenomenon is possible to be occurred by use of hypertonic solutions.

An acetocarmine technic for Cucurbita.

Staminate Cucurbita buds undergoing meiosis are fixed for 12–24 hours in a solution containing 3 parts of 95% alcohol, 1 part of acetocarmine to which iron acetate has been added, and a flake of rusted iron. After fixation the buds are washed in 95% alcohol and stored in 95% alcohol with the iron flake for 5-10 days. A stain containing 10 drops of 45% acetic acid, 10 drops of acetocarmine, and 10 drops of brown storage solution is prepared. A small piece of anther is placed in a drop of stain on a slide. At the moment the anther is macerated, the debris is removed, and when the cells turn grey to dark brown a cover slip is applied. The stain is differentiated by gentle heat and the cover slip is sealed with paraffin.

Colour of Iodine Solutions

The dependence of the colour of iodine solutions upon the nature of the solvent is generally believed to be due to the presence of loosely bound iodine-solvent complexes, or ‘solvates’, in the brown solutions (for example, in ethanol) and of ‘unsolvated’ diatomic iodine molecules in the violet solutions (for example, in carbon tetrachloride)1. The nature, however, of this ‘solvation’ remains obscure. It is obviously not a simple electrostatic solvation, for it has little to do with the dielectric constant of the solvent; nor would such a solvation serve to account for the marked difference in chemical properties between the violet and brown solutions.

The Effect of Certain Coal-Tar Dyes Used for Semen Identification on the Livability and Fertility of Bull Spermatozoa

Summary Experiments were conducted to determine whether certified coal-tar dye solutions could be used to color diluted semen in order to reduce errors in its handling. Red, green, brown, and purple color preparations were tested, under laboratory and field conditions. Spermatozoa in diluted semen colored at the rate of one drop of the basic red, green, brown, and purple dye solutions for each 10 ml. of diluter maintained their motility as well as those in the uncolored controls. In a field study, when the same dyes were used at a lower concentration, no significant differences in fertility were found between the colored and uncolored semen samples. This investigation involved 2,995 inseminations and an average of 59.9 cows were inseminated per semen sample. The results obtained demonstrate that the coal-tar color preparations described can be safely used as a practical means of coloring diluted bull semen.

Polymerisation of Tung Oil. II. Gelation of Tung Oil by Catalytic Action of Iodine

Abstract (1) The gelation times of tung oil catalysed by iodine in various organic solvents were measured. (2) The relation between gelation time t, concentration of tung oil x and amount of iodine z is expressed by the formula logt=ax+b/zx. (3) In the solution having violet tint, iodine has a strong gelation accelerating action, but in the yellowish brown solution the accelerating action of iodine is very weak. (4) Organic acids and nitrobenzene are exceptions of the above fact (3) and in spite of yellowish brown tint, have strong gelation accelerating action. (5) In the iodine solutions of mixed solvents the gelation time increases with the increase of yellowish tint. (6) Difference in catalytic action of iodine solutions is considered to be due to the difference of molecular state of iodine in the solution. Generally solvated solution of iodine has poor catalytic action. (7) Generally iodine in the solvent having high dielectric constant shows strong gelation accelerating action.

Biological Study of Mushroom Extract and Effect of Sodium Ricinoleate on its Toxicity.

A watery extract of the poisonous mushroom, Amanita-phalloides, was prepared according to the method of Ford.1, 2 The extract was concentrated and sterilized by filtration. Using 1 cc. of a 5 per cent suspension of red blood corpuscles, 0.02 cc. of the extract produced complete hemolysis of guinea pig corpuscles. When injected into guinea pigs 1 cc. of the extract was sufficient to kill a 300 gm. guinea pig in 5 days. Upon the addition of sodium ricinoleate a precipitate was formed. A modified extract was prepared by the addition of sodium phosphate (Na3PO4), the precipitate being removed by filtration. Modified extract gave a clear, dark brown solution with sodium ricinoleate. 0.10 of this extract was necessary to hemolyze 1 cc. of a 5 per cent suspension of guinea pig erythrocytes. 1 cc. of the modified extract killed a 300 gm. guinea pig in 7 days. The addition of non-toxic amounts of castor oil soap to the mushroom poison greatly increased its toxicity. The addition of 0.03 gm. of castor oil soap to 1...

A new mineral tar in Old Red Sandstone: Ross-shire

This tar, which resembles the elaterite found in the carboniferous limestone of Derbyshire, in its being somewhat elastic, is a soft lustrous black sticky substance of the consistence of wood tar, found in old red sandstone rocks in the neighbourhood of Dingwall, in close proximity to veins of that compact variety of asphalt known as Albertite. The streak of this tar is reddish brown,—that of most asphalts. It is insoluble in water, acids, and alkalies. It is equally so in alcohol. In turpentine and in paraffin oils it yields a reddish brown solution or varnish. In ether it is but partially soluble, yielding a yellowish brown solution in transmitted, a dark green in reflected, light. A compact variety from Egypt shows similar dichroism when treated with these solvents. With dry distillation this tar yields an inflammable gas, an inflammable oil, and water. It melts at 140° C. On ignition it burns with a rustling bright flame, smokes, and leaves a residue of impurities of iron peroxide and lime from included particles of iron pyrites and calcite, which the substance evidently caught up in the fissures as it flowed into them. What is interesting as to the locality of this tar is the low geological horizon on which it is found. The porous sandstone has this bituminous substance disseminated through it. Its association with the solid variety Albertite, from which it differs in most respects, physical and chemical, suggests a community of origin for both these hydrocarbons. The presence of both

8. On Ferric Ferricyanide as a Reagent for Detecting Traces of Reducing Gases

The brown solution obtained when solutions of ferric chloride and potassium ferricyanide are mixed, which may be regarded as containing ferric ferricyanide, is, as is well known, very readily turned blue by reducing agents, Prussian blue or Turnbull's blue being formed. The author uses strips of filter paper dipped in the freshly prepared solution to test for traces of reducing gases, such as sulphuretted hydrogen, sulphurous acid, &c. As nitrous fumes also blue the brown solution, reducing it, traces of them can be detected by using together a piece of paper prepared as above and a piece of iodised starch paper.

A third series of experiments on an artificial substance, which possesses the principal characteristic properties of tannin; with some remarks on coal

Mr. Hatchett, in his former communications on this subject, gave some account of the effects produced by sulphuric acid upon turpentine, resin, and camphor. He now states the results of a variety of experiments made with that acid upon a great number of resins, balsams, gum-resins, and gums; from which it appears, that sulphuric acid almost immediately dissolved the resins, forming transparent brown solutions, which gradually became black; that the solutions of the balsams and of guaiacum were at first of a deep crimson colour, slightly inclining to brown; and that caoutchouc and elastic bitumen were not dissolved, but, after a long digestion, were only superficially carbonized. Turpentine, common resin, elemi, tucamahaca, mastic, copaiba, copal, camphor, benzoin, the balsams of Tolu and of Peru, assafœtida, and amber, yielded a large proportion of the tanning substance; so also did oil of turpentine.