Bronze Age City Research Articles

Comparing Similar Ground‐penetrating Radar Surveys Under Different Moisture Conditions at Kalavasos‐Ayios Dhimitrios, Cyprus

ABSTRACTWater is known as being a dominant factor in ground‐penetrating radar reflection and transmission from subsurface interfaces. Before embarking on a multi‐season, large‐scale survey of late Bronze Age cities in Cyprus we wanted to empirically identify the impact of seasonal moisture on ground‐penetrating radar transmission and reflection from buried Late Bronze Age architecture to determine the optimum time of the year to conduct our surveys. Having conducted preliminary surveys under dry conditions to support a grant proposal we were then in a position to return to the site during wet conditions after receiving our funding and before beginning our full‐scale project. We report here a comparison of the ground‐penetrating radar results at Kalavasos‐Ayios Dhimitrios during a drought year (summer 2008, 54% normal) versus a roughly average year (spring 2010, 109% normal) conditions, which identified drier conditions as providing the best data for interpreting Late Bronze Age urban planning given the methods employed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The zooarchaeology of exclusion and expropriation: Looking up from the lower city in Late Bronze Age Hazor

The collapse of complex societies is a recurring theme in archaeological and historical scholarship. Zooarchaeological investigation, conventionally applied in recent studies to detect environmental degradation resulting in resource stress, is employed here to study the social conditions leading to the decline of the powerful Bronze Age city of Hazor, located in the northern Jordan Valley, Israel. The results of the analysis of faunal remains from the lower city show that the exclusion of its residents from ideological use of animals and their impoverishment by elite livestock expropriation preceded other material manifestations of sociopolitical decline in the city. The results are encouraging in respect to the prospective value of zooarchaeology for investigating collapse not directly caused by subsistence failures.

An Early Bronze IVB Pottery Repertoire from Favissae P.9717 and P.9719 in the Temple of the Rock at Tell Mardikh/Ancient Ebla

Recent excavations carried out in Area HH at Tell Mardikh/Ebla identified a huge sacred area in use from the middle of the 3rd millennium BC until the final destruction of the Middle Bronze Age city. The first building erected in this area in the Early Bronze IVA (2400–2300 BC) was the monumental Temple of the Rock, which was ritually sealed and abandoned at the beginning of the Early Bronze IVB (around 2300–2250 BC). Two of the pits inside the cavity in the cella of the Temple were found to have been filled with a large quantity of fine vessels, as part of a purification ritual carried out before their definitive sealing with superimposed courses of mud-brick. These provide the first coherent ceramic pottery assemblage for the initial stage of the EB IVB Period, and accordingly shed new light on the ceramic horizon of North-West Inner Syria during the last third of the 3rd millennium BC.

Neither early Bronze Age Cities nor States in the south of the Levant: another perspective

Contrairement aux cultures urbaines et civilisations complexes à écriture de l’Égypte et de la Mésopotamie dans la seconde moitié du IVe millénaire, il faut attendre près de mille ans pour voir se developper l’écriture en Jordanie. Par ailleurs, alors que l’on avait jusque‑là identifié le système d’organisation politique comme celui de la Cité-État, certains chercheurs ont proposé récemment que le Levant Sud du IIIe millénaire n’ait connu ni État ni ville. Nous suggérons ici une autre interprétation de ces questions, fondée sur le travail de terrain réalisé en Jordanie.

The structure of Upper Mesopotamian cities: Insight from fluxgate gradiometer survey at Kazane Höyük, southeastern Turkey

AbstractThis paper presents the results of fluxgate gradiometer survey of the Bronze Age city at the site of Kazane Höyük, southeastern Turkey. We undertook this work to test the applicability of magnetometry to the study of the organization of urban space at this site within the context of urbanization in Upper Mesopotamia. Gradiometry collection covered a total of 37 520 m2 in five parts of the site. Results from each area were mixed but the most revealing data, from Area 1, show a roughly 2 ha area in the outer town that contains monumental, elite and administrative architecture as well as a main street. Low negative values indicate that most identified architecture is built with limestone foundations, and high positive values reveal that some of the buildings burned before their collapse. These interpretations are supported by excavations that reveal much about the use of the identified spaces and features. Although the structure of Area 1 is rectilinear, evidence for strict rules of city planning is lacking. Instead, the third millennium city at Kazane has a structure seen at other Upper Mesopotamian cities: dense, semi‐orthogonal architecture built along well‐maintained avenues. Combined with previous research, it is clear that Kazane contained multiple elite or administrative areas, which may indicate a degree of power‐sharing or heterarchy in the development and management of this city. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

BodyWorld by Dash Shaw

and otherwise extrapolating fromear lier eras at Uruk and other Bronze Age cities." She uses common Meso potamia words and details various cultural customs inorder to immerse her audience inan authentichistorical experience. While Roberts's depictions of the actions and motivations of Gilgamesh himself maintain a safe correlation to the original epic, her work with theminor characters is much more imaginative and daring. Her decision to establish a previ ous relationship between Shamhat and Gilgamesh, which isnevermen tioned in theoriginal epic, helps pro vide a much-needed level of depth to an otherwise insubstantial plot. Although Roberts succeeds with her depictions ofminor charac ters,hermajor figures,namely Gil gamesh and thewild-man, Enkidu, never seem to achieve any personal development beyond the level of your average five-year-old. These main characters' actions are dictated by theoriginal epic, and Roberts fails to come up with compelling reasons for these great men to accomplish such outlandish feats. Gilgamesh ultimately comes off as an over grown infant, constantly throwing tantrums, which prevents the reader from ever sympathizing with his perspective. That being said, Sham hat and Zaidu both experience great personal growth and manage to endear themselves to theiraudience during themany improvised scenes Roberts insertsbetween the lines of the ancient epic. While itwas not themost elegant work I have read in a while, LikeMayflies in a Stream is stillan engaging novel and is sure tobe of interest toboth literaryand historical enthusiasts. Cheryl Mitchell UniversityofOklahoma Dash Shaw.BodyWorld. NewYork. 'n^TCW^^^H ^^^^^H Pantheon. 2010. n.p. $27.95. isbn 978- ^ ^ j^|f ^^^^H 0-307-37842-2 ^| JB fP ^ ^^^^Bi DashShaw's graphic novel about a ^^^^Hp *jjf ^fe. I^I^h^h traveling professor who profession- '^^^^Bp *!lK ^^^^^H^H allysmokes hallucinogenic plants '^^^^H| JH?k^ ^ j^I^^^^^I is as interesting a read as is the ^^ :jH^B?&?** Td ^^^^^^^l layout oftheactual book.BodyWorld ^^--"^iW^^^^^^^^^B comesina beautiful hardcover rect- ^^^^BB^BBa?k' :- :i-(1^K?(i^^Bj|^^BB angle that reads vertically from the m^^^^^KK?^^^^^^^^^^^^^K???t top one the way down^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H tothe bottomwhose painting ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H style ranges from simplistic, colorfl ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H^^^^h ful seventies-style graphic design to ^^^^^^|^^^^^^^^^9^^^^^^^hH full-blown digital abstract impres-l^^^^lifll^^^^HHi^^^^^^HH from I^^^^^^H^^^^^^Ih^I^^^^^^^^H panels I^^^^^^^^^^^^^IHI^^^^^^^^I the Gary ^^^^^^Hi^^^^HHi^^^^^lHH minimalismframes ^^^^^^^^^^^^^HIH^H!IhHHH the storytelling, the charac- ^^^^^Hj^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^HB ters come as Pro- ^^fl^^^^^^^^^^^HH|^|^^^H|^l fessor who facej^^^^^^^^^^^^^HH^^^^^^^^^I value seemsbea more|^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H|^^^^^H scientific Hunter S. Thompson, ^^^^^^Hi^^^ln^^S?IHiHH^^^R the only person the town j|^^^^HH^H^H^^MHH^^^^^MHH able to the significance ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^h the tostudy. After .^^^^^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^J hetakes a to slum^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H room tosmokehefinds ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^I^^^^^^H^HI allows aperson totemporar-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^h|h become to the thoughts, ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B^^^^^^^^^^l in the user's ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^I^H^l proximity. The drug ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B gradually an ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^f^^^^^H love square between^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^l^^^^^^^^^^l Panther, the hot high teacher ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H Jem Borg,:^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^hbH his girlfriend After fl^^^^^^^^^l^^M^^^^Hj^^lH the teens give the a try, a fl^^^^^^^^H^^^H^H^^^^^^Ili burns the ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H and thesmokemakes way tothe making for amelting^^^^^^|H|jj^^^^|^|H^^^^H^^Hi pot mass aspart |^^^^|fl|^^^^^HHH^^^^^HHfl an to the I^^^^^I^^^^^^^^HII^^I^^^^HII swoop. ^^^^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^H Interestingly enough, the story ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^h rarely modern technoli ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hfll^^^^^^H WORLD LITERATURE IN REVIEW ^ ^ ^^^ jH ogy like cell phones and Facebook. Although infrequent, it's worth mentioning because Shaw seems to be making a very relevant anal ogy between the organic spread of mass empathy brought about by the experiments of the 1960s and the modern, technological variety that's takingplace with thegradual hardwire networking of everyone on the planet. Though it's a bit tough to pro cess at firstbecause of its jagged, psychedelic eye-candy mixed with an odd story, there's no doubt that Body War Id is a work of well-orches trated, unique graphic storytelling. It's also by no means incompre hensible in its experimentation and, in fact, speaks to Shaw's ability to effectively handle multiple charac ters that develop in the murky realm of the collective unconscious. The end result raises the complex...

Public Religious Sentiment and Personal Piety in the Ancient Near Eastern City of Emar during the Late Bronze Age

AbstractThe textual finds from the Late Bronze Age city of Emar on the Euphrates River are one of the significant archaeological discoveries in ancient Syria. They provide an almost unparalleled source of information regarding an urban community that preserved the customs and religious beliefs of its semi‐nomadic origins. As part of the Hittite empire, it accepted some of the imperial cultic practices, but on the whole, held on to its traditional rituals and cultic practices. This article surveys the rituals of the city that were concerned with the installation of the city's priestesses and the celebration of the festivals in honour of its major gods. A discussion of personal piety as manifest in the ephemeral documents and the private names of the citizens of the city follows.

Afterlife Beliefs: Memory as Immortality

The topics of death and afterlife have long held a central place in modern reconstructions of the religious traditions of ancient Mediterranean West Asia or the Levant. Those of the Late Bronze Age city of Ugarit are no exception. Several factors have undoubtedly influenced this state of affairs, but one that clearly stands out above the others is the western or, more specifically Judeo-Christian preoccupation with humanity's physical fate beyond death.

Geologic constraints on the Harappa archaeological site, Punjab Province, Pakistan

The geologic setting of an urban environment affects the development of that particular urban culture. Human activities can involve devegetation, soil loosening, soil-water and ground-water changes, soil erosion, and changes in surface-water hydrology. This article focuses on how the geologic resources and history of the Punjab region have greatly influenced the cultural development of the Bronze Age city of Harappa, located in northeast Pakistan. Archaeological deposits at this site date between at least 3300 B.C. and 1700 B.C. A geologic and geomorphic framework is provided which presents the relationships of the ancient Harappans with their local and regional environment, with these geologic processes affecting both the initial settlement and development of this ancient urban center. Buried soil elevation data, mapped soil distributions, and geomorphic models are used to construct an approximation of the preoccupation paleotopography beneath this site. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Geologic constraints on the Harappa archaeological site, Punjab Province, Pakistan

The geologic setting of an urban environment affects the development of that particular urban culture. Human activities can involve devegetation, soil loosening, soil-water and ground-water changes, soil erosion, and changes in surface-water hydrology. This article focuses on how the geologic resources and history of the Punjab region have greatly influenced the cultural development of the Bronze Age city of Harappa, located in northeast Pakistan. Archaeological deposits at this site date between at least 3300 B.C. and 1700 B.C. A geologic and geomorphic framework is provided which presents the relationships of the ancient Harappans with their local and regional environment, with these geologic processes affecting both the initial settlement and development of this ancient urban center. Buried soil elevation data, mapped soil distributions, and geomorphic models are used to construct an approximation of the preoccupation paleotopography beneath this site. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Die Landnahme im Negev: Protoisraelitische Gruppen im Süden Palästinas. Eine archäologische und exegetische Studie (review)

Die Landnahme im Negev: Protoisraelitische Gruppen im Suden Palastinas. Eine arhaologische exegetische Studie. by Detlef JerickeThe scholarly debate on the emergence of ancient Israel (or Israel and Judah) in Canaan has come a long way since the by now classical hypotheses of William Foxwell Albright and Albrecht Alt, and their respective schools as worked out in the 1920s and 1930s. Their interpretations of the available geographical, textual, and archaeological data resulted in two antagonistic conceptions termed, in recent literature, the conquest and the immigration models. Both schools started from the assumption that the ancestors of the later Israelites entered Canaan from outside. On the one hand, according to Albright this was accomplished by their conquering and destroying many of the Late Bronze Age cities. On the other hand, according to Alt the ancestors of the Israelites first settled down peacefully in the thinly populated mountain regions (Landnahme), but later extended their territory by clearing additional woodland and also by military attacks on the weakened Canaanite city-states (Landesausbau). Both approaches and their presuppositions have been severely criticized since the early 1960s by George E. Meridenhall, Norman K. Gottwald, and their followers, who introduced the so-called revolution model. Mendenhall's basic thesis was that the Conquest was not brought about by invaders from outside Palestine but resulted from developments within Canaanite society. He explained the overthrow of the existing order at the end of the Late Bronze Age as the rebellion of the peasantry of Canaan against their city-state oppressors and their growth into a nation under the impact of the antimonarchic, egalitarian Yahwism of a group of fugitives from Egypt led by Moses. In Gottwald's elaboration of this theory, Mendenhall's peasants' revolt took the form of an egalitarian proletarian revolution. The last twenty years have seen a considerable number of divergent treatments of the conquest/settlement/Landnahme theme which, however, have almost all agreed on the basic assumption that the process described took place within the land of Canaan without any important population influx from the steppe or the desert. The emergence of Israel is now understood as an internal evolutionary (no longer revolutionary) process within Late Bronze Age society (see, e.g., H. & M. Weippert, Theologische Rundschau 56 [1991], pp. 341-390; Jericke, pp. 5-7).The latest addition to this literature is Detlef Jericke's book on the Landnahme in the Negev, originally a doctoral dissertation submitted to the Theological Faculty of the Humboldt University of Berlin in 1993, but revised to cover publications up to 1995. Jericke has an important introductory chapter on methodology in which he reviews the earlier approaches to the problem sketched above. In the now popular evolutionary model he criticizes the narrow scope of the treatment of both the textual and the archaeological material, as well as most problematically the reliance on sociological theories without recourse to existing data. His own method aims to be comprehensive: he intends, on the one hand, to present a parallel critical evaluation both of the archaeological findings from excavations and surveys in the Negev that date to the twelfth to tenth centuries B.C.E., and of biblical and extrabiblical texts regarded as relevant to his subject. Social science, especially cultural anthropology, provides material for comparison and tools for the interpretation of the evidence. This is an elaboration of the classical German tradition. On the other hand, the author is convinced that, owing to the environmental fragmentation of the (hill) country, one single Landnahme hypothesis valid for all of Palestine cannot be formulated. He, therefore, opts for a regional approach as introduced into the archaeology of Palestine (after some earlier predecessors) by Yohanan Aharoni (see his The Settlement of the Israelite Tribes in Upper Galilee [Jerusalem, 1957] [Hebrew]), and developed in various regional projects by the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University (now in rather general use in Israel/Palestine, Jordan, Syria, etc. …

Metalworking and Recycling in Late Bronze Age Cyprus – the Evidence from Kition

Excavations at the sacred precinct of the Late Bronze Age city of Kition uncovered the remains of metalworking workshops which were clearly associated with the temples. The results of the excavation as well as a number of specialist reports of the archaeometallurgical finds have already been published. Since their publication, however, archaeological research has progressed and new evidence has come to light regarding the Late Bronze Age in general and metalworking in particular. The object of this paper is to present the finds from these workshops and reconsider some of the issues that their discovery has raised. The results of the previous studies of the archaeometallurgical studies are critically assessed and the evidence reinterpreted based on what is available today. One of the issues addressed is that of metal recycling during the Late Bronze Age. This communication was presented at a research workshop organized by the Israel Science Foundation and the University of Haifa on ‘Recycling, Hoarding and Trade in Bronze, 13th–11th centuries BCE’ (Haifa 26–28 April, 1998). The first part of the paper was written by Karageorghis, the second part by Kassianidou.

Seeds of Civilization: Bronze Age Rural Economy and Ecology in the Southern Levant

This paper considers the economic and environmental impacts of emerging regional commerce that accompanied the rise and collapse of early Near Eastern urbanism. We integrate regional data on settlement and vegetation with detailed evidence of rural agriculture from two Bronze Age villages in the Jordan Valley. This approach is explicitly rural, in light of the largely rural character of Levantine civilization, and in response to more orthodox analytical perspectives focused on the first cities. Long-standing interest in the advent of agriculture now reveals that intensive localized depletion of woodland resources followed the aggregation of sedentary agrarian communities in the eighth through sixth millennia B.C., while the development of specialized pastoralism established one potential source of more extensive, subsequent defoliation. We argue, however, that regional human impacts on Levantine vegetation were triggered only with the genesis of Bronze Age cities and urbanized economies in the third and second millennia B.C. Thereafter, these regional impacts molded an ever-shifting mosaic of anthropogenic and natural landscapes. Rank-size analysis illustrates the modestly integrated, largely rural nature of Bronze Age settlement in the southern Levant. In this context, Tell Abu en-Ni‘aj and Tell el-Hayyat provide appropriate examples of the resilient agrarian villages that persisted through the dramatic collapse and rebirth of early Levantine cities. Excavated plant remains and animal bones show that their inhabitants responded to the development of Bronze Age urbanism with a shift toward increased management of taxa with greater market potential, tempered by some retention of local economic autonomy. Shifts to greater sheep husbandry and, most significantly, cultivation of orchard crops like olives, figs, and grapes, signal a second wave of economic innovation that fundamentally altered the agricultural strategies of village farmers and their exploitation of the surrounding countryside. Thus the mixed cultural and natural landscapes that have supported long-term agriculture in the Levant reflect a legacy of discontinuous changes in rural economy and ecology in response to the waxing and waning of urbanized society and regional mercantile exchange.

The Lachish Hieratic Bowl Once Again

In a recent article, J.B. Redford (1979:66-67) called attention again to a much debated problem in Canaanite archaeology: destruction date of last Late Bronze Age city of Lachish. Redford concentrated on bowl no. 3 from Lachish, which bears a hieratic inscription dated by J. terny (Lachish IV:133) on palaeographic grounds to end of 19th dynasty, while one sign (the b3 ligature) recalled examples from Great Papyrus Harris (a document of Ramesses IV), thus leaving door open for a date early in 20th dynasty. As Redford notes, contents of text are arranged in three dated entries, namely IV 3yt 26, II smw [ 1 and IV smw I, all in year 4 of an unspecified king, and according to him, inscribed in that sequence. He claims that since ostracon was clearly written by same scribe at a single sitting, can be no other conclusion than that th~ order of entries corresponds to chronological order of receipts, from which he concludes that the anniversary of this particular king's accession date did not fall between IV,26 and XII,I (Redford 1979:67). On these grounds, all kings between Ramesses II (whose fourth year was far too early, palaeographically speaking, to. even be considered) and Ramesses VI would be excluded from candidacy, except Mernephtah, since he is only one who ruled four years or more whose date of accession would result in above-suggested sequence. Redford's argument would indeed be irrefutable if these were three consecutive entries; however, in actual fact, only II smw [ ] and IV smw I are inscribed consecutively (on outside of bowl), while IV 3bt is written separately (on inside). Attempts to solve this problem should concentrate on establishing which part of bowl is to be read first. Cerny (Lachish IV: 133) chose interior, but apparently without any specific textual reason, since bowl does not yield any consecutive text whether read from inside to outside or vice versa. Recently a number of artifacts bearing hieratic inscriptions (four complete bowls, one ostracon and several small sherds) were uncovered in final Late Bronze Age stratum at Tel Sera' (Tell esh-Shariya), a site in northwestern Negev excavated by E.D. Oren (for a detailed discussion of these inscriptions, see Goldwasser, in press). The inscriptions on bowls, all of an administrative nature, are dated by palaeographic considerations to 20th dynasty. This material exhibits ~ame rare phenomenon as Lachish bowl: they are complete bowls of Late Canaanite period inscribed with Egyptian administrative inscriptions, most likely representing a system of income accounting employed by authorities of Egyptian religious institutes at both sites. Significantly, Tel Sera' bowls are inscribed solely on exterior which suggests that there is a very reasonable possibility that it was also exterior of Lachish bowl that was first to be inscribed. If so, consecutive dates on this bowl would be: II smw [ 1, IV smw I and IV 3bt 26, a

Early Arad. The Chalcolithic Settlement and Early Bronze Age City. I. First-Fifth Seasons of Excavations, 1962-1966. By Ruth Amiran, Uzzi Paran, Yigal Shiloh, Rafi Brown, Yoram Tsafrir, and Amnon Ben-Tor.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsEarly Arad. The Chalcolithic Settlement and Early Bronze Age City. I. First-Fifth Seasons of Excavations, 1962-1966. By Ruth Amiran, Uzzi Paran, Yigal Shiloh, Rafi Brown, Yoram Tsafrir, and Amnon Ben-Tor.Patty GerstenblithPatty Gerstenblith Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Archaeology Volume 84, Number 2April 1980 The journal of the Archaeological Institute of America Views: 2Total views on this site Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/504271 Views: 2Total views on this site Copyright © 1980 by the Archaeological Institute of America. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Mammal bones from the Early Bronze Age City of Arad, northern Negev, Israel: Some implications concerning human exploitation

Introduction Arad is an Early Bronze Age city located in the northern Negev 31 km east of Beersheba at an altitude of 550 m. The strata of the city, IV-I, date between the end of the Early Bronze I (EB I) and most of the duration of EB II, paralleling the first and most of the second dynasties of Egypt. The EB II period is dated to c. 2950-2650 BC. Excavations there have been in progress since 1962, directed by Professor Ruth Amiran. The EB II fauna1 material from seasons l-5 was reported by Lernau (1976; referred to as Lernau), while that dealt with here comes from seasons 6-9 (1971-74).

Influence of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt in Western Asia, Especially in Byblos

simple ware tradition, with only the merest shifts of emphasis from phase to phase. The impression gathered is that contacts with Early Dynastic Mari and Ur led to conditions of great stability and urban prosperity, which gradually deteriorated with the rise of the warring Middle Bronze Age city states. Nowhere between the Euphrates and the Syrian steppe is there any evidence of a reversion from urban to nomadic ways of life, e.g., from wheelmade to handmade ware.

A New Bronze Sword from Cyprus

This new sword comes from the collection of Mr Evangelos Loizou of Famagusta, and has been brought to my attention by my former colleague Dr Vassos Karageorghis of the Cyprus Museum. The sword (PLATE XVI (a)) was given to Mr Loizou’s father by a villager of Enkomi some years ago, and almost certainly comes from the famous Late Bronze Age city and cemetery site a few hundred metres west of the village. It could well have come from a grave. The sword lacks the extreme tip; one edge is chipped. Apart from superficial corrosion it is in excellent condition.The preserved length is 0.47 m.; the handguard is 0.05 m. wide, and the length of the hilt, 0.10 m. The greatest width of blade (below handguard) is 0.035 m. The rivets diminish in length from pommel to handguard in the range 0.023–0.018 m. There are two rivets in the handgrip and six in the handguard. The pommel ears are prominent, but there is no spur. The hiltplates were made of some perishable material, but, as often, their outline can be restored from the ‘shadow‘ left by the corrosion pattern on the handguard. The junction of blade and handguard is more angular than on any other Mediterranean example known to me; also unusual is the even taper of the blade from handguard to tip in place of edges normally either parallel, or even slightly swelling.

Soundings at Ader, a Bronze Age City of Moab

Previous articleNext article No AccessSoundings at Ader, a Bronze Age City of MoabW. F. AlbrightW. F. Albright Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Bulletin of the American Society of Overseas Research Volume 53February 1934 A journal of the American Schools of Oriental Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/1355530 Views: 2Total views on this site Journal History This article was published in the Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research (1921-2021), which is continued by the Bulletin of the American Schools of Overseas Research (2022-present). PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.