Panicum Miliaceum Research Articles

The Effect of Drum Dryer Temperature and Rotational Speed on the Characteristics of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) Based Weaning Food Enriched with Composite Flour

Abstract Finger millet or red millet is a source of carbohydrates, protein, and phytonutrients that have not been widely used. This has the potential to be used as an ingredient in making bread and porridge. However, the protein content of millet is insufficient for infant feeding and deficient in essential amino acids like lysine, so other ingredients are needed. This study contrasted composite flour dried at various temperatures and rotational speeds with millet-based supplementary feeding. Finger millet flour, red bean, skimmed milk powder, sugar, and salt were used to produce the weaning meal in that sequence. The dough-to-water ratio is 1 : 4. Organoleptic, physical, and chemical interactions were all considered. The experiment used a randomised block design with three replications and a 3 × 3 factorial pattern. The study discovered that drum dryer temperature impacted chemical, physical, and sensory responses (p <0.05). Temperature had a more significant influence on moisture content than rotational speed. Temperature above 120 °C results in lower moisture content at rotation higher than 1.0 min−1 and meets the criteria for instant porridge (lower than 4%). Lower moisture content at higher temperatures leads to increased protein concentration, but carbohydrates and fats remain relatively constant. The samples more preferred by the panellists were samples processed at higher temperature with rotation above 1.0 min−1. So, this value is recommended, apart from fulfilling the standard criteria, processing with higher rotational speed can increase the output capacity of the process.

Variation in the nutrient content of different genotypes and varieties of millets, studied globally: a systematic review

This study was conducted to understand the variation in the nutrient contents of different types of millets by collecting data from published scientific journals and collating it by variety. The data is analyzed as a whole and as a subset, where it is clearly categorized into a released variety or genotype/accession. Calcium level was consistently high in finger millet and teff regardless of varieties at 331.29 ± 10 mg/100 g and 183.41 ± 29 mg/100 g, respectively. Iron content was highest for finger millet at 12.21 ± 13.69 mg/100 g followed by teff at 11.09 ± 8.35 mg/100 g. Pearl millet contained the highest zinc content of 8.73 ± 11.55 mg/100 g. Protein content was highest in job’s tears at 12.66 g/100 g followed by proso millet at 12.42 ± 1.99 g/100 g and barnyard millet with 12.05 ± 1.77 g/100 g. Some millets showed consistently low or consistently high levels of specific nutrients, while others had such wide variation that they could not be characterized as high or low for that particular nutrient. There is a huge variation in the nutrient content of each type of millet regardless of the released variety or genotype. In the interest of improving dietary nutrients, there is a need to have nutrition programs and product development based on selected high nutrient varieties of the millet, which requires attention from researchers and government and changes in research, policy, and awareness among the public and private sectors.

Earliest known well‐preserved flour comestibles unearthed in the Wupu Cemetery in Hami, Xinjiang, China

AbstractExploring the utilisation of flour in ancient Xinjiang is crucial for understanding the use of different grain crops as staple comestibles. In this study, multiple analyses were applied to identify five flour food remnants discovered in the Wupu Cemetery (1100–400 BCE) in Hami, Xinjiang. Results show that two of the samples were comprised of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) mixed with wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum spp.), one of wheat and barley, and the remaining two primarily of broomcorn millet with a low quantity of foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Plant microfossils analysis and microscopic observation of cross‐sections of the five samples indicate that these crop materials were coarsely ground into flour and then probably baked without fermentation. These findings provide the earliest evidence that broomcorn millet, wheat, and barley were processed as cakes in Hami 3000 years ago. Moreover, the findings in this study also emphasise the reassessment of the role of foxtail millet in the dietary consumption of the ancient Wupu inhabitants, as foxtail millet was abundant in tombs, but scarce in comestible food sources. This research sheds light on and contributes to a more precise reconstruction of the dietary patterns of ancient indigenous people in Hami.

Role of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) as preventive diet in lifestyle disorders

The incidence of lifestyle diseases like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and overweight/ obesity associated with cardiovascular disease is increasing rapidly. In past few decades, due to increased westernization in life style and due to enhancement of economy, there is increase in prevalence rate of these diseases among Indian population. Ayurveda,an ancient science, describes ways to prevent and manage lifestyle disorders, through proper dietary management and lifestyle advises, in form of Dincharya and Rutrucharya . Millets have been major staple diet in Central India but after the advent of high yielding varieties of rice and wheat, millets got sidelined from our food basket. In Ayurveda, Proso millet is mentioned in trundhyana varga. It possesses madhura Kashaya rasa, katu vipaka, ushna virya and is kaphavatta shamak. In its constitution we can find prithvi,vayu, jal ,and tej mahabhut. Due to its bruhaniya property it can be useful in malnutrition, on contrary due to its laghu, ruksh guna, vilekhana karma it can be used in obesity. In present review article the less explored, underutilized, nutrient rich, commercial available Proso millets are enlightened for its phytochemical and other activities which may benefit the people in overcoming various lifestyle disorders.

Comparison of the anti-diabetic effects of various grain and legume extracts in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats

The anti-diabetic properties of whole groats and dietary fibers from various grains and legumes are well known. Nevertheless, studies on the anti-diabetic effects of their extracts are limited, and it is difficult to compare their efficacy. This study investigated the anti-diabetic potential of ethanol extracts from oats (OE), sorghum (SE), foxtail millet (FE), proso millet (PE), adzuki bean (AE), and black soybean (BE) in a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rat models. The extracts, obtained using 99.9 % ethanol, were orally administered to diabetic rats for four weeks. Various parameters were evaluated, including fasting blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, serum insulin levels, and pancreas histological analysis. OE and SE effectively reduced fasting blood glucose levels and the area under the curve (AUC) in the oral glucose tolerance test. Only OE significantly decreased the AUC in the insulin tolerance test and increased insulin concentration and homeostatic model assessment of the β-cell function index, indicating improved insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of the pancreas supported these findings, demonstrating that OE protected against pancreatic cell damage. In contrast, FE, PE, AE, and BE did not have a significant effect on diabetes-related parameters. These findings identify OE as the most promising natural intervention for diabetes management.

Metabolomics and Physiological Methods Revealed the Effects of Drought Stress on the Quality of Broomcorn Millet during the Flowering Stage

The flowering stage is a critical period for water sensitivity and quality formation of broomcorn millets. However, the effects and mechanisms of drought stress on the quality formation of broomcorn millets are not clear. We used the drought-resistant variety Hequ red millet (H) and the drought-sensitive variety Yanshu No. 10 (Y) were used as materials for drought stress treatment during the flowering stage, metabolomics and physiological methods were used to study the differences in protein, starch, amino acids, medium and medium-long chain fatty acids, and their response characteristics to drought in broomcorn millet. The results showed that different genotypes of broomcorn millets exhibited different response mechanisms in the face of drought stress. In Hequ red millet, drought stress significantly increased the contents of amylopectin (2.57%), pyridoxine (31.89%), and anthocyanin, and significantly decreased the contents of water-soluble protein (5.82%), glutelin (10.07%), thiamine (14.95%) and nicotinamide (23.01%). In Yanshu No. 10, drought significantly decreased amylose by 6.05%, and significantly increased riboflavin and nicotinamide contents by 21.11% and 32.59%. Correlation analysis showed that total starch and amylose were highly significantly positively correlated with methyl palmitate; negatively correlated with amylopectin, vitamins, proteins, free amino acids, and medium-long chain fatty acids; and amylopectin was significantly positively correlated with water-soluble protein, riboflavin, and pyridoxine. Water-soluble protein and glutelin were significantly positively correlated with most free amino acids, medium-long chain fatty acids, and nicotinamide. Thiamine showed significant positive correlation with nicotinamide and significant negative correlation with pyridoxine. Riboflavin was significantly positively correlated with nicotinamide, pyridoxine, and water-soluble protein, and pyridoxine was significantly positively correlated with water-soluble protein. Hequ red millet transforms into amylopectin by consuming water-soluble protein and glutelin, and improves drought resistance by accumulating pyridoxine, and changes its physicochemical properties by decreasing the content of amylose and protein and elevating the content of amylopectin. Yanshu No. 10 resisted drought by catabolizing lipids to produce fatty acids and by consuming amylose for conversion into other metabolites. The present study helps to understand the response of the nutritional quality of millets to drought stress at the flowering stage and provides a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of superior varieties of millets and drought resistance research.

Dynamic changes in microbial communities and flavor during different fermentation stages of proso millet Baijiu, a new product from Shanxi light-flavored Baijiu.

Proso millet, a high-quality fermentation material used for Chinese yellow wine production, can produce special flavored substances; however, its role in improving the flavor and altering microbial communities of light-flavored Baijiu during fermentation remain unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of proso millet on improving the flavor of light-flavored Baijiu and altering microbial communities during different fermentation stages. The dynamic changes in the microbial communities and flavor of proso millet (50%) + sorghum (50%) mixed fermentation samples were analyzed through intermittent sampling on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 of the fermentation process. Microbial high-throughput sequencing and the analysis of flavor characteristics were conducted through 16S DNA/ ITS amplicon sequencing and gas chromatography (multi-capillary column)-ion mobility spectrometry, respectively. Proso millet significantly changed the core flavor compound composition of traditional light-flavored Baijiu from ethyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl hexanoate dimer, ethyl butanoate, ethyl lactate, and butyl acetate to oct-2-ene, 2-butanol, propyl propanoate, 2-pentenal, and 4-methylpentanal. The amplicon sequencing analysis revealed that the alpha diversity parameters of bacterial and fungal communities, including the Chao1, Pielou_e, Shannon, and Simpson indices, for proso millet-sorghum mixed fermentation samples were significantly higher than those for sorghum fermentation samples (p < 0.05). Of the 40 most significant microbial genera in two treatments, proso millet significantly increased the abundance of 12 bacterial and 18 fungal genera. Among the 40 most significant bacterial and fungal species, 23 bacterial species belonged to the Lactobacillus genus, whereas the 30 primary fungal species belonged to 28 different genera. The analysis of the relationship between microbial changes and the main flavor compounds of light-flavored Baijiu showed that bacteria from the Weissella, Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Psychrobacter, Pseudarthrobacter, Lactococcus, Chloroplast, Saccharopolyspora, Psychrobacter, Saccharopolyspora, Pseudonocardiaceae, Bacteroides genera and fungi from the Thermoascus, Aspergillus, Pichia, Rhizomucor, Papiliotrema, Hyphopichia, and Mucor genera significantly inhibited the synthesis of ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl lactate ethyl lactate, and butyl acetate but increased the synthesis of ethyl acetate (p < 0.05). Moreover, these microbes exhibited a significantly greater abundance in proso millet-sorghum mixed fermentation samples than in sorghum samples. The synthesis of special flavored compounds in proso millet Baijiu was significantly positively correlated with the presence of fungi from the Rhizopus, Papiliotrema, Wickerhamomyces, Aspergillus, and Thermoascus genera but negative correlated with the presence of bacteria from the Weissella, Acinetobacter, Psychrobacter, Pseudarthrobacter, Bacteroides, and Saccharopolyspora genera. Regarding ethanol content, the low alcohol content of Fenjiu may be due to the significantly high abundance of fungi from the Psathyrella genus and bacteria from the Staphylococcus, Kroppenstedtia, Brevibacterium, and Acetobacter genera during fermentation. In summary, proso millet significantly altered the flavor of light-flavored Baijiu by inducing the formation of a special microbial community; however, it did not increase alcohol concentration. This study lays the foundation for future research on Baijiu fermentation. Additionally, the study findings may help improve the production efficiency and elevate the quality and flavor of the final product.

In Vitro Evaluation of Alpha Amylase and Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Kamadhenu Ark extracts of Climate Smart Crop Millets

Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by abnormal Metabolism of glucose. The maintenance of glucose levels in blood without any side effects is still challenging in the medication of this disease. Various medical approaches like Allopathy, Homeopathy, Ayurveda, Unani etc are striving a lot for success in this field of medication. Present study is aimed to evaluate the Antidiabetic activity of Millets in combination with Kamadhenu Ark as solvent for the probable alpha Amylase and alpha Glucosidase inhibitory activities to reduce hyperglycemia. The Millets namely Paspalum scrobiculatum, Panicum miliaceum, Panicum sumatrense were selected for the study. The Kamadhenu Ark Extracts were prepared by Maceration method. The extracts were used for the estimation of alpha amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity. Extract of Panicum miliaceum exhibited highest α amylase and α glucosidase inhibitory potential with IC50 values of 0.239 and 1.526 mg/ml, respectively, which was comparable with acarbose (0.258 and 1.985 mg/ml). Extracts of Paspalum scrobiculatum and Panicum sumatrense have shown low activity. Present study paves a new path revealing the effective inhibition of α amylase and α glucosidase by Kamadhenu Ark extract of Panicum miliaceum (Proso Millet KPM).

Inside or outside the house? On the spatial organisation of plant-related activities at the Late Bronze Age settlement of Dobbin 27, northern Germany

Abstract In northern Germany, crop diversity was much greater in the Late Bronze Age than in previous periods. To trace this development at a local scale, we conducted an archaeobotanical case study at the site of Dobbin 27, a rural settlement in north-eastern Germany dating to the Late Bronze Age. Charred seeds and fruits were recovered and the spatial distribution of these remains was analysed in order to understand the spatial organisation of plant-related activities at the site, principally plant processing. We discovered that the inhabitants processed cereals outside the house, in open areas of the settlement. Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) were the most common finds in the archaeobotanical samples; small proportions of pulses and wild fruits and nuts were also found. This shows that a wide range of plants was used by the prehistoric community at Dobbin 27. A regional comparison of the plant macro-remains record from Dobbin 27 with that from contemporary sites reveals both differences and similarities in crop choices and other aspects of the plant economy.

Did crops expand in tandem with culinary practices from their region of origin? Evidence from ancient DNA and material culture

Grain-cooking traditions in Neolithic China have been characterised as a ‘wet’ cuisine based on the boiling and steaming of sticky varieties of cereal. One of these, broomcorn millet, was one of the earliest Chinese crops to move westward into Central Asia and beyond, into regions where grains were typically prepared by grinding and baking. Here, the authors present the genotypes and reconstructed phenotypes of 13 desiccated broomcorn millet samples from Xinjiang (1700 BC–AD 700). The absence in this area of sticky-starch millet and vessels for boiling and steaming suggests that, as they moved west, East Asian cereal crops were decoupled from traditional cooking practices and were incorporated into local cuisines.

The suitability of wheat grain and grain of three less common cereals as hosts for the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae [L.]) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The aim of the present study was to test the suitability of different grain commodities, i.e., common wheat (Triticum aestivum), millet (Panicum miliaceum), spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta), and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) as hosts for the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). We monitored weevil mortality and progeny emergence. Two different amounts of grains (50 g and 100 g) were applied. The experimental units were stored at three temperatures (15, 20, and 25 °C) and at two relative humidities (RHs) (55 and 75%), for a total of six combinations. Mortality was assessed on the 7th, 14th and 21st days after exposure. After 56 days, we determined progeny emergence. We determined that weevil mortality was correlated to temperature, RH, grain commodity, grain quantity and exposure duration. In general, mortality counts were higher at lower grain quantities. The mortality and progeny emergence were highest in wheat grain, since wheat grain is the most suitable host. Progeny production (emergence) was highest at 25 °C. Only a few individuals emerged from buckwheat and millet.

Drinking Indigenous Beverages in Africa: The Case of the /Bili-bili/ of the Lele People of North Cameroon

Every human society produces beverages but the raw materials and procedures of production may differ from one society to the next. Some societies especially in Africa use maize, others use millet while others use guinea corn for their production. There are certain beliefs surrounding the manufacture and use of each beverage. The /bili-bili/ of the Lele people of north Cameroon is a good example of local beer produced from millet, red millet and sorghum. This local liquor is produced mostly by the female folk and its production goes through a number of processes. The drink like any aspect of culture fulfils a specific function in the Lele community. It used to be manufactured from millet, red millet and sorghum alone but with time, there are women who produce it with red millet and maize. The main research question of the article is: what are the functions of the /bili-bili/ to the Lele man in particular and the community in general? The secondary research questions are: what is the cultural significances of the /bili-bili/ to the Lele people? and what are the factors that have caused changes in the production consumption of this indigenous liquor? The objectives of this article is to examine the place of bili-bili in the lives of the people and in the society as a whole. The paper also seeks to find out the symbolism of this drink and the reasons behind the changes in the production and utility of the bili-bili. The authors of this paper used the qualitative method to collect data. This data was analyse soon after collection was over and interpreted using the theories of cultural ecology (to demonstrate how millet and sorghum, all natural products are employed to produce a cultural drink, bili-bili), functionalism (employed to show the roles of the locally brewed drink in the lives of the Lele people and the Lele community) and symbolic anthropology (used to illustrate the cultural significance of the bili-bili to the Lele people. Bili-bili symbolises a bond as many youths like adults meet and share from a single calabash or bucket. This drink is not only a source of livelihood to many households, it portrays the belief system of the Lele people in particular and that of the northerners in general. The indigenous drink /bili-bili/ is a drink which portrays the cultural identity of the people. If valorised, it will continue to be a major source of livelihood to many families.

FORMATION OF THE YIELD OF THE ABOVE-GROUND MASS OF WHITE SWEETCLOVER IN SINGLE-SPECIES AND COMBINED CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE

FORMATION OF THE YIELD OF THE ABOVE-GROUND MASS OF WHITE SWEETCLOVER IN SINGLE-SPECIES AND COMBINED CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Millets, dogs, pigs and permanent settlement: productivity transitions in Neolithic northern China

Abstract The transition to sedentary agricultural societies in northern China fuelled considerable demographic growth from 5000 to 2000 BC. In this article, we draw together archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological and bioarchaeological data and explore the relationship between several aspects of this transition, with an emphasis on the millet-farming productivity during the Yangshao period and how it facilitated changes in animal husbandry and consolidation of sedentism. We place the period of domestication (the evolution of non-shattering, initial grain size increase and panicle development) between 8300 and 4300 BC. The domestication and post-domestication of foxtail (Setaria italica) and broomcorn (Panicum miliaceum) millet increased their productivity substantially, with much greater rate of change than for rice (Oryza sativa). However, millets are significantly less productive per hectare than wet rice farming, a point reflected in the greater geographical expanse of northern Neolithic millet cultures (5000–3000 BC) in comparison with their Yangtze rice-growing counterparts. The domestication of pigs in the Yellow River region is evidenced by changes in their morphology after 6000 BC, and a transition to a millet-based diet c. 4500–3500 BC. Genetic data and isotopic data from dogs indicate a similar dietary transition from 6000 to 4000 BC, leading to new starch-consuming dog breeds. Significant population increase associated with agricultural transitions arose predominately from the improvement of these crops and animals following domestication, leading to the formation of the first proto-urban centres and the demic-diffusion of millet agriculture beyond central northern China between 4300–2000 BC.

The Impact of Varied Fertilizers on the Yield and Quality of &lt;i&gt;Panicum miliaceum&lt;/i&gt; under Low Nitrogen Conditions

The Impact of Varied Fertilizers on the Yield and Quality of &lt;i&gt;Panicum miliaceum&lt;/i&gt; under Low Nitrogen Conditions

Protection of Panicum miliaceum L. crops from pests and diseases

Protection of Panicum miliaceum L. crops from pests and diseases

Species composition and population dynamics of main phytophages in post-harvest crops of Panicum miliaceum L. in Southern Ukraine

Species composition and population dynamics of main phytophages in post-harvest crops of Panicum miliaceum L. in Southern Ukraine

Mineral, seed morphology, and agronomic characteristics of proso millet grown in the inland Pacific Northwest.

Climate change increases stressors that will challenge the resiliency of global agricultural production. Just three crops, wheat, maize, and rice, are estimated to sustain 50% of the caloric demand of the world population, meaning that significant loss of any of these crops would threaten global food security. However, increasing cropping system diversity can create a more resilient food system. One crop that could add diversity to wheat-dominated cropping systems in the inland Pacific Northwest is proso millet, a climate-resilient, small-seeded cereal crop that is highly water efficient, able to grow in low fertility soils, and has a desirable nutritional profile. Proso millet shows potential for adoption in this region due to its short growing season, compatibility with regional equipment, and environmental requirements, however US cultivars have been developed for the Great Plains and little research has been conducted outside of this region. To better understand the potential for adoption in the inland PNW, seven commercially available varieties were planted in a researcher-run trial in Pullman, WA and in a series of producer-run trials across the region in 2022. Samples were analyzed for mineral concentration (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ca, P, and K), seed morphology phenotypes (seed area, seed eccentricity, thousand seed weight, and seed color), and agronomic phenotypes (grain yield, plant height, days to heading, days to maturity, and percent emergence). Varieties from the researcher-run trial showed significant differences for all traits excluding percent emergence. Samples from producer-run trials showed differences by location for concentration of all minerals and for all seed morphology traits but were not analyzed for agronomic phenotypes. Samples from producer-run trials showed no difference by variety for mineral concentration but showed varietal differences for all seed morphology phenotypes. Most minerals were positively correlated with one another (0.28 < r < 0.92). Grain yield was negatively correlated with Zn (r = -0.55, p < 0.01) and was positively correlated with plant height (r = 0.62, p < 0.001), seed area (r = 0.45, p < 0.05), and thousand seed weight (r = 0.45, p < 0.05). Results from this study can inform variety selection for stakeholders interested in adopting proso millet in the inland PNW and can support future proso millet breeding efforts, particularly in this region.

Nutritional and Nutraceutical Advantages of Small Millets and Their Role in Prevention of Life Style Disorders

Millets in general and the small millets in particular, consumed in whole form with its botanical parts such as endosperm, bran and germ, are rich in nutrients and phyto-nutrients. Important cultivated small millets are finger millet, little millet, kodo millet, foxtail millet, barnyard millet and proso millet. Each millet is unique in their content of nutrients and phyto-components with health beneficial effects or nutraceuticals. Bioactive components in the millet include- phenolic acids, flavonoids, phytosterols, tocopherols, carotenoids, small peptides, dietary fibre, etc. These components as well as small millet fractions can influence the biochemical and molecular pathways in metabolic syndrome and play key role in prevention of life style disorders.

Integrated Weed Management in Minor Millets: A Review

Presently, agriculture is facing tremendous problem due to climate change and global warming. To ensure food and nutritional security at national level, there is an immediate need to promote the cultivation of millets as millets are considered climate smart and nature friendly crops because of high nutritive value and can withstand under warm and drought conditions with short life, low external inputs requirement, tolerance to water and temperatures stress. Ten millet crops have been declared as ‘Nutri Cereals’ which include three major millets i.e., pearl millet, sorghum and finger millet; five minor millets i.e. foxtail millet, proso millet, kodo millet, barnyard millet, little millet; and two pseudo millets i.e. kuttu (buckwheat) and amaranthus. Due to sluggish growth in initial phases of life, millets proved relatively poor competitors against weeds. Manual weeding is the most commonly adopted for weed control in millets. But the non-availability of labour and ever-increasing labour wages have compelled the farmers to seek alternate method of weed management. Herbicide use is the most viable method of weed control but their continuous and excessive use is not advisable due to its ill effects on environment and development of herbicide resistance in weeds. Very limited options are available in literature for weed control in minor millets. Thus, integrated weed management practices should be followed on site and time specific basis for effective and efficient weed management in minor millets. For integrated weed management in minor millets, 2-3 times inter-cultivation and 1-2 time hand weeding during initial 25 days after sowing in addition to pre-emergence spray with Isoproturon @ 0.5 -1.0 kg a.i./ha and post emergence spray of 2, 4-D sodium salt @ 0.75-1.0 kg a.i./ha at 20-25 days after sowing should be done for effective weed control.