Bronchopulmonary System Research Articles

Epidemiology of neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of the lung in the US: Analysis of 2 large insurance claims databases.

e13071Background: The majority of NETs occur in the gastrointestinal (GI) and bronchopulmonary system. The overall incidence of lung NET in the US appears to have increased from the 1970s to 2004 w...

Epidemiology of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GINET) in the US: Analysis of 2 large insurance claims databases.

e13072Background: The majority of NETs occur in the gastrointestinal (GI) and bronchopulmonary system. The overall incidence of GI NET in the US appears to have increased from the 1970s to 2004 wit...

TRP functions in the broncho-pulmonary system

The current understanding of the role of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in the airways and lung was initially based on the localization of a series of such channels in a subset of sensory nerve fibers of the respiratory tract. Soon after, TRP channel expression and function have been identified in respiratory nonneuronal cells. In these two locations, TRPs regulate physiological processes aimed at integrating different stimuli to maintain homeostasis and to react to harmful agents and tissue injury by building up inflammatory responses and repair processes. There is no doubt that TRPs localized in the sensory network contribute to airway neurogenic inflammation, and emerging evidence underlines the role of nonneuronal TRPs in orchestrating inflammation and repair in the respiratory tract. However, recent basic and clinical studies have offered clues regarding the contribution of neuronal and nonneuronal TRPs in the mechanism of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cough, and other respiratory diseases.

Endoscopic therapy for gastroduodenal neuroendocrine neoplasms

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) represent a group of potentially malignant tumors, which can be located in every section of the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas and the bronchopulmonary system. Gastroduodenal NENs have a relatively good prognosis in comparison to other subentities, e.g. pancreatic or ileojejunal NENs. In the stomach there are four different types of NENs, while in the duodenum there are five types and all vary in the malignant potential and the therapeutic approach. Due to the simple access endoscopic methods not only have diagnostic but also important therapeutic relevance in this subgroup. Lesions smaller than 1cm can easily be resected with forceps or snare resection and for larger lesions up to 2cm more invasive strategies, such as endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are available. Important criteria in gastric NEN for the risk evaluation of endoscopic treatment alone are the size of the lesion, depth of invasion and the tumor biology, e.g. neuroendocrine tumor (NET) G1/G2 versus neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) G3. In duodenal NEN the aforementioned risk factors also apply and in addition only lesions outside the ampulla of Vater should be endoscopically resected whereas periampullary lesions need to be addressed surgically. As an individualized therapeutic approach the possibility of a combined endoscopic and laparoscopic resection technique exists. Follow-up endoscopic investigations are necessary, especially in gastric type 1 NENs, which have a tendency to relapse.

Cannabis--Position Paper of the German Respiratory Society (DGP)

In this position paper, the adverse health effects of cannabis are reviewed based on the existing scientific literature; in addition possible symptom-relieving effects on some diseases are depicted. In Germany, cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug. Approximately 600,000 adult persons show abusive or addictive cannabis consumption. In 12 to 17 year old adolescents, cannabis use increased from 2011 to 2014 from 2.8 to 6.4%, and the frequency of regular use from 0.2 to 1.5%. Currently, handling of cannabinoids is much debated in politics as well as in general public. Health aspects have to be incorporated into this debate. Besides analysing mental and neurological side effects, this position paper will mainly focus on the influences on the bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular system. There is strong evidence for the induction of chronic bronchitis. Allergic reactions including asthma are known, too. Associations with other diseases like pulmonary emphysema, lung cancer and pneumonia are not sufficiently proven, however cannot be excluded either. In connection with the use of cannabis cardiovascular events such as coronary syndromes, peripheral vascular diseases and cerebral complications have been noted. Often, the evidence is insufficient due to various reasons; most notably, the overlapping effects of tobacco and cannabis use can frequently not be separated adequately. Empirically, early beginning, high-dosed, long-lasting and regular cannabis consumption increase the risk of various psychological and physical impairments and negatively affect age-based development. Concerns therefore relate especially to children and adolescents. There is only little scientific evidence for medical benefits through cannabis as a remedy; systematic research of good quality, in particular prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled double-blinded studies are rare. The medical societies signing this position paper conclude that cannabis consumption is linked to adverse health effects which have to be taken into consideration in the debate about the social attitude towards cannabinoids. The societies agree that many aspects regarding health effects of cannabis are still uncertain and need clarification, preferably through research provided by controlled studies.

Smoker bronchitis and modern aspects of its treatment

Smoking is one of the bad habits that lead to chronic bronchopulmonary diseases: bronchitis, obstructive pulmonary disease, malignant neoplasms and others. Chronic bronchitis in smokers appears as a constant cough with sputum, dyspnea and is characterized by periodic exacerbation of the process. In order to obtain a rapid therapeutic effect and prevent the recurrence of exacerbations and severe course, we recommend using the scheme antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin has a broad spectrum of action, acting on probable agents of the inflammatory process in the bronchi. Its use once a day due to the long-form and has low toxicity, -that significantly improves compliance in the application. Ciprofloxacin is caused by pathogenic drug in the treatment of bronchitis in smokers, because together with the permanent negative impact of cigarettes in bronchopulmonary system persist microorganisms that can cause exacerbation of chronic bronchitis

NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS OF THE BRONCHOPULMONARY SYSTEM AND THE THYMUS: MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DIAGNOSIS

This review deals with the analysis of up-to-date concepts of various types of human neuroendocrine tumors of the bronchopulmonary system and the thymus. It summarizes the information on the specifics of the recent histological classification from 2015 and criteria of morphological diagnosis taking into account histological and immuno data on key molecular markers involved in the development of neuroendocrine tumors of the bronchopulmonary system and the thymus are also presented.

Metastatic Carcinoid Tumor Presenting as a Breast Mass: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Carcinoid tumors are indolent neoplasms derived from the enterochromaffin cells which have a wide anatomic distribution. Most common primary sites include gastrointestinal tract and bronchopulmonary system. Despite their slow growing nature, carcinoid tumors possess metastatic potential, and breast is a rare but known site of metastasis. We report a case of breast metastasis from carcinoid tumor of the terminal ileum in a 53 year old woman who initially presented with a breast mass detected by screening mammography. A review of literature was performed for this rare presentation of breast as the initial site of detection of metastatic carcinoid tumor.

THE AIRWAYS MICROBIAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND BRONCHIAL ASTHMA PATIENTS

This review summarizes the results of studies on the composition of microbial communities in the airways of healthy individuals and patients with asthma. Modern molecular genetic technology of the microbial identification, which are based on a sequence determination of encoding proteins genes conserved regions. These regions form the 16s-subunit ribosomal RNA in microorganisms of different species. These genes are detected by sequencing markers characteristic of individual microorganisms and their phylogenetic groups, and allow to perform a deep analysis of the microbiota in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic bronchoobstructive diseases. So, apparently healthy human bronchial tree is characterized by low bacterial contamination (most typical representatives here are the genera Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Fusobacteria and Veilonella, much less potentially pathogenic Haemophilus and Neisseria are represented). In bronchial asthma patients the lower respiratory tract microbiota undergoes a qualitative transformation: as compared to healthy individuals the number of Proteobacteria increases and the number of Bacteroidetes decreases. Severe asthma in children is associated with significant respiratory tract Staphylococcus spp. insemination. Association between the asthma developing higher risk in young children and organisms such as Haemophilus, Moraxella and Neisseria spp. It is of considerable interest to determine the role of the microbiome in the development of human diseases of the bronchopulmonary system, and to understand the impact of the microbes communities as a course of disease and the important factor for the development of resistance to therapy.

Abstract 1800: The PARP inhibitor, rucaparib enhances the antitumor activity of 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate radionuclide therapy in preclinical models of neuroendocrine tumor

Abstract Purpose: Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are a relatively rare, but heterogeneous group of tumors that arise predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract and bronchopulmonary system. While peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) targeting somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) has proved valuable in the treatment of NET, more effective clinical regimens are needed. In this study we investigated the efficacy of the combination of 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate (LuTate) PRRT and a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor in well characterised preclinical NET models. Methods: A panel of seven cell lines with neuroendocrine features was characterised for SSTR2 expression, in vivo tumor growth properties, 68Ga-DOTA-octreotate (GaTate) uptake by positron emission tomography (PET) and sensitivity to LuTate. Representative tumor models were then selected to investigate the radiosensitizing potential of the PARP inhibitor, rucaparib when given in combination with LuTate. Results: Wide variation in SSTR2 mRNA and protein expression was observed between the various cell lines. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis revealed diffuse cytoplasmic expression of SSTR2 in vitro in contrast to strong cell membrane expression in vivo. Consistent with the in vivo cellular localisation, three tumor models demonstrated high tumor uptake of GaTate, an SSTR2 binding PET tracer used for the diagnosis and staging of NET. All three models responded to treatment with 20 MBq LuTate although the extent of the response was not predicted by SSTR2 expression or GaTate uptake. Treatment of A427-SSTR2 tumour bearing mice with two fortnightly cycles of 25 MBq Lutate in combination with rucaparib (15 mg/kg QD, IP) on days 1-5 of each cycle was well tolerated as assessed by the absence of any body weight loss. LuTate therapy alone induced tumour regression (56%) to day 32 after which the tumours began to regrow. Tumour regression in the combination treated group reached a maximum of 86% on day 35 (P< 0.05 vs LuTate alone), after which the tumors began to regrow. The median conditional survival time of 93 days in the LuTate alone group was significantly increased to greater than 161 days in the combination treated group (P< 0.01, Mantel Cox log rank test). Conclusions: Therapeutic regimens combining LuTate PRRT and PARP inhibitors as radiosensitizers may be an effective strategy for improving cellular responses in NET and warrants further clinical evaluation. Citation Format: Carleen Cullinane, Kelly Waldeck, Peter Eu, Rodney J. Hicks. The PARP inhibitor, rucaparib enhances the antitumor activity of 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate radionuclide therapy in preclinical models of neuroendocrine tumor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1800. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1800

Malformations of the internal organs and systems in children with asymptomatic spinal dysraphism

The purpose of research is to determine the prevalence of associated malformations in children with latent forms of spinal dysraphism.Materials and methods.The study involved 64 patients aged from 9 months to 17 years old. Clinical and radiological examination including MRI scan of spine and spinal canal were performed to evaluate the orthopaedic and neurological status of the patients.Results.Malformations of the spine were observed in 100 % of children, associated malformations of the organs and systems are found in 33 (52 %) patients. Herewith the malformations of the genitourinary system were revealed - in 52 % of patients, the musculoskeletal system - in 45 % of children, the cardiovascular system - in 39 %, the digestive system - 12 %, otolaryngology - 9 % and bronchopulmonary system - in 3 % of patients.Conclusion.Pediatric patients with latent forms of spinal dysraphism require detailed examination both on the part of the spine and the spinal canal and the internal organs and systems. The most prevalent malformations included those of genitourinary, musculoskeletal (appendicular skeleton) and cardiovascular systems.

Acute complications of spinal cord injuries.

The aim of this paper is to give an overview of acute complications of spinal cord injury (SCI). Along with motor and sensory deficits, instabilities of the cardiovascular, thermoregulatory and broncho-pulmonary system are common after a SCI. Disturbances of the urinary and gastrointestinal systems are typical as well as sexual dysfunction. Frequent complications of cervical and high thoracic SCI are neurogenic shock, bradyarrhythmias, hypotension, ectopic beats, abnormal temperature control and disturbance of sweating, vasodilatation and autonomic dysreflexia. Autonomic dysreflexia is an abrupt, uncontrolled sympathetic response, elicited by stimuli below the level of injury. The symptoms may be mild like skin rash or slight headache, but can cause severe hypertension, cerebral haemorrhage and death. All personnel caring for the patient should be able to recognize the symptoms and be able to intervene promptly. Disturbance of respiratory function are frequent in tetraplegia and a primary cause of both short and long-term morbidity and mortality is pulmonary complications. Due to physical inactivity and altered haemostasis, patients with SCI have a higher risk of venous thromboembolism and pressure ulcers. Spasticity and pain are frequent complications which need to be addressed. The psychological stress associated with SCI may lead to anxiety and depression. Knowledge of possible complications during the acute phase is important because they may be life threatening and/ or may lead to prolonged rehabilitation.

Influence of eNOS gene 4a/b VNTR polymorphism on development of endothelial dysfunction and respiratory system disorders in children – residents of radioactively contaminated areas

Objective is to study the role of еNOS gene polymorphism in the development of endothelial dysfunction and func tional disorders of the respiratory system in children - residents of radioactively contaminated areas. Total of 184 children were examined to determine the possible associative links between еNOS gene intron 4m polymorphism and indices characterizing the functional state of the endothelium and the bronchopulmonary system. Of them the main group of children consisted of 135 children residents of radioactively contaminated areas, the control group - of 49 healthy children who lived in "clean" regions by the radioactive con tamination and were not belonging to victims of the Chernobyl accident contingents. The molecular genetic study determining the еNOS gene intron 4 polymorphism was performed. An examination of lung ventilation capacity was evaluated using the pneumotachography method. The thermographic method was used for registering the endothe lium dependent reaction of the vascular bed to changes in blood supply conditions. The levels of nitrogen com pounds (NO2 and NO3 ) were determined by the standard method using Hriss reagent. The level of body incorporat ed 137Cs was determined using human radiation counter Skrynner 3M (Institute of Human Ecology). Children of the main group did not differ from that of control and literature data by the frequency of geno types 4a/b and еNOS gene allele polymorphism. An increase in the duration of circulation restoration up to the ini tial level after occlusion test was noted in children of the main group with genotype 4a/4b comparing to children with genotype 4b/4b; a decrease in the nitrite content was observed in blood serum. The integral indices of elastic ity and tensility of the lung tissue, respiratory permeability were decreased; the signs of bronchospasm were record ed 1.5 times more often. These adverse effects were associated with the presence of genotype allele 4a, the signs of endothelial dysfunction and the level of the incorporated 137Cs. More pronounced changes in vascular endothelial reaction to occlusion and the significant decrease of serum nitrite level in allele 4a carriers, especially in children who live in adverse ecological conditions, give the right to include them into the risk group for the development of endothelial dysfunction, and to conside pulmonary dysfunction as one of its manifestations.

APPLYING OF GAS ANALYSIS IN DIAGNOSIS OF BRONCHOPULMONARY DISEASES

Bronchopulmonary system diseases are on the first place among the causes of people's death. Most of methods for lung diseases diagnosis are invasive or not suitable for children and patients with severe disease. One of the promising methods of clinical diagnosis and disease activity monitoring of bronchopulmonary system is analyzing of human breath. Directly exhaled breath or exhaled breath condensate are using for human breaths analyzing. Analysis of human breath can apply for diagnostic, long monitoring and evaluation of efficacy of the treatment bronchopulmonary diseases. Differential diagnostic between chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma is complicated because they have differences in pathogenesis. Analysis of human breath allows to explore features of COPD and bronchial asthma and to improve differential diagnostic of these diseases. Human breaths analyzing can apply for diagnostic dangerous diseases, such as tuberculosis, lung cancer. The analysis of breath air by spectroscopy methods is new noninvasive way for diagnosis of bronchopulmonary diseases.

Analysis of extragenital factors in the development of recurrence of genital prolapse

Аim. To analyze the extragenital factors in the development of recurrence of genital prolapsed. Methods and results. 1795 women with recurrent genital prolapse (RGP) were examined. Retrospectively was analyzed that the development of dystrophic disturbances of the fascial-ligamentary apparats of genitals is polietiologic character: prolonged or excessive increase intraabdominal pressure and dystrophic changes in fascial-ligamentary apparats of genitals, what is responsible for their anatomical position. Incidence and nature of concomitant extragenital pathology in patients with recurrent genital prolapse were estimated in the article. The average rate of extragenital pathology was 3.2±0.1 diseases for one patient. Conclusion. Retrospective analysis showed that one of the key positions in the pathogenesis of the development of recurrence of genital prolapse is connective tissue dysplasia. Extragenital forms of connective tissue dysplasia were observed in the form of a somatic pathology of cardio-vascular (r=0.25), broncho-pulmonary system (r=0.34) and gastrointestinal tract (r=0.35), varicose veins of the lower extremities (r=0.32), toe valgus deformity I (r=0.33), abdominal wall hernia (r=0.21), increased mobility of joints, loss of skin turgor. The incidence of diseases of these systems was 84,5%.

Processing bronchial sonograms to detect respiratory cycle fragments

This article describes the authors' results of work on the development of a method for the automated assessment of the state of the human bronchopulmonary system based on acoustic data. In particular, the article covers the method of detecting breath sounds on bronchial sonograms obtained during the auscultation process.

Акустический метод мониторинга состояния бронхолегочной системы больных профессиональными заболеваниями

Акустический метод мониторинга состояния бронхолегочной системы больных профессиональными заболеваниями

0405 Influence of fluoride and hard manual labour for prevalence of shoulder pain syndrome in aluminium potrooms

ObjectivesTo evaluate relative contribution of hard manual labour, fluorides’ influence, co-morbid pathology on the prevalence and incidence of shoulder pain syndrome (SPS).MethodOne-stage cross-sectional observation of prevalence SPS was investigated. The...

THE ROLE OF MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES OF AIRWAYS IN PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

This review summarizes the results of studies on the composition of microbial communities in the airways of healthy subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Modern technologies of molecular-genetic identification methods of microorganisms allow to perform a deep analysis of the respiratory microbiom. It is of considerable interest to determine the role of the microbiome in the development of human diseases of the bronchopulmonary system, and to understand the impact of the microbes communities as a course of disease and the important factor for the efficacy of current therapy.

Состав сообщества микроорганизмов в дыхательных путях у здоровых лиц и больных бронхиальной астмой

This review summarizes the results of studies on the composition of microbial communities in the airways of healthy individuals and patients with asthma. Modern molecular genetic technology of the microbial identification, which are based on a sequence determination of encoding proteins genes conserved regions. These regions form the 16s-subunit ribosomal RNA in microorganisms of different species. These genes are detected by sequencing markers characteristic of individual microorganisms and their phylogenetic groups, and allow to perform a deep analysis of the microbiota in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic bronchoobstructive diseases. So, apparently healthy human bronchial tree is characterized by low bacterial contamination (most typical representatives here are the genera Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Fusobacteria and Veilonella, much less potentially pathogenic Haemophilus and Neisseria are represented). In bronchial asthma patients the lower respiratory tract microbiota undergoes a qualitative transformation: as compared to healthy individuals the number of Proteobacteria increases and the number of Bacteroidetes decreases. Severe asthma in children is associated with significant respiratory tract Staphylococcus spp. insemination. Association between the asthma developing higher risk in young children and organisms such as Haemophilus, Moraxella and Neisseria spp. It is of considerable interest to determine the role of the microbiome in the development of human diseases of the bronchopulmonary system, and to understand the impact of the microbes communities as a course of disease and the important factor for the development of resistance to therapy.