Bronze Artifacts Research Articles

Urartian Bronze Helmets

AbstractMany of the sizeable inventory of Urartian bronze objects are unfortunately unprovenanced objects, which strongly limits our understanding of such Urartian metalwork. This article is devoted to one class of bronze artifacts – helmets – and takes into consideration only those of certain and recognized provenance. The authors also briefly describe some helmets from neighboring regions, such as Transcaucasia and northern Iran, which possess similar features, in order to highlight similarities and differences.

PERSAMAAN DAN PERBEDAAN UNSUR LOGAM BENDA-BENDA PERUNGGU SUMATERA BAGIAN UTARA DENGAN BENDA-BENDA PERUNGGU JAWA TENGAH: ANTARA KEMANDIRIAN TEKNIS DAN PEMENUHAN KONSEP

When India culture introduce to Indonesia Archipelago, some changes were happen in its native culture. One of India influence was its religion i.e. Hinduism and Buddhism. Both religion then resemblance in material culture such as sacred building (temple), rites utensils (statue, bell, monk stick finial, etc.), or inscription. One of its material source to made those things is bronze. When Indian culture was introduced, the natives weren’t take it for granted adopt Indian concept for producing bronze things. By XRF analysis, known that bronze artifacts from Northern Sumatra and Java aren’t adopt concept from India traditions i.e. astadhatu and pancaloha. Indian influence on bronze artifacts from Northern Sumatra and Java can see on fullfilness of religion concept, especially on statues. It seen on the choosing of special metals as dominan elements for bronze statue construction. This study reveals some of similarities and diverences in construction elements between Northern Sumatra and Java bronze artifacts.

Metallurgical and chemical characterization of copper alloy reference materials within laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Method development for minimally-invasive analysis of ancient bronze objects

The chemical composition of ancient metal objects provides important information for manufacturing studies and authenticity verification of ancient copper or bronze artifacts. Non- or minimal-destructive analytical methods are preferred to mitigate visible damage. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) enables the determination of major elements as well as impurities down to lower ppm-levels, however, accuracy and precision of analysis strongly depend on the homogeneity of reference materials used for calibration. Moreover, appropriate analytical procedures are required e.g. in terms of ablation strategies (scan mode, spot size, etc.). This study reviews available copper alloy (certified) reference materials — (C)RMs from different sources and contributes new metallurgical data on homogeneity and spatial elemental distribution. Investigations of the standards were performed by optical and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX) for the following copper alloy and bronze (certified) reference materials: NIST 454, BAM 374, BAM 211, BAM 227, BAM 374, BAM 378, BAS 50.01-2, BAS 50.03-4, and BAS 50.04-4. Additionally, the influence of inhomogeneities on different ablation and calibration strategies is evaluated to define an optimum analytical strategy in terms of line scan versus single spot ablation, variation of spot size, selection of the most appropriate RMs or minimum number of calibration reference materials.

MINERALOGICAL AND PETROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF EARLY BRONZE AGE COPPER‐SMELTING REMAINS FROM THE KIECHLBERG (TYROL, AUSTRIA)

The prehistoric settlement on the Kiechlberg hilltop is located a few kilometres to the north‐east of Innsbruck, in the Tyrolean Inn Valley. Despite its rather isolated location, a multiphase settlement between the fifth and the second millennium bc was confirmed by archaeological investigations in 2007 and 2008. Metallurgical artefacts, such as copper ore fragments, copper slag and raw copper, as well as finished copper and bronze artefacts, are concentrated mainly in Late Copper Age to Middle Bronze Age layers. The chemical compositions of the slag and raw metals confirm Fe—Zn tetrahedrite–tennantite (fahlore) smelting. The ore was most probably imported from the 30–50 km distant copper ore deposits (mainly fahlore) of Schwaz–Brixlegg, in the Lower Inn Valley. The small amount of slag and the presence of slagged and thermally altered ceramic fragments suggest copper production in small‐scale workshops. Most probably, sulphide‐rich ores were smelted in crucibles in a hearth fire. The process was relatively reducing below the 2Sb + 1.5O2 → Sb2O3 reaction (−8.5 log fO2 at 1100°C), producing Sb‐rich (>10 wt% Sb in metal) raw copper. Inhomogeneous slag remains containing high amounts of sulphide and metal inclusions suggest a poor separation of the metal, matte (copper sulphide) and silicate/oxide melt during the smelting process.

몽골 도르릭나르스 흉노 무덤 2~4호분 출토 청동 및 금제 유물 분석

본 연구는 몽골 도르릭나르스 유적 2호, 3호 및 4호분에서 출토된 청동제 및 금제 유물에 대한 과학적 분석 결과로부터 각 유적 출토품의 특징을 알아보는데 그 목적이 있다. 몽골의 흉노무덤인 도르릭나르스 유적 2호, 3호 및 4호분은 비교적 소형이고, 도굴 된 상태였음에도 불구하고 많은 유물이 다양하게 출토되었다. 특히 출토 유물에는 중국계 유물과 북방계 유물이 공존하고 있어 매우 중요한 유적으로 평가되고 있다. 먼저 청동 용기류의 경우 중국제인 한경이나 일산살 꼭지의 성분 조성과는 달리 주석에 비하여 납의 함유량이 높은 특징을 보였는데, 특히 2호의 청동쟁반, 청동등잔 그리고 4호의 청동솥의 경우는 주석이 1wt% 정도로 적게 함유되어 있어 Cu-Pb의 2원계 합금 조성을 보였다. 금제품의 경우는 2호분 장식품의 제작에 비교적 높은 순도의 금이 사용된 것으로 조사되었으며, 금제 누금 장식의 금 알갱이의 접합에는 금과 구리를 합금한 금땜이 사용되었거나 확산접합(말라카이트나 산화구리 화합물 가루를 사용함)에 의하여 접합했을 가능성이 높았다. 향후 몽골지역 뿐만 아니라 다른 지역의 흉노 무덤 출토품에 대한 과학적 조사 및 분석이 더 많이 진행된다면 흉노 문화에 대한 더 많은 문제들을 해결할 수 있는 실마리를 제공하게 될 것이다. A purpose of this research is to find out characteristic of bronze artifacts and gold ornaments excavated from Xiongnu tombs No. 2~4 at Duurlig Nars in Mongolia through scientific analysis of them. The Tombs are comparatively small. There were still lots of relics remaining although the tombs had been already robbed. Also the tombs are evaluated important since the origin of them show coexisting of chinese and northern style. First of all, an analysis result about bronze vessels found in this site, they have high lead(Pb) content and relatively low tin(Sn) content, as compared with the Bronze Han Mirror and End-fittings of Bronze Parasol Rib. Especially in case of bronze tray and bronze lamp from the no. 2 tomb and also bronze cauldron from the no. 4 tomb contain only 1wt% of tin which means binary alloy composition(Cu-Pb). Also, in the case of gold ornaments found in the no. 2 tomb, they have comparatively high purity. And the research suppose that the high possibility of that they were used soldering using alloy of Au-Cu or diffused bonding(using malachite and copper oxide) for joining gold grains of gold granulation ornament. Further scientific research and analysis in Mongolia and other countries will provide more clues to solve mystery of Xiongnu culture.

Original copies: seriality, similarity and the simulacrum in the Early Bronze Age

This article explores inter-artefactual relations in the Nordic Bronze Age. Notions of copying and imitation have been dominant in the description of a number of bronze and flint artefacts from period I of the Nordic Bronze Age (ca. 1700–1500 BC). It has been argued that local bronze manufacturers copied imported foreign artefacts, and that lithic producers tried to imitate bronze artefacts in flint. This article argues that these archaeological attitudes to resemblance in the material repertoire are a product of typological analyses, but that it is possible to reclaim the cultural reality of similarity by looking at artefactual similarity as the results of prototyping and as a production of simulacra. In this light, the concept of copying turns out to be more than simply a matter of trying to imitate an exotic or prestigious original, and it fundamentally raises the question how different a copy can be from its model and still be a copy.

열처리 조건에 따른 재현 도금층의 표면현상 연구

이 연구는 매장상태에서 출토되는 금동유물의 표면색이 고유한 금색 이외에 붉은 계열의 색들과 교반되어 나타나는 원인을 규명하고자 수은아말감도금법을 재현해 보고 완성품에 대하여 열처리 조건을 변화시켜 도금층의 표면색과 표면 및 단면의 상태변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 그 결과 높은 열처리 실험조건 일수록 도금층에 검은 산화물층이 넓게 생성되었으며, 산화물층을 제거한 부분에서는 붉은색의 도금 표면색이 표출되었다. 또한 표면이 노란색과 붉은색으로 교반된 시료의 미세 표면관찰에서는 색상에 따라 표면상태의 변화양상이 다르게 나타났으며 단면에서는 도금층 공극의 밀도와 크기가 점차 커지는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 열처리 실험 후 표면성분분석 결과 온도가 올라갈수록 Hg와 Au의 비율은 감소하였으나 Cu의 성분비는 증가하였다. 또한 단면분석 결과에서도 실험조건에 따른 층위별 Au와 Cu의 성분변화가 반비례하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 실험결과들을 볼 때 아말감을 이용한 금동유물은 생산과정이나 생산 이후에 열이 도금층의 표면색에 영향을 미치는 것을 의미하며 도금층 상태에도 관계된다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. This study discusses a mercury amalgam gilding technique and examines how the color, surface and section of the gilt layer changes as the condition of heat treatment with mercury amalgam gilt object is changed. Some previous studies have mentioned reasons for various colors on gilt bronze artifacts depending on gilding manufacture and environment. However, reason for reddish color with gold on the artifacts' surface brought on high temperature corrosion has yet to be discussed and analyzed. A methodology was found in representing the mercury amalgam gilding technique and heat treatment test. According to the result of the heat treatment test, in the conditions of higher temperature and longer time, the oxidized layer on the gilt layer was distributed more widely and in the part when the oxide layer was eliminated, the gilt layer with a reddish color was observed. Moreover, in the surface observation of the specimen on which yellow and reddish colors were agitated, the changing aspects of its surface condition differed by colors. When investigated the section, it was observed that the void density and size became larger. After a test, the surface components changed; the temperature of heat treatment increased, component ratio of Hg and Au decreased gradually but component ratio of Cu increased. In regard to the gilt layer, as the time was longer and the temperature became higher for the heat treatment, the component ratio of Au and Cu by layers tended to change in inverse proportion. It is concluded that gilding techniques and the burial environment can make a difference in the surface color of the gilt layer on the gilt bronze artifacts, the high temperature corrosion that occurs by heat after they are manufactured is also one of the factors that affects their surface color.

A multianalytical approach to study the Phoenician bronze technology in the Iberian Peninsula—A view from Quinta do Almaraz

Abstract Phoenician settlers were responsible for very important changes on the metallurgical practices used in the Iberian Peninsula during the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The study of copper-based artefacts from the Phoenician settlement of Quinta do Almaraz (Portugal) was used to characterise exogenous influences on local metallurgy. Micro-EDXRF analyses on cleaned metal surfaces identified copper, low-tin bronze (2.2 to 8.1 wt.% Sn) and leaded bronze artefacts (4.6 to 5.9 wt.% Pb). Additionally, significant impurities of iron were found (0.15 to 1.3 wt.% Fe) suggesting the smelting of copper ores under a strong reducing atmosphere. SEM-EDS and optical microscopy identified polygonal and nearly equiaxial α-copper grains with annealing twins and slip bands, which indicate comprehensive manufacturing procedures involving hammering and annealing operations. Vickers microhardness testing was utilised to assess the mechanical performance attained by ancient metallurgists. The microstructural features and microhardness values showed that a common approach was to workharden the artefact with a strong final hammering (discernible by high density of slip bands), although some examples also benefited from a highly skilful usage of the forging plus annealing cycles (uniform and very small grain size). Comparison with coeval collections from the southwestern Iberian Peninsula has established that the metals in the settlement of Quinta do Almaraz were produced by a different technology from the indigenous metallurgy.

Nourishing a structured world with living metal in Bronze Age Europe

For over a thousand years, European peoples intently deposited bronze artefacts into the earth. This essay examines the motivation for doing so from a cosmological perspective. It argues that depositions were believed to support universal life processes and assure availability of resources for people and polities by literally “feeding“ universal creative energies. It is suggested that metallic ores were considered living materials that grew within the earth in locales usually at some distance from a given society and that they were embued with generative force that would be returned to the earth when metal was deposited within it. The vital life force was tangibly evidenced by metallurgical processes and uses and especially by the blue-green patina that copper and copper alloys acquire when the metal is exposed to moist conditions.

Analytical methodologies for the investigation of soil‐induced degradation of Cu‐based archaeological artefacts

Archaeological bronze artefacts are covered with corrosion products, that is, the patinas, whose nature depends on different degradation processes occurring during long‐term burial. As a consequence of the corrosion phenomenon, surfaces of archaeological metal objects are composed of a complex structure. By means of the combined use of different analytical techniques such as XPS, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, optical microscopy and X‐ray diffraction, some typical patinas grown on Roman and Punic archaeological bronze artefacts have been studied in details by selecting a suitable methodological approach to acquire micro‐chemical, morphological and structural information. The XPS measurements of Cu 2p, Cu LMM and valence band spectra of archaeological objects and reference samples such as CuCl2, CuCl, Cu2Cl(OH)3, Cu2O and CuO allowed us to identify the different copper oxidation states and crystallographic phases present in a patina. Moreover, the XPS elemental concentration depth profiles have yielded information about the stratified outermost layers and the occurrence of the migration phenomenon from bulk to surface due to selective corrosion processes. These pieces of information compared with those achieved via scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, optical microscopy and X‐ray diffraction reveal the complex chemistry and morphology of the patina, highlighting also the correlation between patina and burial context. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Micro‐structural and micro‐chemical composition of bronze artefacts from Tharros (Western Sardinia, Italy)

The present work reports the results of the SEM–energy dispersive spectrometry, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), XPS and optical microscopy (OM) investigations performed to identify the corrosion products nature, i.e. the patina, grown on bronze common use artefacts found during excavations carried out at Tharros (on the west coast of Sardinia, Italy). The micro‐chemical investigations of the patina revealed the structure and the chemical composition of the stratified corrosion layers, where tin depletion phenomenon has been observed within some cases of a surface enrichment of lead combined with elements coming from the soil such as Cl and P and mixed with other burial elements such as Ca, Si, Fe, Si and Al. The presence of soil elements was also confirmed by XPS investigations that evidence from the lineshape analysis and Binding Energy (BE) values of Cu 2p, Sn 3 d and Pb 4f photoemission signals that these elements are mainly present in their maximum oxidation states on the surface. The surface information is confirmed by OM and XRD results that evidence also the presence of copper trihydroxychlorides. In the inner layers, OM, SEM–energy dispersive spectrometry and XRD results disclose the presence of Cu (I) compounds such as cuprite (Cu2O) and nantokite (CuCl), the latter being the specie that induces the cyclic and self‐sustaining degradation process commonly defined ‘bronze disease’. The micro‐chemical and micro‐structural informations demonstrate the strict interaction between soil components and corrosion products that form different compounds as a function of the local characteristics of the soil and of the chemical composition and metallurgical features of the Cu‐based alloys. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Discovery of Beeswax as binding agent on a 6th-century BC Chinese Turquoise-inlaid Bronze sword

Recent archaeological field surveys and excavations at Qiaojiayuan, a platform 40 km west of the Yun County in present-day northwestern Hubei Province (central China), revealed four tombs (M3, M4, M5 and M6) dating back to around 6th to 5th century BC. The grave's layout, artifact assemblages and burial practice indicate that the owners of these four graves were aristocrats of the Chu state. Five turquoise-inlaid bronze artifacts (two swords and three dagger-axes) were excavated. The sword from M4, imbedded with pieces of well-cut and finely-polished turquoise on its handle, was in a very bad state of preservation and underwent conservation treatment. Some sticky, whitish pastes were exposed when the inlaid turquoises dropped off. The pastes were supposed to be residues of unknown binding agents. Samples of the pastes were collected for FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) analyses to determine the chemical component(s). The results revealed that the pastes were composed of almost pure beeswax. This indicated that beeswax was used as binding agent in turquoise-inlaid bronzes as early as the 6th to 5th century BC in China. Review of recent technical studies suggested that beeswax was used in early China in several different regions (mostly southern part of China) for at least two different purposes (binding agent and lightening).

Architectural Complex VI of Changle Palace, Han Chang’an City in Xi’an

AbstractFrom November 2005 to January 2006, Han Chang’an Archaeological Team of the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences excavated the northern periphery of Architectural Complex VI located in the northwest of Changle Palace site. The primary result was bringing to light a pair of auxiliary compounds on the east and west wings of the main hall of Complex VI. The auxiliary compounds comprised of structures of halls, verandas, rain aprons and open-air courtyards. The hall structures were indicated by raised rammed-earth foundations, rows of stone pillar bases on the perimeter, and a set of semi-subterranean features in the west compound. The floors of the verandas were lined with square bricks, flanked by rows of stone pillar bases with occasional traces of wooden pillars. The rain aprons were paved with pebbles and rectangular bricks. The courtyards featured water systems comprised of wells, saturation pools, pipelines, runoff ditches and drainage. The assemblage of material remains comprised mainly of architectural components of semi-cylindrical tiles, flat tiles, tile-ends, bricks, pipes, well curbs, etc., and a small amount of pottery, iron and bronze artifacts, as well as bronze coins. The chronology of the material remains and their context suggested that the complex was built in the early years of Western Han and continued to be occupied till the Wang Mang Interregnum. Combined with previous archaeological findings and historic documents, complex VI was most likely the front hall of Changle Palace.

Bronze metallurgy of the Otomani communities of the Carei Plain and the valley of the Eriul River

From the cultural point of view, the Carpathian Basin resembled a mosaic during the circa 500 years of the Middle Bronze Age. Despite the fact that every community developed a specific material culture we still may speak about a so-called “tell society” in this period based on social and economical macro features. This is specific type of habitat in the region under study and the major part of the great Hungarian Plain, where a “cultural complex” characterized by the homogeneity of pottery and bronze metallurgy developed during the Middle Bronze Age.In the last decades, the problematic of the metallurgy of the Otomani communities became the subject of several archaeological studies written by Romanian scholars like Ivan Ordentlich, Nicolae Chidioşan, Tiberius Bader, Alexandru Vulpe etc. and colleagues from other countries too. Despite the undertaken research and the fact that the study of metallurgy was popular among Bronze Age scholars, a proper typological and chronological analysis of the discovered artefacts according to the latest archaeological data was still needed to be done. In our opinion, the key of understanding the Otomani culture’s problematic is represented by the proper knowledge of the archaeological material which provides a firm foundation for the study of the social complexity of the Bronze Age policy.The aim of the present paper is to sketch a picture about the Otomani culture’s metalworking and debate some typological and chronological issues linked with the bronze artefacts discovered in the Carei Plain and the valley of the Eriul River. Fifty-nine bronze items were discovered during our investigations in the Carei Plain and the valley of the Eriul River, which could be dated from the 2nd and 3rd phases of the Otomani culture. 44% of the finds are weapons, 25% are tools, 28% are pieces of jewellery and 3% are specimens linked with metallurgical processes (casting moulds, bronze ingot etc.). Through the reinterpretation of the archaeological evidences, we have sketched a more accurate picture of the bronze working and metallurgical activity of the Otomani communities.

ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HELLENISTIC METAL OBJECTS: THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE BRONZE OBJECTS FROM RISHON LE‐ZION (ISRAEL)*

An archaeometallurgical analysis is presented of 14 bronze artefacts retrieved from an Early Hellenistic–period farmstead in controlled archaeological excavations at Rishon Le‐Zion, Israel, and dated to the first quarter of the third century bce according to coins and pottery vessels. The bronze assemblage includes a needle, pins, spatulas and fibulas. The aims of the research are to determine the composition, microstructure and manufacturing process of these artefacts, and to discover their place of production. This will provide a better understanding of Hellenistic technological abilities and material culture. The examination included optical microscopy, microhardness, SEM including EDS, and XRD. The results show that the collection consists of Cu–Sn binary alloys, with evidence for a controlled alloying process and the absence of recycling. Furthermore, the microstructure of the objects indicates that all artefacts were produced by a cold‐working process. Moreover, the manufacturing process of the rectangular cross‐section fibulas included sophisticated joining techniques of copper and iron.

Novel approach to the microscopic inspection during laser cleaning treatments of artworks

The present work focuses on the potential of 3D digital microscopy for assessing micro-morphological features during laser cleaning treatments of artworks. This application requires preliminary optimization studies aimed at defining operative irradiation parameters and practicable degree of cleaning, as well as in situ diagnostic assessments during the restoration work. To this goal, we developed and tested a dedicated 3D digital microscope by implementing the "shape-from-focus" technique. The significant potential of this instrument, which provides textural and chromatic information, was proven for the phenomenological characterization of black crust removal from stones, earthy concretion from bronzes and dark varnish from easel paintings. Comparative measurements using 3D digital microscopy and contact microprofilometry were performed after laser cleaning tests of prepared samples, genuine archaeological bronze artefacts and a stone sculptural element from Florence's Dome. The results achieved demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the novel approach and the advantages it provides with respect to alternative techniques, which will allow the methods to be used in the wider restoration community.

Surface layers analysis of bronze artifacts by means of laser spectroscopy techniques

Advantages of the complementary use of spectroscopic techniques are exemplified by the analysis of a historical bronze mortar from XV c. performed as part of the running collection conservation project by the National Museum in Gdansk. The bulk material and surface layers are analyzed by means of the XRF and µ-Raman techniques. Quasi-nondestructive LIP (Laser Induced Plasma) spectroscopy delivers additional data on the elemental composition and is applied also for stratigraphic sampling across the surface layers. Full Text: PDF References A. Iwulska, I. Traczyńska, R. Jendrzejewski, M. Sawczak, G. Śliwiński, A. Kriegseisen, Laser in the Conservation of Artworks VIII, (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2010) M. Sawczak, A. Kamińska, G. Rabczuk, R. Jendrzejewski, G. Śliwiński, "Complementary use of the Raman and XRF techniques for non-destructive analysis of historical paint layers", Appl. Surf. Sci. 255, 5542 (2009) [CrossRef] V. Desnica, K. Skaric, D. Jembrich-Simbuerger, S. Fazinic, M. Jaksic, M. Pavlinic, I. Peranic, M. Schreiner, "Portable XRF as a valuable device for preliminary in situ pigment investigation of wooden inventory in the Trski Vrh Church in Croatia", Appl. Phys. A 92, 19, (2008) [CrossRef] R. Cesareo, "Portable energy-dispersive X-ray fuorescence equipment for the analysis of cultural heritage", J. Phys., 76, 313, (2011). [CrossRef] Ł. Ciupiński, E. Fortuna, H. Garbacz, A. Koss, K.J. Kurzydłowski, J. Marczak, J. Mróz, T. Onyszczuk, A. Rycak, A. Sarzyński, W.Skrzeczanowski, M.Strzelec, A. Zatorska, G.Z. Żukowska, "Comparative Laser Spectroscopy Diagnostics for Ancient Metallic Artefacts Exposed to Environmental Pollution", Sensors 10, 4926-4949, (2010) [CrossRef] H. Garbacz, E. Fortuna, Ł. Ciupiński, K.J. Kurzydłowski, A. Koss, J. Mróz, A. Zatorska, K. Chmielewski, J.Marczak, M.Strzelec, A. Rycak, W. Skrzeczanowski, Laser in the Conservation of Artworks VIII, (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2010)

A Study of the Stone-Covered Tombs in Liaodong Province

초록·키워드 목차 오류제보하기 One of the bronze age tomb structures in Liaodong Province and Korean Peninsula was the stone-covered tomb. Al the bronze age, this type of tomb ".'as widely distributed in North East Asia. Chinese archaeologists tend to regard the stone-covered tombs as a different tomb tradition of the dolmen in Korean Peninsula. So that in this article, I try to review and summarize the stone-covered tombs surveyed in Liaodong Province lo understand how the stone-covered tomb differ from the dolmen in Korean Peninsula. The results of the study arc at; follow; First, the location of the stone-covered tombs was related with big river. Geomorphologically, most of the stone-covered tombs were built on lull lop, mountain slope, the foot of a mountain, the top of a mountain, the ridge of a mountain, and so on, But 74,6% of the stone-covered tombs were constructed on the near top of the mountain. Second, the inside structure of the stone-covered tombs were prepared under the ground. There are three types of the stone-covered tombs. First type of the tomb was prepared the inside of grave by only digged the soil. Second type of the tombs was constructed the inside of grave by piled up the wall. Third type was created the inside of grave by digging out the bedrock. Third, many grave goods inside of burials of the stone-covered tombs were uncovered. Bronze artifacts unearthed from the burials were Bipa style bronze dagger and narrow style bronze dagger. Stone artifacts such as polished stone dagger, polished stone adze, semi-lunar knife, jade dagger, and jade ornaments are excavated from the burials. Potteries like Misongni style pottery, Gongguiri style pottery, long necked jar, and short necked jar 'were unearthed. Fourth, the dates of the stone-covered tombs were defined by the remains unearthed from the inside of the grave. The earliest constructions of the stone-covered tombs arc related with the remains of potteries like Misongni style pottery and Gongguiri style pottery. However, the last constructions were associated with the remains like narrow style bronze and iron dagger. Lastly, the stone-covered tombs in Liaodong Province are almost equal structure in typology lo the capstone type dolmen in Korean Peninsula. In addition to this, the lists of grave goods of the stone-covered tombs are similar to those of the capstone type dolmen. Therefore, the stone-covered tombs in Liaodong Province seem to be regarded as a capstone type of the dolmen in Korean Peninsula. #大石蓋菓 #支石菓 #蓋石式 #비파형동검 #세형동검 #마제석부 #미송리형토기 #The stone-covered tombs #Liaodong Province #dolmen #Misongni style pottery #Korean Peninsula Ⅰ. 序論Ⅱ. 大石蓋墓의 分布와 立地 Ⅲ. 大石蓋墓의 構造와 型式Ⅳ. 출토유물의 종류와 성격Ⅴ. 대석개묘의 성격과 편년Ⅵ. 結論<참고문헌>Abstract

A CASE STUDY OF ARTHROPODS PRESERVED ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL BRONZES—MICRO‐ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION HELPS RECONSTRUCTING PAST ENVIRONMENTS

This paper offers new perspectives for improving our knowledge of arthropods in wet and aerobic archaeological contexts. The very‐near environment of uncleaned buried bronze artefacts, two ronde‐bosse ornaments of a Celtic grave from the Iron Age (275 to 250 bc, La Fosse‐Cotheret, Roissy‐en‐France), was studied by means of optical and scanning electron microscopies. Taking into account recent knowledge on bronze corrosion (decuprification), this micro‐investigation (micro‐archaeology) allowed identification of two fossilized arthropods—Cryptophagus sp. (Insecta, Coleoptera, Cryptophagidae) and Coccotydaeolus sp. (Acari, Tydaeoidea, Iolinidae)—which sheds some light upon the complex taphonomic process that occurred after the burial of a Celtic chariot. These first results support the idea that the local corroded metal/soil system has to be investigated for a better understanding of archaeological microenvironments. Efficient minute investigation of soiled bronzes could be performed prior to systematic cleaning of artefacts.

The Bronze Age Mortuary Vessels of Ban Non Wat

This article analyzes the evidence for the beginnings of social differentiation in the Bronze Age site of Ban Non Wat in Northeast Thailand through the analysis of Bronze Age burials and the artifacts associated with those interments, with special emphasis paid to ceramic vessels. Vessel form, decoration, location, and associated artifacts were the primary bases for the analyses. Statistical, numerical, and spatial analyses were performed to gain a fuller understanding of the social basis for burial practices and to examine the implications of interment practices for inferring social structures at Ban Non Wat. A seriation chronology was developed based on vessel forms and their relative frequencies in various burial contexts in order to determine the temporal implications of various patterns of interments. The results showed that there were distinct changes in the mortuary practices across the Bronze Age, with early burials being spread around the site and having a large number and wide variety of artifacts, which then slowly developed into a tradition of burials with fewer artifacts in more localized areas. Over this time period, the occurrences of bronze artifacts decreased, and there was a change in the forms of associated pottery found. There also appear to have been specific forms of pots that are associated with burials that had large numbers of interred artifacts, or are found with bronze goods.