Eggshell Research Articles

To Study the Partially Replacement Cement with Metakaolin, Egg Shell Powder and Fine Aggregates with Washed Bottom Ash

Abstract: Nowadays due to the construction boom demand for this material increasing day by day for construction activities worldwide, for rapid growth in infrastructure, consumption of natural sand is increased which lead to the continuous extraction of natural sand from the river bed. Due to these adverse effects, different states have imposed bans on the natural extraction of sand. The portion of the ash that escapes the chimney is referred to as fly ash (80%), and the clinkers that fall under their weight in the bottom hopper is termed as bottom ash (20%) which is cooled by water washing and is termed as Washed Bottom Ash (WBA). The most effective pozzolanic substance for use in concrete is metakaolin, a kind of pozzolana. it is known that the eggshell is mainly has the composition of compounds of calcium. Eggshells are composed of 93.70% calcium carbonate (in calcium), 4.20% of it is organic matter, 1.30% is magnesium carbonate, and 0.8% of it is calcium phosphate. The partial replacement of aggregates is need for the future generation of concrete structures for the environment supportable. The depletion of the natural resources gets exhausted. We have think over the alternate replacement of the materials. In present work the partial replacement of the metakaolin, Esp with the Cement and the fine aggregates is partially replaced by the WBA. Optimum value of strength in compression, split tensile and flexure came at MK,ESP12%WBA35% replacement of the TWA with the Cement and the fine aggregates is partially replaced by the WBA. The workability of mixture increases and after that there is decrease in the workability of the concrete when we increase the percentage of MK,ESP and WBA. A series of experiment were carried out to measure the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of the concrete. The results showed that the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength increases with the adding of the MK,ESP and WBA in concrete

Surface and corrosion properties of corn cob and egg shell particles reinforced AA3104-H19 composite via stir casting process

Aluminium alloys have been the most commonly used materials in the automotive and marine industries. However, depreciation in strength due to contact with environmental contaminants occurs over time. Hence, this study examined the effect of corn cob (CC) and egg shell (ES) particles on the corrosion, hardness and microstructure properties of AA3104-H19 composite. The corrosion experiment was conducted in 3.65 wt% NaCl solution. The microstructure of the material was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The hardness was measured using a simple Brinell hardness tester loading. The control sample (AA3104-H19 alloy) exhibited the highest corrosion rate (CR) and corrosion current density (jcorr) of 0.0914 mm/year and 7.867 μA/cm2, respectively, Al90%-CC10%-ES0% sample exhibited the lowest CR and jcorr of 0.0135 mm/year and 1.16 μA/cm2, respectively. More so, the control sample exhibited a Brinell hardness of 96.3 kgf/mm2, while the Al90%-CC0%-ES10% sample exhibited an improved Brinell hardness of 99.6 kgf/mm2. The low corrosion rate of Al90%-CC10%-ES0% and high Brinell hardness Al90%-CC0%-ES10% of samples indicated that the samples exhibited superior corrosion resistance and enhanced resistance to indentation, respectively, relative to the other test samples. The SEM images revealed that the reinforced samples exhibited more uniform morphology than the control sample. The presence of AlSiO2 as indicated by the XRD results could have enhanced the corrosion rate of the material. The ESD revealed elements such as Ca, Mg, Si, Al and C, which are beneficial to the surface and corrosion properties of the material.

A Review on The Inhibition Efficiency of Green Materials as a Potential Corrosion Protection on Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals in Various Environments

Greenmaterial is a beneficial material in combating corrosion on any metallic structure. Since it is a green material, hence it can be classified as an environmental friendly material. Environmental friendly material (eco-friendly) is the best material choice to be opted for corrosion mitigation. Eco-friendly materials produce no pollution to the environment, safe to be used because of organic materials, made from a waste product or a natural resource, cheap, wide range of availability, renewable resource, freeof heavy metals and free of toxic compounds. Therefore, numerous research studies have been done worldwide by researchers as to study the effectiveness in term of inhibition efficiency of the eco-friendly material as corrosion mitigation method. This review highlighted a few eco-friendly materials such as rice husk, egg shell, banana peel and henna that have been tested successfully in the previous research studies as corrosion prevention method. Many of related and relevant research articles to this review topic have been included as to review the inhibition efficiency of the eco-friendly materials in corrosion mitigation. The result showed that the inhibition efficiency for all green materials reviewed was mainly above 90%. This showed that the green materials acted as a remarkable material either as a direct corrosion inhibitor or incorporated into a coating. The corrosion rate on metal was decreased as the molecules of green material being absorbed on the metal surface, creating a protective barrier and protected the metal surface from corrosion attack. This review provided the significant and valuable information regarding the application of eco-friendly material as corrosion mitigation because the facts in this review have indicated that the eco-friendly materials have an excellent inhibition efficiency for corrosion protection purpose on different metals in various environments.

The direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate out of carbon dioxide and methanol is catalyzed by D-metals supported on various matrices

The chemical transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable chemicals is a fascinating way to reduce CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) exhibits low toxicity, biodegradability, and versatile reactivity. DMC production by direct synthesis using CO2 and methanol (CH3OH) may be one of the ever most promising green routes. On the other hand, direct synthesis of DMC shows some drawbacks including unfavorable thermochemistry and quick deactivation of catalysts. The development of new catalytic systems currently represents an urgent agenda to overcome these disadvantages. This study investigates the catalytic activity of iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) catalysts supported on alumina (AL), silica (SI), and eggshells (ES) during the course of DMC production by direct synthesis. The supported catalysts were synthesized using the impregnation method and characterized by TGA, BET, DTP-NH3, XRD, and FESEM/EDS. The contents of the impregnated iron in the matrices are ES-Fe (13%) > AL-Fe (6%) > SI-Fe (4%). The contents of the impregnated copper are ES-Cu (7%) > AL-Cu (3%) = SI-Cu (3%). The DMC conversions equal 8.9 (AL-Cu), 6.2 (SI-Cu), 11.3% (ES-Cu), 6.1 (AL-Fe), 7.2 (SI-Fe), and 12.7% (ES-Fe). The ES-Fe recycle demonstrated stability of the catalytic action in the first and second reuse, maintaining high conversion and selectivity of DMC. All tests reveal a DMC selectivity of over 99%. The reported results suggest that the catalytic DMC production depends both on the nature of d-metal and support, whereas the ES-Fe system exhibits the best performance.

PEMANFAATAN TEPUNG DAUN MENGKUDU (Morinda citrifolia) TERHADAP KUALITAS TELUR BURUNG PUYUH

The experiment was conducted to determine influence of additing noni leaf flour on the quality of quail eggs. The materials used were 300 quail eggs 44 weeks old. The experiment used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments (0%, 1%, 2% and 3% of noni leaf flour in feed) and 5 replications. Parameters observed were haugh unit and egg shell thickness. The data were analysed using analysis of variance and continued with honest real difference test. The result showed that the addition of noni leaf flour in the feed ration had a significant effect (P>0,01) on the haugh unit and egg shell thickness. The conclusion of this experiment was the addition of noni leaf flour in feed ration had a significant effect on the quality of quail eggs. The P2 treatment (addition of 2% noni leaf flour) in quail feed showed the best results on egg quality that is haugh unit and egg shell thickness.

The use of eggshells, boiler stone, chalk and marl for the synthesis of novel hydroxyapatite modified biochars for the vanadium removal

Synthesis, sorption–desorption studies and physicochemical analysis of novel hydroxyapatite modified biochars were performed. The hydroxyapatite used for the modification originated from the four sources: egg shells, boiler stone, chalk and marl. The obtained sorbents were used for vanadium ions removal from the aqueous solutions. It is dangerous impurity and its extensive use as a steel additive requires continual removal. The optimized sorption conditions: pH 3, time 240 min, temperature 293 K allowed to obtain satisfactory results, in particular for BC-HAp1 (hydroxyapatite modified biochar from egg shells) for which qt is equal to 27.45 mg/g (concentration 100 mg/L). The calculated ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° reveal the nature of the sorption process. Washing the sorbents with hydrochloric acid after the sorption resulted in nearly 80% desorption efficiency. The physicochemical analysis of the sorbents allowed to suggest a complex, mixed mechanism of sorption involving physical and chemical interactions.

The effects of different choice feeding methods on laying hen performance, egg quality, and profitability

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of using whole wheat in choice feeding on performance, egg quality, and income of laying hens. In the study, a total of 160-Hyline W-80 white commercial laying hens aged 28 weeks were divided into four treatment groups and fed for 84 days. The treatment groups were as follows: 1) Control (C, standard commercial laying hen feed), 2) C feed+choice feeding continuously with whole wheat in a separate cup (CW), 3) C feed+weekly intermittent choice feeding with whole wheat in a separate cup (WW), 4) C feed+choice feeding with continuous whole wheat+limestone together in a separate cup (WL). Choice feeding by using whole wheat methods (continuous, weekly intermittent, and with limestone) caused a significant decrease in the live weight change of laying hens (P<0.01), increased feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control group (P<0.05). Total egg yield and egg weight were not affected by choice feeding with whole wheat methods (P>0.05). Choice feeding by using whole wheat caused a decrease in total eggshell weight, thickness, shell weight per unit area, and egg yolk color (P<0.01). However, it did not significantly affect the egg shell ratio, surface area, albumen height, and Haugh unit values of eggs (P>0.05). Also, total production costs, egg sales income, and net profit values were similar in all groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, the choice feeding by using whole wheat in laying hens did not affect the performance and economic parameters negatively; however, it caused reductions in some egg quality values.

EFFECTS of DIFFERENT VIOL TYPES on EGG QUALITIES in TABLE EGGS at DIFFERENT STORAGE TEMPERATURES

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of storing table hen eggs in egg cardboard viol, plastic box viol, and cardboard box viols at various temperatures on the egg qualities. A total of 300 table chicken eggs were used in the study. The eggs were randomly distributed into three groups: standard cardboard viol, plastic box viol, and cardboard box viol. The eggs were stored at room temperature and in the refrigerator for 28 days. On the 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of the experiment, ten eggs from each group were analyzed for egg weight loss, egg shell strength, Haugh unit, yolk index, and albumen pH. Viol type x storage temperature interaction effect was significant (P <0.05) only on egg weight loss, but its effect on other properties was insignificant. After 28 days of storage, egg weight loss was statistically insignificant between eggs stored in plastic box viols at 25℃ and eggs stored in cardboard viols at 4℃. The effect of viol types on egg shell strength, yolk index, Haugh unit, and albumen pH was insignificant. Egg weight loss was found to be better in plastic box viols than in other groups (P <0.05). Eggs stored in refrigerator conditions are better than egg stored room conditions in terms of egg quality criteria except eggshell strength (P <0.05). As a result, it would be more appropriate to store eggs in plastic box viols in order to preserve egg quality for a longer period of time

Utilization of Native Chicken Egg Shells as Abrasive Ingredients in Toothpaste

Native chicken eggs are one of the eggs that are often consumed by the community. Grafting native chicken eggs has a lot of mineral content that is good for dental health, namely calcium. In toothpaste calcium has properties as an abrasive which can reduce plaque formation on teeth. The purpose of this study was to determine the abrasive effect of toothpaste preparations from native chicken egg shells and to determine the stability of toothpaste preparations with active ingredients from native chicken egg shells. The research method carried out is laboratory experimental on the formulation of toothpaste preparations from native chicken egg shells. Toothpaste preparations are made with a variant of the concentration of native chicken egg shell waste powder of 30%, 35%, 40% then an evaluation of the quality of the preparation before and after storage is carried out to determine the stability of a preparation. Based on the results of this study obtained, toothpaste preparations with a concentration of egg shell powder of 35% are effective in reducing plaque on artificial teeth. Based on the evaluation requirements of SNI No. 12-3524-1995 including organoleptic tests, pH, dispersality, foam formation and homogeneity obtained all formulas are qualified.

Rice flour coating supplemented with rosemary essential oil to preserve the internal, microbiological, and sensory quality of quail eggs

AbstractCoatings of rice flour (RF), reinforced or not with rosemary essential oil (ROS), were used to evaluate changes in the internal quality of quail eggs stored at room temperature. Quality parameters [egg weight loss (EWL, %), Haugh unit (HU), yolk index (YI), albumen and yolk pH], microbiological (counts of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae) and sensory (colour, aroma, odour, texture, taste, and general acceptability) parameters were evaluated during the experiment. Compared to the number of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria on the shell of uncoated eggs (2.02 ± 0.49; 1.78 ± 0.20 log10 CFU mL−1), RF/ROS exhibited significant inhibition effects for these bacteria on 0. (1.16 ± 0.25 log10 CFU mL−1) and 21. (0.84 ± 0.11 log10 CFU mL−1) days of storage at room temperature. On days 7, 14, and 21, RF had no effect on HU (P > 0.05), but eggs coated with RF/ROS had significantly higher HU (P < 0.05) than uncoated eggs from day 14, maintaining grade AA (73.88 ± 2.67) on day 21, while uncoated eggs had grade A (68.90 ± 1.55) at that time. The RF coating reinforced with ROS was a bioactive, efficient, and safe formulation for application based on internal quality, microbiological and sensorial aspects of quail eggs.

Screening for antimicrobial residues in poultry eggs in Bangladesh using Charm II radio-receptor assay technique following validation

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to screen for the presence of antimicrobial residues in poultry eggs from Bangladesh using the Charm II radio-receptor assay in the absence of expensive confirmatory instrumentation. This was based on cut-off values as set in the validation guidelines according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808. Fortified eggs spiked with fixed concentrations of doxycycline, erythromycin A, sulphamethazine, and benzylpenicillin were used to determine the cut-off values and detection capabilities (CCβ). Other validation parameters included were applicability, ruggedness, and robustness. A total of 201 egg mix samples from native organic chicken, duck, and commercial farm-raised laying hens (both brown and white eggs) were tested and after analysis 13%, 10%, and 4.5% of the egg mix samples showed positive signals for sulphonamides, macrolides/lincosamides, and tetracyclines, respectively. Presence of multiple drug residues were also suspected in 11 out of 201 egg mix samples.

Comparative characterization of flavor precursors and volatiles of Taihe black-boned silky fowl and Hy-line Brown yolks using multiomics and GC-O-MS-based volatilomics

Eggs are nutritious and highly valued by consumers. However, egg flavor varies greatly among different hen breeds. The present study used gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry-based volatilomics to identify and compare volatile compounds in Taihe black-boned silky fowl (TS) and Hy-line Brown (HL) egg yolks. In addition, the relationships between the levels of different metabolites and lipids and flavor-associated differences were investigated using multiomics. Twenty-eight odorants in total were identified; among them, the levels of 3-methyl-butanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-pentylfuran, and (E, E)-2,4-decadienal differed significantly (P < 0.05) between TS and HL egg yolks. The difference in flavor compounds results in TS egg yolks having a stronger overall odor and flavor and a higher acceptance level than HL egg yolks. Metabolomic analysis revealed that 112 metabolites in the egg yolks were significantly different between the two breeds. Furthermore, these different metabolites in the egg yolks of both breeds were significantly enriched in phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways and phenylalanine metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathways (P < 0.05), as identified by both metabolite set enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses. Lipidomic analysis revealed significant differences in the lipid subclasses, lipid molecules, and fatty acid profiles between the egg yolks from the two breeds. As a result, 48 lipid molecules had variable influence in projection values > 1 based on the partial least squares regression model, which may play a role in the differences in aroma characteristics between the two breeds through oxidative degradation of fatty acids. Our study revealed the metabolite, lipid, and volatility profiles of TS and HL egg yolks and may provide an important basis for improving egg flavor to satisfy various consumer preferences.

Left Atrial Ligation in the Avian Embryo as a Model for Altered Hemodynamic Loading During Early Vascular Development.

Due to its four-chambered mature ventricular configuration, ease of culture, imaging access, and efficiency, the avian embryo is a preferred vertebrate animal model for studying cardiovascular development. Studies aiming to understand the normal development and congenital heart defect prognosis widely adopt this model. Microscopic surgical techniques are introduced to alter the normal mechanical loading patterns at a specific embryonic time point and track the downstream molecular and genetic cascade. The most common mechanical interventions are left vitelline vein ligation, conotruncal banding, and left atrial ligation (LAL), modulating the intramural vascular pressure and wall shear stress due to blood flow. LAL, particularly if performed in ovo, is the most challenging intervention, with very small sample yields due to the extremely fine sequential microsurgical operations. Despite its high risk, in ovo LAL is very valuable scientifically as it mimics hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) pathogenesis. HLHS is a clinically relevant, complex congenital heart disease observed in human newborns. A detailed protocol for in ovo LAL is documented in this paper. Briefly, fertilized avian embryos were incubated at 37.5 °C and 60% constant humidity typically until they reached Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) stages 20 to 21. The egg shells were cracked open, and the outer and inner membranes were removed. The embryo was gently rotated to expose the left atrial bulb of the common atrium. Pre-assembled micro-knots from 10-0 nylon sutures were gently positioned and tied around the left atrial bud. Finally, the embryo was returned to its original position, and LAL was completed. Normal and LAL-instrumented ventricles demonstrated statistically significant differences in tissue compaction. An efficient LAL model generation pipeline would contribute to studies focusing on synchronized mechanical and genetic manipulation during the embryonic development of cardiovascular components. Likewise, this model will provide a perturbed cell source for tissue culture research and vascular biology.

Management of root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita] in bhendi under pot culture condition using zero cost inputs

Bhendi scientifically known as Abelmoschus esculentus belongs to family Malvaceae and also known as Ladies Finger, Okra, Bhindi . It is the most important vegetable crop of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It belongs to the genus Abelmoschus and family Malvaceae. Okra is a multipurpose crop valued for its tender and delicious pods. In West Africa, leaves, buds, and flowers of okra are also consumed. The dried seeds provide oil, protein, vegetable curd, and a coffee additive or substitute. Okra dry seeds contain 18–20% oil and 20–23% crude protein. Foliage can be used for biomass, and the dried stems serve as a source of paper pulp or fuel. To a limited extent, okra is used in canned, dehydrated, or frozen forms. It has an average nutritive value of 3.21. It is commercially grown in India, Turkey, Iran, West Africa, Yugoslavia, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Pakistan, West Bengal, Burma, Japan, Malaysia, Brazil, Ghana, Ethiopia, Cyprus, and the southern USA. Chitin has been extracted from various sources like prawn shells, crab shells, egg shells, jack fruit peel, garlic peel and onion peel. The efficacy of chitinase amendments on mortality of active juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita was estimated at various concentrations viz, 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% under three replications of 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours and assessment of plant morphometric characters, nematode mortality and root knot index under pot culture conditions.All the six chitinases amendments were tested in vitro to study the nematicidal action on Meloidogyne incognita. In treatment – concentration interaction, the highest nematode mortality (79.65 percent) was observed in Egg shell (100percent) followed by Crab shells (58.16 percent) Similar results were observed in 75, 50 and 25 per cent concentration of the amendments.Among the different chitinases amendments tested, Egg shell showed high degree of nematicidal effect against M. incognita in vitro and the lowest nematode mortality was recorded in onion peel (18.40) at 25 per cent concentration.Among the amendments tested, Egg shell treatment showed significant increase in root length and shoot length (40.22 cm 21.30 cm respectively) and the untreated control plants recorded the least root length and shoot length (19.11 cm and 21.30 ).All the treatments were found to reduce nematodes population in roots and highest reduction was noticed in egg shell treated plants (189.54 and 161.20) soil (250g) and root(5g) respectively.Significant reduction in root knot index (1.5) were observed in the treatment egg shell and carbofuran which recorded (1.0) per cent. The untreated control plant roots showed root knot index of 5.00 per cent.

Molecular Characterisation of Multidrug Resistant Pathogen Isolated from Egg and its Control Measures

Multidrug resistance is a condition enabling a disease causing microorganism to resist distinct drugs or chemical of wide variety of structure and function targeted at eradicating the bacteria. Microorganisms that display multidrug resistant can be pathogenic cells. In this study, table eggs are used commonly, because it considered the most nutritious economical source of protein that can be a part of healthy diet. However, egg shell carries bacteria which cause illness; even unbroken clean fresh shell egg may also contain harmful bacteria. In egg shell presence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were found. Out of total examined sample, no Salmonella was detected. Several disease occurred in poultry are caused by Staphylococcus sp. such as Staphylococcus aureus. It produces Enterotoxins which create food poisoning in consumers. Eggs are the potential source of transmitting antibiotics. Resistant Staphylococcus strain to human causing food-borne infection through Staphylococcus strains can potentially be harmful to humans. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered as one of the important bacterium. As a result, Multidrug resistance (MDR) in the bacteria may develop. Nowadays poultry farm increase day by day in Tamilnadu, there is a chance of transmitting the MRSA to Human through egg consumption. This present study was conducted to isolate the bacterial species and the characterization of Staphylococcus aureus along with remedial measure on egg Shell surface.&#x0D; Keywords: Multidrug resistant, Pathogenic, Egg shell, Antibiotics, Human welfare

The avidin-theophylline complex: A structural and computational study.

The interaction between avidin and its counterpart biotin is one of central importance in biology and has been reproposed and studied at length. However, the binding pocket of avidin is prone to promiscuous binding, able to accommodate even non-biotinylated ligands. Comprehending the factors that distinguish the extremely strong interaction with biotin to other ligands is an important step to fully picture the thermodynamics of these low-affinity complexes. Here, we present the complex between chicken white egg avidin and theophylline (TEP), the xanthine derivative used in the therapy of asthma. In the crystal structure, TEP lies in the biotin-binding pocket with the same orientation and planarity of the aromatic ring of 8-oxodeoxyguanosine. Indeed, its affinity for avidin measured by isothermal titration calorimetry is in the same μM range as those obtained for the previously characterized nucleoside derivatives. By the use of molecular dynamic simulations, we have investigated the most important intermolecular interactions occurring in the avidin-TEP binding pocket and compared them with those obtained for the avidin 8-oxodeoxyguanosine and avidin-biotin complexes. These results testify the capability of avidin to complex purely aromatic molecules.

Penggunaan Ekstrak Daun Eceng Gondook (Eichornia crassipes) Sebagai Pengawet Terhadap Kualitas dan Kuantitas Telur Ayam Ras

This research was conducted for 3 months in the laboratory of the Department of Animal Husbandry, State University of Gorontalo. This study used an egg sample of 240 eggs of purebred chickens. Eggs were divided into 4 treatments, each treatment was repeated 3 times. A0 = 0% (eggs without treatment), A1 = 10% (eggs soaked at 10% level of water hyacinth leaf extract), A2 = 20% (eggs soaked at 20% level of water hyacinth leaf extract), A3 = 30% (eggs by immersing 30% level of water hyacinth leaf extract). B0 (1 day old egg), B1 (14 day old egg), B2 (21 day old egg), B3 (28 day old egg). The research was conducted by measuring egg weight, air voids, HU value, egg yolk color, and taste. Flavor. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design (CRD), and further tests were carried out using Duncan's test. The results of this study showed that the effect of tannin content on the level of 20% water hyacinth leaf extract was able to maintain egg quality compared to eggs that were not given treatment (control). Because the tannin solution derived from water hyacinth leaves is able to cover the egg shell pores properly.

Synthesis and Assessment of Antimicrobial Composites of Ag Nanoparticles or AgNO3 and Egg Shell Membranes.

Engineering research has been expanded by the advent of material fusion, which has led to the development of composites that are more reliable and cost-effective. This investigation aims to utilise this concept to promote a circular economy by maximizing the adsorption of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate onto recycled chicken eggshell membranes, resulting in optimized antimicrobial silver/eggshell membrane composites. The pH, time, concentration, and adsorption temperatures were optimized. It was confirmed that these composites were excellent candidates for use in antimicrobial applications. The silver nanoparticles were produced through chemical synthesis using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent and through adsorption/surface reduction of silver nitrate on eggshell membranes. The composites were thoroughly characterized by various techniques, including spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, as well as agar well diffusion and MTT assay. The results indicate that silver/eggshell membrane composites with excellent antimicrobial properties were produced using both silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate at a pH of 6, 25 °C, and after 48 h of agitation. These materials exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, resulting in 27.77% and 15.34% cell death, respectively.

Processing and characterization of egg shell derived nano-hydroxyapatite synthetic bone for Orthopaedic and Arthroscopy implants and substitutes in dentistry

The present work is focused on the nano-Hydroxyapatite (nHAp) synthesis with two different Indian breed Aseel and Kadaknath eggshells. The alloplast implants were developed through the foam replica method with polyurethane 45-PPI as a porous template. The synthesized nHAp was characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The FE-SEM images of the nHAp showed the one dimensional clustered nanoparticles and the X-ray diffraction spectrum confirms that the major phase was hydroxyapatite with a small trace of β-tricalcium phosphate. The maximum compression strength of the sample was 5.49 ± 0.12 MPa which is in the range of the compression strength of human trabecular bone. The thermal and degradability studies results confirmed that these are highly stable and provides necessary a resorption needed for new bone tissue formation. Besides, the antimicrobial activity against tested human microbiome are satisfactory and the cell viability towards MG 63 human osteoblast-like cells provides a potential pathway for developing the nHAp implants for bone tissue engineering.

Methods of In Ovo and Ex Ovo Ostrich Embryo Culture with Observations on the Development and Maturation of the Chorioallantoic Membrane.

Culture of shell-free and windowed eggs for drug testing and other experiments has been perfected for smaller eggs such as those of chickens, where the developing blood vessels of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) become accessible for manipulative studies. However, due to the thickness and hardness of the ostrich egg shell, such techniques are not applicable. Using a tork craft mini rotary and a drill bit, we established windowed egg, in-shell-membrane windowed egg, and in-shell-membrane shell-free methods in the ostrich egg, depending on whether the shell membranes were retained or not. Concomitant study of the developing CAM revealed that at embryonic day 16 (E16), the three layers of the CAM were clearly delineated and at E25, the chorionic capillaries had fused with the epithelium while the CAM at E37 had reached maturity and the chorion and the allantois were both 3-4 times thicker and villous cavity (VC) and capillary-covering cells were well delineated. Both intussusceptive and sprouting angiogenesis were found to be the predominant modes of vascular growth in the ostrich CAM. Development and maturation of the ostrich CAM are similar to those of the well-studied chicken egg, albeit its incubation time being twice in duration.