Brown Dairy Research Articles

The life expectancy of ukrainian brown dairy breed cows depending on linear estimation of the udder morphological characteristics

The Estimation of dairy cattle cows by morphological characteristics of the udder is an important element in the system of linear classifi cation of dairy cattle. This is due to the existence of a correlation between the linear characteristics of the udder and indicators of milk productivity and longevity of cows. Studies on the impact of assessing the linear characteristics of the exterior on the life expectancy of dairy cows are motivated and relevant. The exterior type of fi rst-born cows was evaluated according to the method of linear classifi cation in the leading farms of Sumy region for breeding Ukrainian brown dairy breed. According to the descriptive method of the 9-point scale, the fi ve most important morphological features of the udder in terms of selection and technological signifi cance were studied. They are:an anterior attachment, posterior attachment height, central ligament, udder depth and anterior teat location. The signifi cant infl uence of udder morphological features on the life expectancy of cows was established. Each of the evaluated linear traits aff ects the life expectancy of a cow with diff erent relative variability of estimates within a particular sex. As for the evaluating of the anterior attachment of the udder, the diff erence between the cows, rated at 1 and 8 points, was 681 days (P <0.001). The diff erence between the low (1 point) score for the height of the attachment of the udder at the back and the highest (9 points) was 610 days (P <0.001). Animals (17.3%) with a grade for the condition of the central ligament of the udder below average (1–4 points) were used from 2436 to 2156 days. Meanwhile, cows with the highest score of 9 points diff ered in longevity – 2786 days, exceeding cows with scores of 1–4 points by 350–630 days (P <0.001). Cows with the highest udder relatively to the hocks, with a score of 8, have the diff erence in life expectancy 597 days (P <0.001), compared to animals with the most lowered udder. Cows with a score for the location of the front teats had 5 points and lived longer by 156–484 days (P <0.001), compared with cows with a score of 1–4 points. Key words: Ukrainian brown dairy breed, udder, linear type traits, life expectancy.

PHENOTYPIC CONSOLIDATION OF BROWN BREEDS COWS BY LINEAR TRAITS OF CONFORMATION TYPE

Breeding practice testifies that phenotypic and genetic specificity and an appropriate level of consolidation by leading economically useful traits are important characteristics and binding conditions for testing and subsequent genetic progress of breeds and their structural breeding units. Therefore, in the aspect of estimation of the conformation type of brown breeds in Sumy region – Lebedyn, Ukrainian brown dairy and brown Swiss, the level of phenotypic consolidation coefficients of firstborn cows, evaluated by the method of linear classification, was studied. Five farms of Sumy region were used as the basis of experiments: PJSC “Plemzavod “Mykhailivka” Lebedynsky, PAF “Kolos” and SE “Pobeda” of Bilopilsky and pedigree reproducers – AJSCCT “Zorya” Okhtyrsky and JSC “Mayak” of Trostyanets districts. The coefficients of phenotypic consolidation (K1 and K2) of breeding groups of animals on linear traits of conformation were determined by formulas proposed by Yu. P. Polupan (2005). Taking into account the importance of estimation of breeds of dairy cattle created in the process of interbreed combinations, in the aspect of studying the genetic progress and the desired level of their phenotypic consolidation, determining the degree of coefficients of phenotypic consolidation of cows of brown breeds in Sumy region by linear traits, that characterize the conformation type of animals, is motivated and relevant research. According to the group traits of 100-point linear classification system was revealed that the most consolidated by type were animals of brown Swiss breed by all group traits (K1 = 0.274–0.362; K2 = 0.262–0.369) and the final type assessment (K1 = 0.304; K2 = 0.322). The negative values of phenotypic consolidation coefficients indicated that the least consolidated by type were animals of the Swiss breed, especially on the group traits that characterize the dairy type (K1 = -0.012; K2 = -0.021), udder (K1 = -0.212; K2 = -0.231) and the final score (K1 = -0.028; K2 = -0.023). Animals of Ukrainian brown dairy breed were closer to the peers of brown Swiss cattle by both group traits (K1 = 0.202; K2 = 0.268) and by the final score (K1 = 0.219; K2 = 0.279). The consolidation coefficients of brown Swiss cows by group traits are (K1 = 0.274; K2 = 0.362), and by the final estimate (K1 = 0.304; K2 = 0.322). In a comparative analysis of the level of phenotypic consolidation coefficients of descriptive traits of the type was determined that of the evaluated breeds significant advantage by the phenotypic consolidation of these traits have animals of brown Swiss breed. The most consolidated firstborn cows of this breed for important descriptive traits of angularity (K1 = 0.362; K2 = 0.375), rear width (K1 = 0.293; K2 = 0.306, attachment of front (K1 = 0.289; K2 = 0.309) and rear ( K1 = 0.225; K2 = 0.229) udder parts, central ligament expression (K1 = 0.333; K2 = 0.371), udder depth (K1 = 0.296; K2 = 0.312), placement (K1 = 0.286; K2 = 0.303) and teats length (K1 = 0.321; K2 = 0.313) and locomotion (K1 = 0.304; K2 = 0.333). The determined hereditary influence of breed on the degree of phenotypic consolidation of the majority of linear traits testifies to the possibility of effective breeding of dairy cattle by type with intensive use of purebred sires of brown Swiss breed with high score by the linear classification of type of their daughters.

ПАРАМЕТРИ ПРОМІРІВ ЛІНІЙНИХ ОЗНАК КОРІВ-ПЕРВІСТОК УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ БУРОЇ МОЛОЧНОЇ ПОРОДИ В АСПЕКТІ МЕТОДИКИ ЛІНІЙНОЇ КЛАСИФІКАЦІЇ ТВАРИН ЗА ЕКСТЕР’ЄРНИМ ТИПОМ

Research on the development of measurements of parameters of linear traits of cows-heifers Ukrainian brown dairy breed in the aspect of technique of linear classification conformation conducted at leading breeding herds of Sumy region.
 Summarizing the international experience and based on our own research to assess the cows for conformation type using a procedure meeting international standards, designed parameters measurements type traits cow body within the biological extremes for linear classification methodology Ukrainian animal brown dairy breed by conformation. Within the biological extremes of these characteristics are determined gradation levels with their respective assessment score within the 9-point scale.
 Although there are recommendations by the World Organization for the Standardization of Identification, Accounting and Evaluation of Farm Animals (ICAR), which are intended to standardize methods for assessing body structure in accordance with the rules and standards established by each international federation for the corresponding dairy cattle breeds, there are various methodological approaches for the use of different techniques in the framework of the number of linear traits and measurements of parameters, that are entered into an electronic database of assessment as indicators of a scale.
 Descriptive linear traits of type (linear type traits) are the basis for all modern type classification systems and the foundation in all systems for describing dairy cows. In all breeds, such criteria are taken into account that provide information on productive traits or having a limiting influence on the use of animals. The linear scale covers the expected biological limits of the population, and the number of descriptive traits and their parameters, which are measured, depends on the country, each breed in the country where the assessment is carried out, certain parameters of the ideal type of cow and breeding purposes.
 In determining the target parameters of the assessed traits in the linear classification system, the level of development of each specific body part of the conformation to the absolute value of the measurement against the background of the body structure of harmony and the model expression characteristic Ukrainian brown dairy breed, economic and breeding significance in correlation with milk production quantity, obtained at the appropriate level of the nine-point scale.
 The use of target parameters allows, through a comparison of linear measurements of traits, expressed in absolute units, to the corresponding development of conformation traits, expressed by a certain score in points, at a sufficient level of objectivity and reliability to estimate the conformation type cows first-calf Ukrainian brown dairy breed.
 The developed parameters of measurements of the development of linear traits within the limits of biological extremes allow expert-boniters to significantly minimize the influence of the subjective factor on the evaluation indicators as opposed to techniques that use only visual evaluation.

INFLUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LINEAR CONFORMATION TRAITS CHARACTERIZING THE BODY STATE, ON THE VIABILITY OF COWS UKRAINIAN BROWN DAIRY BREED

In the aspect of the search for predictors of longevity of dairy cattle animals, the dependence of longevity of Ukrainian brown dairy cows on indicators of descriptive conformation type traits has been investigated. We studied the linear type traits of the exterior of first-calf cows in the leading farms of the Sumy region, characterizing the state of the body development.
 According to the results of this research was determined, a reliable dependence of the cows longevity on the level of assessment of the descriptive conformation type traits: chest width, body depth, angularity, rump angle and width, and body condition score. The correlative variability of the relationship between cow’s longevity and these features was depending on the level of assessment of specific type trait of body structure of the animal.
 Dependence of the cows longevity on the development of chest width was different by curvilinear variability. The longer life of cows was found in animals with an estimate for the development of this type trait at 4–6 scores that averaged 2.726–2.895 days with the best 5 scores. When comparing the group of animals with an average 5 scores with the groups having 6–9 scores, a significant difference was found in favor of the first, ranging from 169 (P < 0.01) to 561 days (P < 0.001).
 Studies on the dependence of the longevity of brown cattle cows on the value of body depth assessment have shown that the most longevity was inherent in animals estimated by type trait development at 7–9 scores, with the highest rate in 2.856 days and estimate – 7 scores.
 The type trait of angularity similar to deep-chested and was also directly related to the cow's longevity. Cows with excessive angularity and the highest lifetime (2.713–2.855 days) were estimated by the higher scores (7–9) with the best evaluation results in 8 scores. A significant decrease in cows longevity was observed with a decrease in the assessment for this trait starting from 6 scores (-244 days; P < 0.05) to 1 (-701 days; P < 0.001) compared with the best result of 8 scores.
 The desired state of the linear trait development, the rump angle, was within the average assessment level of 5 scores, which similar to the optimal sacrum slope between the extreme points on the conditionally drawn line at the level of the top point of hip bones and the ischial hump, which was 2–4 cm. Deviations towards the assessment of the rump angle to 1 score (raised) or 9 scores (sloped) are the disadvantages of the body structure. The study of this trait has shown the curvilinear nature of the relationship between estimates for the state of rump angle and longevity of cows. Cows with an optimal 5 scores rating had the highest longevity of 2.796 days, while with increasing and decreasing estimates, the number of days of life of cows decreased.
 The longevity of cows of brown cattle was determined on the level of assessment for the trait of the rear width. Cows with a maximum estimate for the state of this descriptive trait in 9 scores were used for 575 days longer compared to animals rated at 1 score (P < 0.001).
 According to the results of research of animals by the trait of body condition, it was found that the degree of fatness was associated with the longevity of brown cattle in the opposite direction. That is, a thinner animals, which are valued lower scores, and used to live much longer. The influence of body condition score on the longevity of animals was confirmed by the highly reliable difference between the maximum (9 scores) and the minimum (1 score) estimates, which was 457 days (P < 0.001). A significant decrease of the longevity was observed in cows with an assessment of body condition in 6–9 scores.
 Thus, the existence of a correlative variability between estimates of descriptive traits of conformation type and the longevity of cows of Ukrainian brown breeds was determined. Each of the estimated type traits of the body structure correlates with the longevity of cows with varying variability within the classification scores in accordance with their desired development. Thus, the selection of animals for the desired development of linear traits at the age of the first lactation allows them to be used as indirect predictors to increase the duration of use of cows.

GENETIC RESOURCES OF AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS OF UKRAINE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM

Modern animal husbandry in Ukraine is an integral part of the market economy and is based on the use of advanced production technologies and not a large number of highly productive domestic or foreign breeds of farm animals. It has been established that the progress of the livestock industry is not possible without determining the changes that occur with breeds and livestock of breeding animals in the subjects of breeding business. It is well known that only breeding animals are able to display high genetic potential for productivity and to pass it on to offspring. Understanding of the state of the breeds is necessary to forecast product volumes that are consistent with country safety, and to determine the populations that need to be preserved or restored in the context of the global problem of wildlife biodiversity conservation.
 The purpose of the work was to identify the species and breeds of farm animals that have formed the livestock sector of Ukraine at the beginning of the third millennium, and to identify changes that have occurred with the genetic resources of farm animals and to identify the breeds most vulnerable to the number of females under control.
 Analysis of the state of dairy and combined dairy and meat breeds in the breeding herds of Ukraine made it possible to conclude that as of January 1, 2019, compared to the beginning of 2002, the number of cows in Ayrshire, Angler, Lebedyn, Simmental, Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy, Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy, Polish Red and Red Steppe decreased breeds. The increase in the number of cows occurs among the Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Holstein and Swiss breeds. Breeding herds for breeding cattle of Carpathian Brown, Ukrainian Brown Dairy breeds and Pintsgow are not functioning. The endangered include Angler, Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Ukrainian Brown Dairy and Polish Red breeds.
 A comparative analysis of the number of cows of beef breeds in the subjects of breeding business of Ukraine in the dynamics of 2002–2019 indicates the preservation of all breeds, except for pentiges. In 2019, compared to 2002, cows increased in herds of Aberdeen-Angus breed, Hereford, Limousine, Southern Beef, Polissian Beef, Light Aquitan, Ukrainian Gray and Charolais. A significant decrease in the number of cows in Volinian Beef breed, the Znamensk type of Polissian Beef, Simmental Beef and Ukarainian Beef. The few in Ukraine at this stage include Hereford, Light Aquitan and Ukrainian Beef.
 The state of pig breeding in the breeding farms on 01.01.2019 indicates the disappearance of breeding herds in which pigs of English selection Large White breed, Large Black and Myrgorod breeds were breed. At present, only Large White breeds and Landrace pigs can be competitive in numbers, and the rest should be considered non-numerical.
 Sheep breeding, which is represented in Ukraine by the largest number of breeds and breed types, did not have any breeding herds in 2019, where in previous years bred Askanian Fine-Fleece breed, Askanian type of Black-Headed sheep with crossbred fleece, Olibs, North-Caucasian, Polwars, caucasian the Kharkiv type of the Ukrainian Meat-Fleece breed, the Tsigai breed and its two types, as well as the multi-breed type of the Karakul breed. Simultaneously with the disappearance of the above breeds new breeds or types appeared, among them: Bukovyna type of Askanian Meat-Fleece breed with crossbred fleece, Merinolandshaft, Dniprovian Meat (Dnipropetrovsk type), Romanivska. The smallest number of breeding queens of falcon and dark-headed Latvian breeds was established.
 The changes that took place in the field of horse breeding of Ukraine during 2002–2019 relate to the creation and elimination of breeding herds in which horses were bred by Budyonnivska, Russian Heavy Draft and French Trotter breeds. No information is available in the State Register of Breeding Herds about the Gutsul and Torian breeds, as well as the Shetland Pony, may be regarded as the disappearance of these breeding herds. In 2019, compared to 2002, the number of mares of Newolexandrian Heavy Draft, Orlov Trotter, Russian Trotter, Trakenian, Ukrainian Saddle and Thoroughbred Saddle horse breeds declined significantly. The gene pool of horses has expanded only due to the Hanover breed.
 Analysis of the status of other species and breeds of farm animals is not optimistic and indicates a decrease in the number of females and, consequently, a decrease in the gene pool of these breeds.Without the introduction of effective state conservation and support programs, as well as policy changes in the agricultural sector, Ukraine will continue to reduce livestock of agricultural animals, especially domestic autochthonous or local breeds, continuing the sad tradition of the world in reducing breed biodiversity.

Dependence of the production process of rennet semi-solid cheeses on quality indicators of raw milk

The analysis of literature sources on the question of the relevance of the influence of raw milk and its casein fraction on the production of rennet cheeses is presented in the paper. The studies were conducted to determine the suitability of using milk for the production of rennet milk from raw materials of cows of Ukrainian brown dairy and Ukrainian black-rumped dairy breeds of the state enterprise “Research Institute of Agriculture of the North East of NAAS”. As a result of the studies on the cheesiness of milk samples from the two study groups, we can conclude that, compared to the literature data, the average milk values obtained from cows of Ukrainian brown dairy and Ukrainian black-and-white breeds are confirmed. While analyzing the technological parameters of milk, it should be noted that there is no significant difference between the samples. We should note only that the first sample is inferior to fat by 0.41. This ratio of fat to protein, in turn, affects the yield of the product and its consumption characteristics. The first sample the creation of casein was in 3.2 min. faster , phase of gelforming – for 0.3 min. faster and the clot processing was done requiring 3 min less time. The consumption of milk per 1 kg of cheese in the first sample was lower than 0.4 in the second. It should be noted that the curd grain obtained from the milk of cows of the Ukrainian black-ruby dairy breed had a softer structure, ie it contained more moisture than the grain from the milk of cows of the Ukrainian brown dairy breed. This subsequently affected the mass fraction of moisture in the finished product in the direction of increase and was reflected in the organoleptic evaluation. As a result of the evaluation, members of the tasting committee noted that the consistency, taste and smell of cheese made from milk of Ukrainian brown dairy breed were slightly better. The difference was not significant and was respectively 1 point. It should be noted that the mass fraction of fat in the first sample was 1.3% higher than in the second sample. In this case, we observe a decrease in the mass fraction of moisture in the first sample compared to the second by 1.8%. The difference in terms of mass fraction of salt was not significant and is 0.1%. Considering the results of the presented studies, it should be noted that both samples of cheese of semi-solid cows made of milk of Ukrainian brown dairy and Ukrainian black-and-white breeds meet the requirements of state standart 4669:2006 in terms of organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological parameters. However, the production of cheese from the milk of cows of Ukrainian brown dairy breed will reduce the loss of raw materials and produce cheese with better organoleptic characteristics.

ECONOMICALLY USEFUL SIGNS OF DAIRY BREEDS CATTLE IN HERDS OF RESEARCH FARMS OF THE NETWORK OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES OF UKRAINE

ECONOMICALLY USEFUL SIGNS OF DAIRY BREEDS CATTLE IN HERDS OF RESEARCH FARMS OF THE NETWORK OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES OF UKRAINE

Determining the influence of the composition of milk from cows of different breeds on quality indicators for the dutch-type cheese

The paper reports a comprehensive study into the impact of feeding rations and breed of cows on the technological properties of milk and quality characteristics of the Dutch type of cheese. Despite the abundance of information on the relationship between domestic animal feeding and technological parameters for the production of cheeses, a possible relationship between particular properties of animal breeds, changes in feed, and a positive influence on the quality of products requires in-depth research. That explains the relevance of studying the influence of an animal breed and the optimization of animal feed on a set of technological parameters and quality indicators for the Dutch type of cheeses. We manufactured the Dutch-type cheese in a series of experiments using milk from cows of different breeds, obtained at different rations of feeding. We compared the chemical composition of milk from three groups of cows ‒ the Ukrainian brown dairy breed, Lebedinskaya breed, and Simmental breed, at different feed. The results obtained demonstrate that the use of alfalfa haylage contributes to an increase in the mass share of a dry fat-free milk residue in milk, improves its suitability for cheese, as compared with milk obtained over a silage-hay period.We have worked out technological modes for producing the hard Dutch-type cheese from milk of three cow breeds at different feeding rations. It is shown that when applying alfalfa haylage to feed animals the duration of basic technological operations shortens. That helps reduce the share of dry substances (including fat) in whey, and increases the output of finished product. The samples of hard Dutch-type cheese, made from milk of all three groups of animals over a haylage-hay period are characterized by a high content of essential amino acids, as well as free amino acids, and soluble non-protein nitrogen. That predetermined their higher degree of ripeness, and the larger point-based assessment, in terms of organoleptic characteristics (by 7‒15 points), compared to the samples of cheese produced from milk received over a silage-hay period. The highest point-based estimate for organoleptic characteristics (99 points) was given to samples of the Dutch-type cheese made from milk of the Ukrainian brown dairy cow, milked over a haylage-hay period.It was established that an animal breed has a significant impact on the suitability of milk for cheese and yield of the finished product. The most significant influence of the optimized feeding was exerted on the organoleptic and sensorial indicators for a Dutch-type cheese. The proof are the indicators for proteolytic activity. There was an increase in the growth of nitrogen within soluble fractions, an accelerated maturation process, as evidenced by the accumulation of low-molecular nitrogenous fractions. The largest total amount of free amino acids was demonstrated by cheese made from milk of the cows that were fed the improved ration using alfalfa haylage.The developed feeding rations, as well as the improved technological parameters for making a Dutch-type cheese, could be recommended as the cost and product quality management methods for producing mass-market and craft cheese.

Дослідження тенденцій зміни живої маси ремонтних телиць української бурої молочної породи та їх впливу на подальшу молочну продуктивність

Дослідження тенденцій зміни живої маси ремонтних телиць української бурої молочної породи та їх впливу на подальшу молочну продуктивність

SCIENTIFIC AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF GENERATION, GENETICS, REPRODUCTION BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PROTECTION OF THE GENOFONDS IN LIVESTOCK BREEDING

The article highlights the main achievements, problems and directions of the further development of the landing stock of Ukraine, the prospects of scientific research of Institute of Animal breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of the NAAS in the areas of breeding, genetics, biotechnology of reproduction and preservation of the gene pool of farm animals. Institute is the initiator of four dairy herds (Ukrainian Red-and-White, Black-and-White, Red and Brown dairy bread) and four meat (Ukrainian, Volyn, Polissya and Southern meat) breeds of cattle. Its employees carry out scientific support of regional livestock development programs, development of systems for the creation and management of commercial herds of dairy and beef cattle, which contributes to solving the global food problem, and to ensure the nutrition security of Ukrainian population. The newly created Ukrainian Black-and-White, Red-and-White and Red dairy breeds for the predominantly intra-species breeding improvement and limited access to the gene pool of the Holstein breeding breed should remain the main areas of the breeding improvement of domestic dairy cattle breeding. The existing breeding system in cattle in Ukraine does not meet international standards and practically does not work in a complex way, and it threatens the final destruction of domestic breeding livestock, a significant dependence of the country on the import of breeding resources. To solve the problem, a new structure of the breeding service with a clear definition of the organizational basis for the management of tribal affairs and functional responsibilities of the subjects of its implementation was proposed, the formation of a centralized national information base for the identification, registration, origin and performance of animals, the keeping of state books of breeding animals as the basis estimation of their genetic value, and its realization is entrusted to the state enterprise created at the institute on Main scientific-production informational-elective center in livestock. Promising areas for farm animal breeding research are grouped into gene identification and the degree of development of quantitative attributes (QTL), early prediction and evaluation of breeding value of animals using markers (MAS). Research on molecular genetics is aimed at improving genetic analysis methods at individual and population levels, monitoring herds of cattle according to different types of genetic markers. Genetic systems for testing animals in 9 loci quantitative attributes, which are involved in the formation of qualitative indicators of dairy and meat productivity. A work is under way to test animals for the polymorphism of the BoLA-DRB3 gene of the major histocompatibility complex in animal populations for resistance to or susceptibility to mastitis. Biotechnology research focuses on reproductive biology methods, first of all, manipulations with gametes of farm animals, in vitro fertilization of pre-matured oocytes of cows and pigs, and others. The technology of obtaining oocyte cumulus complexes from ovaries of animals, the conditions of their storage, cultivation and fertilization out of the organism, which allows receiving a much larger number of embryos for both scientific and practical purposes, is developed. A separate direction is the work to improve the biotechnological methods of reproduction of farm animals using nanomaterials. It is based on the application in cryopreservation and sperm production of sperm and ovules of various variants of biologically active substances that are applied to highly dispersed silica molecules (albumin of blood serum of cattle, N-acetylneuramic acid – UFS / BSA / NANA). In order to monitor and preserve the diversity of genetic resources of agricultural animals in Ukraine, a complex of works under NAAS scientific program "System of work in populations and preservation of biological diversity of genetic resources of farm animals" ("Preservation of gene pool of breeds") with a coordination center on the basis of Institute of Animal breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS. The research resulted in the development of the Program for the preservation of the gene pool of local and endangered breeds of farm animals in Ukraine for 2017–2025, in which the methodological bases for preservation of the gene pool were generalized, animal breeds were classified according to the criteria of risk, the minimum sizes of herds (real and virtual) of faulting species were substantiated, the minimum the size of subsidies for the proper functioning of small-numbered breeds, general methodological approaches to assessing the specificity of genetic resources are specified.

Features of milk productivity of cows of Ukrainian brown dairy breed and the influence of genotypical and paratypical factors on its formation

The indicators of milk productivity of cows of Ukrainian brown dairy breed were studied. The research was carried out on the basis of breeding farms of animal breeding of this breed by assessing the data of primary zootechnical accounting. It is established that the level of milk productivity of cows meets the breed standard and is within 4.5 thousand kg of milk. A significant correlation between the indicators of milk productivity and reproductive capacity was found. Milk productivity is negatively correlated with the main indicators of reproductive ability. The influence of genetic and paratypic factors on the formation of milk productivity was studied. It is established that a conditional bloodedness, linear membership and origin in the father significantly affects the level of milk productivity of cows. The impact of genetic factors increases from conditional crow nest of Swiss breed to descent on the father. Animals with the highest proportion of Swiss breed were significantly dominated by other animals by the milk yield per the first lactation. The highest milk yield in the first lactation were obtained from the animal of Vigate 083352 line and the smallest of Payvan 136140 line. By the greater amount of milk fat and protein, the animals of the Vigate 083352 line also prevailed. Animals from different bulls for the first lactation had milk yield in the range of 2780–4464 kg of milk, the amount of milk fat and protein, respectively, 103–176 kg and 89–134 kg. A big impact on the economy of milk production having a term of economic use of animals. Therefore, in our view longevity as a symptom of dairy cows is an important selection basis. The significant influence of genotypic factors on the indicators of the duration of use and lifetime productivity of cows was established. The greatest impact of the paratypical factors had the farm, which contains animals. The conditions of keeping and feeding in the farm had a significant impact on the duration of use and lifetime productivity of cows. The presence of significant influence of genotypic and paratypical factors on the milk productivity of animals makes it possible to improve its breeding and technological activities.

ACADEMICIAN V. BURKAT – PUBLICIST, HISTORIAN AND POPULARIZER OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN UKRAINE

The author has proved that doctor of agricultural sciences, professor, academician V. Burkat was a talented publicist, a promoter of national agricultural science achievements.The author has used general scientific, interdisciplinary and historical research methods. She has also used methods of archive and literature source analysis. The basis of the literature source base is scientific papers of doctor of agricultural sciences, professor, academician V. Burkat.The article shows that V. Burkat is a co-founder of the historical-biographical series, encyclopedic, reference and bibliographic publications, editor of the scientific-themed digests, author of fundamental scientific papers. One of the greatest achievements of the scientist is active participation in the intensive deployment of encyclopedic work in Ukraine. He was a member of the main editorial board of the "Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine" from 1997. During the life years he published eight volumes of this edition. In the last years Institute of Encyclopedic Research started preparing another encyclopedic edition – Universal Encyclopedia of Ukraine. V. Burkat prepared dictionary of agricultural section. He believed the leading field of research on the history of domestic agricultural science should become agricultural biographу studies. The first step in this direction was the establishment of historical and biographical series "Ukrainian Agrarian Scientists of the Twentieth Century" in 1997. He produced nine books in the series, which highlighted the life, scientific and public activities of 1270 Ukrainian agrarian scientists. V. Burkat took an active part in the preparation of publications on the activities of scientists in the field of animal husbandry to their anniversaries. These are conference theses, monographs on the life and work of F. Faltz-Fein, I. Ivanov, M. Ivanov, I. Smirnov, O. Yatsenko, F. Eisner, M. Kravchenko, O. Kvasnytsky and others. The scientist contributed to the establishment and development of national agricultural bibliography. Bibliographies of leading scientists in the field of animal breeding, corresponding members of NAAS F. Eisner and M. Efymenko, professors I. Smirnov and V. Konovalov, doctors I. Petrenko and B. Podoba were issued by his scientific edition.The author has justified that academician V. Burkat is one of the drafters of the branch thematic bibliography "The Beef Cattle: Past, Present and Future. 1950-2004". He proposed to establish new serial publication "Scientific Agricultural School". V. Burkat provided special attention to popularization of some research scientific and industrial institutions that considered as the main link towards building of national agricultural experimantal work on animal husbandry. In particular, he prepared a series of publications which summarized the main stages of NAAS and IABG activities.V. Burkat`s contribution to the popularization of Ukrainian scientists’ achievements on animal husbandry is particularly significant. He prepared the reference editions "Breeding Work" (1995), "Breeding Resources of Ukraine" (1998), "Selection Achievements in Animal Breeding" (2000). The documentaries "Brown Dairy Breed", "Red Breed", "Red-and-White Breed", "Black-and-White Breed" prepared by academician V. Burkat in 1989 profit presentation of breeding achievements of Ukrainian scientists in the field of animal husbandry.V. Burkat initiated the publication of scientific and practical bulletin "Selection", which provided systematic information on development of the selection process of the improvement of existing and creation of new highly productive breeds and types of farm animals.V. Burkat was a member of the editorial board of the journals «Animal Husbandry of Ukraine" (1978-2009), "Journal of Agricultural Sciences" (1986-1989), "Biology of Animals" (1999-2009), "Fisheries Science" (2007); scientific thematic collections of "Dairy and Beef Cattle" (1982-1987), "Journal of Cherkassy Institute of Agroindustrial Production" (2000-2009), "Bulletin of the Ukrainian Society of Geneticists and Breeders" (2003-2009), abstract journal "Agriculture of Ukraine "(1999-2009), interdepartmental thematic scientific digest "Animal Breeding and Genetics" and others.

ACADEMICIAN V. P. BURKAT – RECOGNIZED SCIENTIST IN ANIMAL BREEDING, AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE ORGANIZER, PUBLIC FIGURE

The authors have argued that doctor of agricultural sciences, professor and academician of Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences V. P. Burkat made a significant contribution to the development of agricultural science in Ukraine as an outstanding scientist in the field of animal breeding, organizer of agricultural research work, public figure. His greatest achievement is development of the conceptual aspects of breed formation in cattle-breeding, which was implemented in creation of a few highly specialized cattle breeds. The scientist is co-author of the first created in Ukraine Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy, Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy, Ukrainian Red Dairy, Ukrainian Brown Dairy, Volyn Beef, Polesian Beef, Southern Beef breeds and their structural units (interbreed types, lines and families).
 The article shows that the scientist substantiated the feasibility of comprehensive genetic monitoring as one of the main conditions in creating new and improving existing breeds of cattle. He developed biotechnological and genetic principles of farm animal breeding. He laid foundation of a new comprehensive science – biotech breeding, identified the main components of its structural status and applied new theoretical approaches to the selection process, taking into account the practical use of biotechnological methods. The scientist first raised ethical, social and legal aspects of introduction of biotechnology in agriculture.
 V. P. Burkat`s achievement is development of the theory of conservation of the gene pool of farm animals. He initiated development of concept of gene objects creation and placing, defined their purpose in the system of conservation of the farm animal breeding resources. He explained importance of the gene pool banks as the main link of farm animal conservation.
 The authors have proven that scientific heritage of academician V. P. Burkat didn`t lose its importance and relevance in the current development of animal husbandry. Some parts of it, including the theory of breed creation; methodical bases of management of breed genealogy; theory of consolidation of breed units; bases of breeding, evaluation and sustainable use of sires; genetic, biotechnological and technological bases of selection; methods of conservation and sustainable use of animal gene pool should be used as a theoretical and methodological basis for development of further strategies in cattle breeding.
 Academician V. P. Burkat is prominent organizer of agricultural research work in animal husbandry of Ukraine. He made significant efforts to obtain status of main methodological and coordination center of agriculture of Ukraine by Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences. Almost 30 years he devoted to the establishment of branch guidance and coordination center – Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics. One of the most important achievements of scientist was organization of scientific school "Breeding and Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry" at Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics in 1980. His disciples are famous scientists, including academicians of NAAS M. Baschenko, V. Ladyka, Yu. Melnik, corresponding members of the NAAS S. Ruban, S. Kovtun, doctor of agricultural sciences A. Havruk, V. Antonenko, S. Voitenko, A. Dubin, V. Smetanin, V. Dzitsyuk, Yu. Polupan, K. Kopylov and others.
 The article shows that V. P. Burkat is known public figure who defended the national idea at all levels of exposure, as a co-founder of the historical-biographical series "Ukrainian Agrarian Scientists of the Twentieth Century", initiator of a number of encyclopedic, reference and bibliographic publications, editor of scientific journals, author of fundamental scientific generalizing papers and others.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ДОВІЧНОГО ВИКОРИСТАННЯ КОРІВ БУРИХ ПОРІД ПІВНІЧНОГО СХОДУ УКРАЇНИ

Recently, scientists have paid great attention to the study of identifying the factors that determine the indicators of lifetime use of cows. This issue is particularly relevant in the context of the widespread use of bull-producers of imported dairy breeds in Ukraine. Among the genetic factors, the father's heredity has a noticeable effect on the duration and effectiveness of the productive use of cows. The aim of the research is to study the effect of genotypic factors on the duration of economic use of brown cows. The studies were conducted in the breeding plant of the State Enterprise Experimental Farm of the Institute of Agriculture of Northern East of NAAS of Sumy region for breeding Ukrainian brown dairy breed. A retrospective analysis of the duration and efficiency of lifetime use of cows was carried out using the method of Y.P. Polupan, 2010. It is established that the conditional kindred of animals of the Swiss breed significantly influenced the majority of indicators characterizing indicators of lifetime use of cows (η2х=1,7 -15,2%.). Life expectancy was longer in animals with conditional kindred of the Swiss breed from 25.1 to 50%. They are respectively significantly superior to animals with conditional kindred 75,1-87,5% (for 16%, Р<0,05), 87,6-93,8% (for 29%, Р<0,05), 100% (for 34%, Р<0,01). Purebred Lebedinian animals also had a high rate of lifetime and its value is significantly dominated by kindred of Swiss breed animals: 87,6-93,8% (for 36%, Р<0,01), 100% (for 46%, Р<0,05). Animals of the Lebedinian breed by the number of lactations have an advantage which reliably (P<0,01-0,05) prevailed kindred animals of Swiss breed, respectively: 75,1-87,5 – for 41%, 87,6-93,8% - for 87%, 100% - for 89%. Accordingly, the duration of the lactation period was longer in purebred Lebedinian animals. In terms of lifetime milk yield animals with conditional kindred of Swiss breed had the advantage of 25.1-50.0% - 24169.5 kg, purebred Lebedinian animals - 23756 kg and with conditional kindred 50.1-75% - 22467 kg. Animals with less conditional kindred on improving breed also had an average lifetime productivity more than 20,0 thousand kg of milk. The lowest average gross yield was observed in animals with a conditional share of the Swiss breed of 100%. Linear affiliation did not have a significant impact on the indicators of lifetime use of cows. The greatest force of influence on the productive longevity of cows had a factor of father origin (η2х = 23,4-26,9%). The highest life expectancy differed daughters of bulls-producers Bigboy 9973 of Distinkshna 159523 line (4399 days) and Major 543 of Pavena 136140 line (4350 days).The shortest life expectancy was in the daughters of a bull-producer Poliden 3950 of Elegant 148551 line (1432 days). This trend is typical for indicators of the duration of economic use and lactation period. A larger average lifetime milk yield is typical for the daughters of the bull-producer Major 243, which was 33127 kg. We have studied the influence of purebred Lebedinian and Swiss bulls on the studied parameters. It was found that the daughters of pure-breed Lebedinian bulls had the advantage in the average values of all the studied indicators. Moreover, the difference in the number of lactation and lactation period was significant (Р<0,05).

THE FORMATION OF FACTORY FAMILIES OF UKRAINIAN BROWN DAIRY BREED

The aim of the research was to study milk production of many factory families of Ukrainian Brown dairy breed and study the influence of origin on the indices of milk yield, duration and effectiveness of lifetime use of cows.&#x0D; Method. For research allocated 9 factory families of Ukrainian Brown dairy breed of State Enterprise «Experimental Farm of Institute of Agriculture of Northern East of NAAS» (Valuty 413, Voli 8369, Laymy 8221, Miry 7209, Ryabuhy 9728, Sujety 6091, Tochky 8169, Chubarochky 7743, Shchepky 4344).&#x0D; Among the indicators of the duration and effectiveness of lifetime use of cows was determined the duration (days) of life, economic use of and of lactation, number of lactations for life, lifetime milk yield and yield of milk fat (kg) average lifetime content (%) fat in milk, milk yield (kg) per day of life, economic use and lactation. The coefficient of economic use was calculated (expression in percent) by the proposed method by Pelehaty M. S. et al. In addition were determined (also in percentage) coefficient of lactation and the coefficient of productive use offered by Polupan Y. P.&#x0D; Milk productivity of the animals was evaluated according to the materials of the primary zoo-technical account. Statistical processing of results of studies was conducted by methods of mathematical statistics using the PC.&#x0D; The results of the research. By analyzing the productivity of cows managed to identify a significant level of specificity and differentiation of families according to the indications.&#x0D; Of the 90 cows accounted for the highest productivity of lactation, 28, or 31%, had hopes of 5.0 thousand kg and above. Most of these cows had family, Miry 7209 (67%), Ryabuhy 9728 (57%), Valuty 413 (55%), Shchepky 4344 (50%), less-Sujety 6091 (36%), Chubarochky 7743 (33%), Tochky 8169 (25%), Laymy 8221 (16%), Voli 8369 (10%).&#x0D; Over a long period of economic use and lactation of animals of Valuty 413 family resulted higher in comparison with other families a lifelong yield.&#x0D; The influence of the origin of cows on the indices of milk productivity and effectiveness for lifelong use was discovered. The origin of the family significantly influenced on milk yield for better lactation and milk yield per 1 day of life. Other indicators were not significant according to the origin, although they had high values (from 5.4 to 26.7%). So we can consider it expedient to work with families to improve the duration and effectiveness of lifetime use of cows.&#x0D; Conclusions. The highest average yield for the first lactation animals is characterized by animals of Ryabuhy 9728 family, the content of fat in milk – by animals of Voli 8369 family. Long average duration and a better efficiency is in the life of the cows of Valuty 413 family. The highest average milk yield in one day life had animals of Valuty 413 family.&#x0D; Animals of Valuty 413 family are allocated at the average value of the coefficient of economic use. Optimal average lactation animals belong to the Voli 8369 and Shchepky 4344 families.&#x0D; In some families identified animals that have a lifetime yield of more than 50.0 thousand kg of milk.&#x0D; The influence of the origin of cows on the indices of milk productivity and effectiveness of lifetime use was installed. Between separate parameters of milk production and indicators of the duration and effectiveness of lifetime use of a set of reliable correlation, the magnitude and direction of which are different in animals of different families.

RESEARCH OF THE QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION OF MILK OF COWS OF UKRAINIAN BROWN DAIRY BREED

The aim of the research – is to study the qualitative composition of milk of cows of Ukrainian brown dairy breed in terms of households and in the context of genealogical descent.&#x0D; Method. Research conducted under the conditions of the State Enterprise "Pilot Farm of the Institute of Agriculture of Northern East of NAAS» in Sumy region, Enterprize of Additional Liability “Mayak” in Trostyanetc region, State Enterprise "Pilot Farm Agricultural Firm “Nadiya” of the Institute of Agriculture of Northern East of NAAS» in Romny region. Milk production was assessed by monthly milking control with sampling of milk. Quality indicators measured in the laboratory of the former Sumy State Breeding Center on the equipment of Bentley. We investigated the percentage of fat, percentage of protein, including casein, percentage of dry matter, skimmed residue, contents of somatic cells. Biometric processing of results was carried out by the conventional method (Plohynskoho M.O., 1969), using software Statistica 6.0.&#x0D; The results of the research. Studies have been conducted on the content of fat, protein, casein, lactose and somatic cell count in cow milk. Established difference of qualitative composition of milk of cows depending on the households and on the genealogical origin of the animals.&#x0D; Analysis of our studies indicate that the level of quality indicators of milk production of animals of Ukrainian brown dairy breeds in different farms is significantly different. All the main indicators of quality prevailed in animals of Enterprize of Additional Liability “Mayak”.&#x0D; For the fat content of milk cows of Distinkshna line 159523 were dominated. They though not significantly, but dominated the animals of Eleganta 148551 and Laddi 125640 lines for 0.16% and 0.19% respectively. The substantial significant difference of the content of lactose in the milk of cows of different lines is not set. Animals of Distinkshna line 159523 significantly superior cows of Eleganta 148551 and Laddi 125640 lines for the protein, for 0,24% (P &lt; 0,05) and 0,32% (P &lt; 0,05) respectively. For the casein content they were significantly superior then Laddi 125640 line cows – on 0,24% (P &lt; 0,05). For the dry matter content and skimmed milk residue animals of Distinkshna line 159523 also have the advantage.&#x0D; Conclusions. As a result of studies found that the level of quality indicators of milk production in animals of Ukrainian brown dairy breed in different farms is significantly different. So fat content in milk varies 3,43–3,98%; protein content – 3,10–3,55%; casein content – 2,83–3,31%; dry matter content – 12,4–13,1%, fat-free dry milk residue – 8,95–9,13%.&#x0D; The dependence of milk quality indicators based on linear descent. For the main indices are preferred animals of Distinkshna line 159523.

Evaluation of blood and milk oxidative status during early postpartum of dairy cows

In dairy cows, the intensity of metabolic activity, associated with the negative energy balance (NEBAL), is responsible for an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, subsequently, for the development of the condition of oxidative stress, which may overwhelm the antioxidant potential of the bovine maternal organism, making it prone to the development of many puerperal dysfunctions, as well as to an alteration of colostrum and milk quality. Given these premises, the aims of this study are to evaluate serum and milk concentrations of ROS and lipoperoxides, vitamins A and E, on the 10th, 12th, 14th and 16th day postpartum of dairy cows, a particularly critical period during which the NEBAL reaches its nadir, and to compare the trends of these parameters in two different bovine breeds. The study was performed in pluriparous Italian Friesian and Brown dairy cows. On the 10th day postpartum, all cows underwent a clinical examination to exclude the presence of alterations; furthermore, on the same day, a milk sample was collected from each cow, in order to perform the somatic cell count (SCC; (CE) N. 853/2004) and to establish which of them had an SCC ⩽400 000/ml or >400 000/ml. In this study, among the 110 cows that were initially selected, the evaluation of these parameters allowed the inclusion of 80 animals, which were divided into four groups of 20 subjects each: Group F and F1: Italian Friesian healthy cows, with SCC ⩽400 000/ml and >400 000/ml, respectively; Group B and B1: Italian Brown healthy cows, with SCC ⩽400 000/ml and >400 000/ml, respectively. On the 10th, 12th, 14th and 16th day postpartum, peripheral blood and milk samples were collected. The results obtained show that in group B1 there were higher concentrations of ROS and milk antioxidants compared with Friesian group cows. This datum let us suppose that even in the presence of higher ROS concentrations the antioxidant status found in group B1 seems to be able to counteract the oxidative damage, which is more likely to develop in these cows.

Milking procedures and milk ejection in Italian Brown cows

The aim of the study was to describe, on the basis of field data, the traits of milk flow curves of Italian Brown cows and to investigate some sources of variation. A total of 1,450 milk flow curves of the whole udder were collected in 81 Italian Brown dairy herds in Lombardy, Italy, using electronic mobile milk flow meters. Parity order and days in milk affected most milk flow traits. Milk flow curves showed some defects dependent on milking management practices: very long machine-on time, long duration of overmilking phase, high percentage of stripping and moderate percentage of bimodality.

Dehydrated alfalfa and chemically preserved alfalfa silage in combination with sunflower meal or urea as sources of protein for dairy cows

A 210 day feeding trial was carried out with 40 Holstein and Bulgarian Brown dairy cows divided into four groups. The basic forage was maize silage which was fed in combination with 1.7 kg dry matter (DM) of dehydrated alfalfa (DA) or with 3.2 kg DM of chemically preserved alfalfa silage (AS). Supplementary sources of protein were sunflower meal (SFM) and urea (U). Thus, the four treatments consisted of: DA + U, DA + SFM, AS + U and AS + SFM. The diets were isonitrogenous and were calculated to be isoenergetic. Milk yield, milk fat, milk protein, yield of fat and protein were respectively: 16.0 kg, 3.97%, 3.57%, 636 g day −1 and 572 g day −1 for DA + U; 16.2 kg, 4.09%, 3.64%, 662 g day −1 and 589 g day −1 for DA + SFM; 13.9 kg, 4.01%, 3.59%, 557 g day −1 and 498 g day −1 for AS + U; 15.2 kg, 4.03%, 3.56%, 611 g day −1 and 540 g day −1 for AS + SFM. Milk yield was significantly higher for cows with the dehydrated alfalfa in their rations than for those fed chemically preserved alfalfa silage. Differences in the calculated values of protein digestible in the small intestine (PDI) explained to a great extent the difference in milk production. Dehydrated alfalfa kept its superiority over the chemically preserved alfalfa silage during the whole lactation. The sunflower meal can be replaced successfully with cereals plus urea in rations with dehydrated alfalfa. Ration composition determines urea utilization, rather than the level of milk production.

Committee on Foods

<h3>VITAMIN D FORTIFIED PASTEURIZED MILK</h3><h3>Distributors.—</h3> Bellevue Dairy, Syracuse, N. Y. Baumann Dairy Company, Milwaukee. Borgeson Bros. Dairy Company, Waterbury, Conn. Brandes Creamery, Inc., Portland, Ore. Brown Dairy Products, Inc., Argo, Ill. Cherry Hill Dairy, Provo City, Utah. City Dairy Company, Portland, Ore. Cline Ice Cream Company, Charleston, W. Va. Corning Milk and Cream Company, Inc., Corning, N. Y. Downing Bros. Dairy, Rock Island, Ill. E. H. Elton Dairy, Bristol, Conn. Fairbank Farms, Dewitt, N. Y. The Freeman Company, Flint, Mich. Garden State Dairies, Millville, N. J. Golden Rule Bakery and Dairy, Snoqualmie, Wash. Hamilton Dairy Company, Chicago. Jersey Milk Company, Portland, Ore. Kraml Dairy, Chicago. Lakeview Dairy, Cudahy, Wis. Layton Park Dairy Company, Milwaukee. Levengood Dairies, Inc., Pottstown, Pa. Maplewood Cream Company, Portland, Ore. Ogden Dairy Company, Chicago. Peerless Dairy Company, Rock Island, Ill. Pendell Dairy, Syracuse, N. Y. Pioneer United Dairies, Everett, Wash. Plymouth Dairy Company, Chicago. Reiter's