Panicum Miliaceum Research Articles

In Vitro Evaluation of Alpha Amylase and Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Kamadhenu Ark extracts of Climate Smart Crop Millets

Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by abnormal Metabolism of glucose. The maintenance of glucose levels in blood without any side effects is still challenging in the medication of this disease. Various medical approaches like Allopathy, Homeopathy, Ayurveda, Unani etc are striving a lot for success in this field of medication. Present study is aimed to evaluate the Antidiabetic activity of Millets in combination with Kamadhenu Ark as solvent for the probable alpha Amylase and alpha Glucosidase inhibitory activities to reduce hyperglycemia. The Millets namely Paspalum scrobiculatum, Panicum miliaceum, Panicum sumatrense were selected for the study. The Kamadhenu Ark Extracts were prepared by Maceration method. The extracts were used for the estimation of alpha amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity. Extract of Panicum miliaceum exhibited highest α amylase and α glucosidase inhibitory potential with IC50 values of 0.239 and 1.526 mg/ml, respectively, which was comparable with acarbose (0.258 and 1.985 mg/ml). Extracts of Paspalum scrobiculatum and Panicum sumatrense have shown low activity. Present study paves a new path revealing the effective inhibition of α amylase and α glucosidase by Kamadhenu Ark extract of Panicum miliaceum (Proso Millet KPM).

Inside or outside the house? On the spatial organisation of plant-related activities at the Late Bronze Age settlement of Dobbin 27, northern Germany

Abstract In northern Germany, crop diversity was much greater in the Late Bronze Age than in previous periods. To trace this development at a local scale, we conducted an archaeobotanical case study at the site of Dobbin 27, a rural settlement in north-eastern Germany dating to the Late Bronze Age. Charred seeds and fruits were recovered and the spatial distribution of these remains was analysed in order to understand the spatial organisation of plant-related activities at the site, principally plant processing. We discovered that the inhabitants processed cereals outside the house, in open areas of the settlement. Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) were the most common finds in the archaeobotanical samples; small proportions of pulses and wild fruits and nuts were also found. This shows that a wide range of plants was used by the prehistoric community at Dobbin 27. A regional comparison of the plant macro-remains record from Dobbin 27 with that from contemporary sites reveals both differences and similarities in crop choices and other aspects of the plant economy.

Did crops expand in tandem with culinary practices from their region of origin? Evidence from ancient DNA and material culture

Grain-cooking traditions in Neolithic China have been characterised as a ‘wet’ cuisine based on the boiling and steaming of sticky varieties of cereal. One of these, broomcorn millet, was one of the earliest Chinese crops to move westward into Central Asia and beyond, into regions where grains were typically prepared by grinding and baking. Here, the authors present the genotypes and reconstructed phenotypes of 13 desiccated broomcorn millet samples from Xinjiang (1700 BC–AD 700). The absence in this area of sticky-starch millet and vessels for boiling and steaming suggests that, as they moved west, East Asian cereal crops were decoupled from traditional cooking practices and were incorporated into local cuisines.

The suitability of wheat grain and grain of three less common cereals as hosts for the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae [L.]) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The aim of the present study was to test the suitability of different grain commodities, i.e., common wheat (Triticum aestivum), millet (Panicum miliaceum), spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta), and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) as hosts for the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). We monitored weevil mortality and progeny emergence. Two different amounts of grains (50 g and 100 g) were applied. The experimental units were stored at three temperatures (15, 20, and 25 °C) and at two relative humidities (RHs) (55 and 75%), for a total of six combinations. Mortality was assessed on the 7th, 14th and 21st days after exposure. After 56 days, we determined progeny emergence. We determined that weevil mortality was correlated to temperature, RH, grain commodity, grain quantity and exposure duration. In general, mortality counts were higher at lower grain quantities. The mortality and progeny emergence were highest in wheat grain, since wheat grain is the most suitable host. Progeny production (emergence) was highest at 25 °C. Only a few individuals emerged from buckwheat and millet.

Drinking Indigenous Beverages in Africa: The Case of the /Bili-bili/ of the Lele People of North Cameroon

Every human society produces beverages but the raw materials and procedures of production may differ from one society to the next. Some societies especially in Africa use maize, others use millet while others use guinea corn for their production. There are certain beliefs surrounding the manufacture and use of each beverage. The /bili-bili/ of the Lele people of north Cameroon is a good example of local beer produced from millet, red millet and sorghum. This local liquor is produced mostly by the female folk and its production goes through a number of processes. The drink like any aspect of culture fulfils a specific function in the Lele community. It used to be manufactured from millet, red millet and sorghum alone but with time, there are women who produce it with red millet and maize. The main research question of the article is: what are the functions of the /bili-bili/ to the Lele man in particular and the community in general? The secondary research questions are: what is the cultural significances of the /bili-bili/ to the Lele people? and what are the factors that have caused changes in the production consumption of this indigenous liquor? The objectives of this article is to examine the place of bili-bili in the lives of the people and in the society as a whole. The paper also seeks to find out the symbolism of this drink and the reasons behind the changes in the production and utility of the bili-bili. The authors of this paper used the qualitative method to collect data. This data was analyse soon after collection was over and interpreted using the theories of cultural ecology (to demonstrate how millet and sorghum, all natural products are employed to produce a cultural drink, bili-bili), functionalism (employed to show the roles of the locally brewed drink in the lives of the Lele people and the Lele community) and symbolic anthropology (used to illustrate the cultural significance of the bili-bili to the Lele people. Bili-bili symbolises a bond as many youths like adults meet and share from a single calabash or bucket. This drink is not only a source of livelihood to many households, it portrays the belief system of the Lele people in particular and that of the northerners in general. The indigenous drink /bili-bili/ is a drink which portrays the cultural identity of the people. If valorised, it will continue to be a major source of livelihood to many families.

FORMATION OF THE YIELD OF THE ABOVE-GROUND MASS OF WHITE SWEETCLOVER IN SINGLE-SPECIES AND COMBINED CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE

FORMATION OF THE YIELD OF THE ABOVE-GROUND MASS OF WHITE SWEETCLOVER IN SINGLE-SPECIES AND COMBINED CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE

The Impact of Varied Fertilizers on the Yield and Quality of <i>Panicum miliaceum</i> under Low Nitrogen Conditions

The Impact of Varied Fertilizers on the Yield and Quality of <i>Panicum miliaceum</i> under Low Nitrogen Conditions

Protection of Panicum miliaceum L. crops from pests and diseases

Protection of Panicum miliaceum L. crops from pests and diseases

Species composition and population dynamics of main phytophages in post-harvest crops of Panicum miliaceum L. in Southern Ukraine

Species composition and population dynamics of main phytophages in post-harvest crops of Panicum miliaceum L. in Southern Ukraine

Mineral, seed morphology, and agronomic characteristics of proso millet grown in the inland Pacific Northwest.

Climate change increases stressors that will challenge the resiliency of global agricultural production. Just three crops, wheat, maize, and rice, are estimated to sustain 50% of the caloric demand of the world population, meaning that significant loss of any of these crops would threaten global food security. However, increasing cropping system diversity can create a more resilient food system. One crop that could add diversity to wheat-dominated cropping systems in the inland Pacific Northwest is proso millet, a climate-resilient, small-seeded cereal crop that is highly water efficient, able to grow in low fertility soils, and has a desirable nutritional profile. Proso millet shows potential for adoption in this region due to its short growing season, compatibility with regional equipment, and environmental requirements, however US cultivars have been developed for the Great Plains and little research has been conducted outside of this region. To better understand the potential for adoption in the inland PNW, seven commercially available varieties were planted in a researcher-run trial in Pullman, WA and in a series of producer-run trials across the region in 2022. Samples were analyzed for mineral concentration (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ca, P, and K), seed morphology phenotypes (seed area, seed eccentricity, thousand seed weight, and seed color), and agronomic phenotypes (grain yield, plant height, days to heading, days to maturity, and percent emergence). Varieties from the researcher-run trial showed significant differences for all traits excluding percent emergence. Samples from producer-run trials showed differences by location for concentration of all minerals and for all seed morphology traits but were not analyzed for agronomic phenotypes. Samples from producer-run trials showed no difference by variety for mineral concentration but showed varietal differences for all seed morphology phenotypes. Most minerals were positively correlated with one another (0.28 < r < 0.92). Grain yield was negatively correlated with Zn (r = -0.55, p < 0.01) and was positively correlated with plant height (r = 0.62, p < 0.001), seed area (r = 0.45, p < 0.05), and thousand seed weight (r = 0.45, p < 0.05). Results from this study can inform variety selection for stakeholders interested in adopting proso millet in the inland PNW and can support future proso millet breeding efforts, particularly in this region.

Nutritional and Nutraceutical Advantages of Small Millets and Their Role in Prevention of Life Style Disorders

Millets in general and the small millets in particular, consumed in whole form with its botanical parts such as endosperm, bran and germ, are rich in nutrients and phyto-nutrients. Important cultivated small millets are finger millet, little millet, kodo millet, foxtail millet, barnyard millet and proso millet. Each millet is unique in their content of nutrients and phyto-components with health beneficial effects or nutraceuticals. Bioactive components in the millet include- phenolic acids, flavonoids, phytosterols, tocopherols, carotenoids, small peptides, dietary fibre, etc. These components as well as small millet fractions can influence the biochemical and molecular pathways in metabolic syndrome and play key role in prevention of life style disorders.

Integrated Weed Management in Minor Millets: A Review

Presently, agriculture is facing tremendous problem due to climate change and global warming. To ensure food and nutritional security at national level, there is an immediate need to promote the cultivation of millets as millets are considered climate smart and nature friendly crops because of high nutritive value and can withstand under warm and drought conditions with short life, low external inputs requirement, tolerance to water and temperatures stress. Ten millet crops have been declared as ‘Nutri Cereals’ which include three major millets i.e., pearl millet, sorghum and finger millet; five minor millets i.e. foxtail millet, proso millet, kodo millet, barnyard millet, little millet; and two pseudo millets i.e. kuttu (buckwheat) and amaranthus. Due to sluggish growth in initial phases of life, millets proved relatively poor competitors against weeds. Manual weeding is the most commonly adopted for weed control in millets. But the non-availability of labour and ever-increasing labour wages have compelled the farmers to seek alternate method of weed management. Herbicide use is the most viable method of weed control but their continuous and excessive use is not advisable due to its ill effects on environment and development of herbicide resistance in weeds. Very limited options are available in literature for weed control in minor millets. Thus, integrated weed management practices should be followed on site and time specific basis for effective and efficient weed management in minor millets. For integrated weed management in minor millets, 2-3 times inter-cultivation and 1-2 time hand weeding during initial 25 days after sowing in addition to pre-emergence spray with Isoproturon @ 0.5 -1.0 kg a.i./ha and post emergence spray of 2, 4-D sodium salt @ 0.75-1.0 kg a.i./ha at 20-25 days after sowing should be done for effective weed control.

Studies on Castor and Nutri Cereals Based Intercropping Systems on Yield and Oil Content of Castor

A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2022 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the castor and nutri cereals based intercropping systems on yield and oil content of castor. The experiment was laid out in randomize block design comprises of thirteen treatments and three replications. The experiment results revealed that nutri cereals intercropping system and spacing between the castor row have no significant difference on the oil content of the castor. The highest castor seed yield (2098 kg ha-¹) was recorded in sole castor which was found at par with paired row castor + proso millet (2:4) and paired row castor + foxtail millet (2:4) (2003 and 1914 kg ha-1 respectively). Highest castor equivalent yield of 2647 kg ha-1 was recorded in paired row of castor + foxtail millet (2:4) and it was at par with paired row of castor + proso millet (2:4) (2604 kg ha-1) than sole castor (2098 kg ha-1). From this study, it is to be concluded that proso millet and foxtail millet are suitable nutri cereals for intercropping in castor under paired row system to increase monetary yield.

Growth and Productivity of Castor as Influenced by Millet Based Intercropping Systems

A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2022 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the influence of millet based intercropping systems on growth and productivity of castor under irrigated situation. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice. The treatment consist of nine cropping systems viz., castor + foxtail millet (1:3), castor + proso millet (1:3), castor + little millet (1:3), castor + kodo millet (1:3), paired row castor + foxtail millet (2:4), paired row castor + proso millet (2:4), paired row castor + little millet (2:4), paired row castor + kodo millet (2:4), sole castor. Experimental results revealed that the different millet based cropping systems significantly influenced growth and productivity of castor. Sole castor was recorded the highest growth, yield parameters and seed yield (20.98 q/ha). Among the millet based intercropping systems, maximum values of growth parameters viz., plant height (170.20 cm), number of branches/plant (7.90), stem girth (8.70 cm) and dry matter production (29.83 q/ha) were recorded in the paired row castor + proso millet (2:4) and it was on par with paired row castor + foxtail millet (2:4). Similarly, yield and yield attributing characters viz., number of spike/plant (28.2), number of capsule/ spike (55.8), highest length of primary branch (40.1 cm) and seed yield (20.03 q/ha) was obtained in paired row castor + proso millet (2:4) and it was comparable paired row castor + foxtail millet (2:4). The economic study revealed that the higher net return and benefit cost ratio was obtained from paired row castor + foxtail millet (2:4) (₹. 74,842.00 and 2.30) and paired row castor + proso millet (2:4) ((₹. 72,702.00 and 2.26). From this study, it was concluded that proso millet and foxtail millet were indentified to be compatible intercrops with castor for improved productivity.

Biochemical Analysis and DNA Barcoding of Millet Echinochloa frumentacea

Background: Millets are small grains that are rich in nutrients. In recent times, millet-based foods have been increasingly recommended for a healthy diet. Many millets are not annotated or DNA barcoded yet. Methods: In this study, comparative biochemical analyses especially that of starch and total protein of Echinochloa frumentacea, called as Indian barnyard white millet (Varai), from geographically different locations like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have been done. Their DNA barcoding has also been done to identify them on the basis of molecular data. Result: It was observed that starch granules were more abundant in Tamil Nadu variety as compared to Maharashtra variety. Blue value, indicative of amylose: amylopectin ratio was found to be low in Varai, indicating that Varai has low starch digestibility and its starch releases glucose slowly, thus making it a low glycaemic index food. Protein content was higher in Tamil Nadu variety, but overall Varai had a lower protein content as compared to other millets. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) gene from plastid was isolated, amplified by PCR, sequenced and the sequence was submitted to GenBank, NCBI. The gene was identified to be that of Echinochloa frumentacea and was given the accession numbers by GenBank as OR027010 (Varai, Maharashtra) and OR027011 (Varai, Tamil Nadu). This study indicated a distinct biochemical difference related to the geographical location of millets. This study helped barcoding of Echinochloa frumentacea Indian varieties using rbcL gene. This will further help in studies of phylogeny and evolution and also that of the relatedness of Echinochloa sp within and as compared to other millets.

Review on Millets: A Sustainable Ancient Superfood for the Modern World

Millets are frequently referred to as "superfoods" or "nutricereals" because of their high nutritional content, ability to withstand climatic change, and reduced resource requirements when compared to other common grains. Millets have historically been consumed in larger quantities and are beneficial to diets worldwide, but both their cultivation and consumption are drastically reducing. To provide food and nutrition security, resource sustainability, and economic development, millet may be essential. Therefore, it is imperative to develop strategies aimed at reversing the global trends of declining millet production and consumption and raising consumer knowledge of the dietary and health benefits of millets. For thousands of years, millets, a class of small-seeded, nutrient-rich grains have been an essential part of human existence, particularly in Asia and Africa. Pearl millet, finger millet, foxtail millet, Indian barnyard millet, kodo millet, tiny millet, and proso millet are the millets that are produced most widely around the world, especially in India. In Ayurveda, millets are explained under the Dhanya Varga and are known by the names Trina Dhanya, Kudhanya, and Kshudra Dhanya in different Samhitas. Furthermore, millets have long been employed by indigenous people as an ethnomedical and hunger-reduction tool. Since millets are usually grown on degraded, nutrient-deficient soil with little rainfall, they are an extremely resilient crop. Instead millets are high in dietary fibre, proteins, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, phytochemicals, and other nutrients, they are a cure-all for a wide range of illnesses. Due to shifting agro-climatic conditions that have resulted in a decrease in the yield of major staple grains, millets have emerged as a viable solution to address current issues in agriculture, food security, and public health. Millets have demonstrated excellent nutritional makeup and great adaptability. In light of government and civil society initiatives to promote millet farming in India, this review paper offers a succinct overview of millets, emphasising their historical significance, use in folklore, cultivation techniques, health benefits, and potential to contribute to sustainable farming systems and food security. For this study paper, a thorough review of numerous literatures, journals, published papers, and books was conducted.

Production of Dry Cakes (Cookies) Based on a Combination Between Millets Flour with Wheat

The perfect diet to achieve sustainable nutrition, health, and well-being goals requires information on the quality of food sources Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) also has an energy value comparable to that of staple cereals, and more significant health benefits due to its high fiber, minerals, vitamins, macro and micronutrients, and phytochemical compounds that are useful for chronic disorders. This research aims to analyze the production of dry cakes (Cookies) based on a combination of millet flour with wheat. This study used a Factorial Randomized Block Design with 3 (three) factors each with 2 (two) levels, repeated 2 (two) times, namely: Factors of Wheat Flour (TT), namely: TT1 = 250 gram and TT2 = 350gram, Millet flour factor (TM), namely: TM1 = 250 gram and TM2 150 gram. Refined Sugar Factor (GH): GH1 = 100 grams and GH2 = 1 gram. A protein content of 8.29%, a fat content of 24.42%, a crude fiber content of 1.766%, an ash content of 1.75%, and a preference level above scale 3 (like) is obtained by optimizing the cookie-making process by replacing wheat flour with millet flour. Additionally, one gram of sucrose sugar is added.

Combined physiological and pathway analysis revealed the effect of Sporisorium destruens on photosynthesis in broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)

Photosynthesis is the basis of crop growth and is sensitive to stress. Smut (Sporisorium destruens) is the primary disease in the production of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). This study evaluated the effects of infection with S. destruens on the photosynthesis of resistant cultivar (BM) and susceptible cultivar (NF). After inoculation, there was a decrease in the chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence of the two cultivars. Observation of the ultrastructure of diseased leaves showed that the chloroplasts and mitochondria had abnormal morphology, and some vacuoles appeared. RNA-seq was performed on the flag leaves after inoculation. In addition to the resistant and susceptible cultivars, the diseased leaves developed from inflorescences was defined as S2. The analysis showed that the pathways ralated to photosynthesis stimulated some differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after infection with S. destruens. More DEGs were induced in the susceptible broomcorn millet NF than in the resistant broomcorn millet BM, and most of those genes were downregulated. The number of DEGs induced by S2 was greater than that in susceptible cultivar NF, and all of them were upregulated. These results indicate that infection with S. destruens affects the normal photosynthetic performance of broomcorn millet. Understanding the mechanism between smut, photosynthesis, and broomcorn millet is an effective measure to prevent the occurrence of smut and enhance its resistance.

Influence of malted buckwheat, foxtail and proso millet flour incorporation on the physicochemical, protein digestibility and antioxidant properties of gluten-free rice cookies

The gluten-free cookies with improved nutritional value and health promoting qualities were prepared by substituting rice flour with malted buckwheat (BW), foxtail millet (FM) and proso millet (PM) flours at 15 % and 30 % levels. The characteristics of malted BW, FM and PM flours obtained after germination for 1–4 days (GD = 1–4) were first evaluated. The increment in germination days caused a significant improvement in protein content, total dietary fibre (TDF), oil absorption capacity, amylase and protease activity of malted BW, FM and PM flours. Incorporation of 30 % malted (GD=3 and 4) BW, FM and PM flours increased the G', G" and tan δ values of the cookies dough. The protein, ash, fat, TDF content and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of cookies increased while glycaemic and starch hydrolysis index decreased by incorporating malted flours of all three grains. The incorporation of 30 % malted BW flour (GD = 3) increased IVPD, antioxidant capacity, protein, phenolics and flavonoids while incorporation of 30 % malted FM flour (GD = 4) proved useful in improving dietary fibres in gluten-free rice cookies. The 30 % malted BW and FM flour (GD = 3) can be incorporated in rice cookies for the improvement of nutritional and functional properties.

Pangenome analysis reveals genomic variations associated with domestication traits in broomcorn millet

Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is an orphan crop with the potential to improve cereal production and quality, and ensure food security. Here we present the genetic variations, population structure and diversity of a diverse worldwide collection of 516 broomcorn millet genomes. Population analysis indicated that the domesticated broomcorn millet originated from its wild progenitor in China. We then constructed a graph-based pangenome of broomcorn millet based on long-read de novo genome assemblies of 32 representative accessions. Our analysis revealed that the structural variations were highly associated with transposable elements, which influenced gene expression when located in the coding or regulatory regions. We also identified 139 loci associated with 31 key domestication and agronomic traits, including candidate genes and superior haplotypes, such as LG1, for panicle architecture. Thus, the study’s findings provide foundational resources for developing genomics-assisted breeding programs in broomcorn millet.