Broken Windows Research Articles

Broken Windows and Community Social Control: Evidence from a Study of Street Segments

Objectives Broken windows theory identifies community social control as a central mechanism for controlling crime. In turn, controlling disorder is seen as the primary method that police or other government agents can use to strengthen community social controls. Our study examined the antecedents of informal community social control, measured as collective efficacy, at street segments. Methods This article leverages multi-wave primary data collection at 447 street segments in Baltimore, MD including official crime statistics, survey responses, physical observations, and systematic social observations. We used mixed-effects OLS regression models to examine antecedents of collective efficacy at the street-level. Results We find that social disorder and crime, rather than physical disorder, are the primary antecedents of collective efficacy at the street-level. We also find that fear of crime does not have a direct impact on collective efficacy. Conclusions Our study suggests that police and city government more generally should not look to controlling physical disorder as a means of increasing community controls. At the same time addressing social disorder is an important mechanism to bolster collective efficacy, though care is needed to avoid bias or backfire effects from aggressive order-maintenance policing.

The Current Responses by the Uganda Police Force in Enhancing Urban Peace Enforcement in Uganda; A Case of Kampala City

Purporse: This study examined the urban policing paradox in Uganda with specific regard to how rapid urbanisation poses challenges for policing and urban peace enforcement in Kampala city. This study was to explore the crimes accompanying rapid urbanisation in Kampala city; examine the role of the Uganda Police Force in urban policing and peace enforcement in Kampala city; analyse the challenges of urban policing and peace enforcement in Kampala city and finally explore the current responses by the Uganda Police Force in enhancing urban peace enforcement in Kampala city. The study employed two theories:the social contract and broken windows. Methodology: Different materials and sources were used during data collection, which included documentary reviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Findings: The study found out that Kampala city remains a vulnerable place to urban insecurity primarily due to an ever-increasing population, coupled with the challenges that hinder effective policing in the city. Tthe study revealed that the Uganda Police Force has made various milestones like the CCTV Cameras, forensics capabilities, 999 communication system, interagency cooeperation and community engagement in promoting peace and security in Kampala city. These are done through collaboration with other stakeholders such as development partners, security agencies, government ministries and agencies, local leaders and the community. The specialized directorates and units within the Uganda Police Force were operationalized to strengthen urban security in the wake of different security threats like terrorism. While the members of the Uganda Police Force perform their duties, they encounter challenges that affect their constitutional duties' performance. Nonetheless, the police has greatly worked towards strengthening peace and security in Kampala. This has been through improvement on the anti-crime infrastructure such as the use of CCTV cameras, finger printing of guns, counter terrorism, revival of the 999 system, among other interventions geared towards strengthening urban policing and peace enforcement in Kampala City.

Are broken windows spreading? Evaluating the robustness and strengths of the cross-norm effect using replications and a meta-analysis

Are broken windows spreading? Evaluating the robustness and strengths of the cross-norm effect using replications and a meta-analysis

The Idea of Applying the "Broken Windows Theory" as Quality Tool to Improve Risk Management Strategies

The Idea of Applying the "Broken Windows Theory" as Quality Tool to Improve Risk Management Strategies

빈집 발생 결정요인 분석을 통한 활용방안에 관한 연구

In Korea, since the 2000s, the number of vacant houses has exceeded 1.3 million due to the rapid decrease in population, low birth rate, aging population, and increase in single-person households. Neglect of empty houses increases the possibility of causing safety problems such as waste of resources and collapse, harming the surrounding aesthetics, and causing serious crimes such as the ‘broken windows theory’. Therefore, the cause of the empty house was analyzed, and the utilization plan was presented accordingly. Among the determinants of vacant housing occurrence, the ratio of recipients of basic livelihood security (%), the ratio of aging population (%), the ratio of deterioration of housing (%), and the number of convenience facilities in the location (number) were found to have a significant positive (+) relationship with the ratio of vacant houses. On the other hand, the rate of moving outside (%) and the grade of accessibility to public transportation (grade) were found to have a significant negative (-) relationship with the rate of vacant houses. The plan to utilize vacant houses analyzed based on domestic and overseas cases is, first, to transform vacant houses into tourism and accommodation facilities that reflect the characteristics of the region. Second, it is to be used as a unique and diverse cultural space. Third, it is used as a space for the socially underprivileged. Fourth, it is used as a space where foreigners can settle down stably.

PUBLIC SPACE DEVELOPMENT DIMENSIONS: A CRITICAL REVIEW

Public spaces are integral part of human life since ancient civilization. The traces can be found if form of Greek’s agora, Roman’s forum, Indian ghats etc. For the understanding of this crucial space, the paper presents a comprehensive review of literature relating to components for successful public spaces. The paper intents to understand initiatives adopted around the globe for the development of Public Space by comparing the suggested components and identify the gap in context of developing country with high density such as India. A systematic literature review is conducted to understand the expectations and requirements from public place. The finding highlights that women safety, gender ratio, engagement in and around the public space are yet to be explored. Also, safety cannot be equated with the security as it is a subspace of same. The theory of broken window needs to be mitigated and amalgamated with development of public place, to ensure maximum utilization of public space in developing countries. The study is helpful for constructing/ modifying the public space development toolkit.

A broken window escape device based on Internet of Things technology

The window breaker used for escape consists of a tray used to secure the lower layer of the fragile surface of the glass, a supporting part used to knock the broken object to make it deformed and support the lifting of the object, and a part used to knock the broken object is set on the bottom tray. The outer packaging shell includes the outer packaging shell that protects the bottom tray from the contact of objects. The outer packaging shell is assembled with the bottom tray. The outer packaging shell has the parts that support the lifting and the parts that are used to knock the broken objects to separate the pressing part. When the pressing part is deformed, the parts that support the lifting and the parts that are used to knock the broken objects are compressed and separated from the parts that are used to knock the broken objects, and the elastic restoring force formed by the broken objects to break the glass, It is used to separate the parts supporting the lifting of objects from the parts used to knock broken objects. This product can be fixed with the broken window and the point where the glass is knocked in an emergency. It will not harm the human body and achieve the purpose of escape. This tool is simple in structure, strong in safety and practical.

Can the 2D shallow water equations model flow intrusion into buildings during urban floods?

The multiple flow paths existing in urban environments lead to complex flow fields during urban flooding. Modelling these flow processes with three-dimensional numerical models may be scientifically sound; however, such numerical models are computationally demanding. To ascertain whether urban floods can be modelled with faster tools, this study investigated for the first time the capacity of the 2D shallow water equations (SWE) in modelling the flow patterns within and around urban blocks with openings, i.e., involving flow exchanges between the flows in the streets and within the urban blocks (e.g., through alleys leading to courtyards or through broken windows or doors). Laboratory experiments of idealized urban floods were simulated with two academic 2D SWE models, with their most notable difference being the parameterization of the eddy viscosity. Specifically, the first model had a turbulence closure based on flow depth and friction velocity while the second model had a depth-averaged k-ε turbulence closure. Thirteen urban layouts were considered with steady flow and five with unsteady flow. Both models simulated the flow depths accurately for the steady cases. The discharge distribution in the streets and the flow velocities were predicted with lower accuracy, particularly in layouts with large open spaces. The average deviation of the modelled discharge distribution at the outlets was 2.5% and 7.3% for the first and second model, respectively. For the unsteady cases, only the first model was tested. It predicted well the velocity pattern during the falling limb of a flood wave, while it did not reproduce all recirculation zones in the rising limb. The peak flow depths in the streets and the peak discharges at the outlets were predicted with an average deviation of 6.7% and 8.6%, respectively. Even though some aspects of the flow in an urban setup are 3D, the findings of this study support the modelling of such processes with 2D SWE models.

The Effect of Broken Windows Theory on Whistleblowing Behavior: An Practice on Higher Education Staff

Bu çalışmanın amacı kırık camlar teorisinin erdemli raporlama (whistleblowing) davranışına etkisini araştırmaktır. Alan yazında iki kavramın birbiriyle ilişkisinin araştırıldığı herhangi bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Araştırmanın bu açıdan alan yazına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Tanımlayıcı nitelikte olan bu çalışma, Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi’nde görev yapan idari ve akademik personel üzerinde 2021 yılında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada basit tesadüfi örneklem yöntemi seçilmiş olup, çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden 405 kişiye anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Örgütsel Kırık Camlar Ölçeği ve Erdemli Raporlama Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bektaş ve arkadaşları (2019) tarafından geliştirilen ve örgütlerdeki bu davranışı belirlemeye çalışan ölçekte bireysel ve yönetsel olmak üzere iki boyut ve 13 soru bulunmaktadır. Celep ve Konaklı (2012) tarafından geliştirilen Erdemli Raporlama Ölçeği ise içsel, dışsal, destekçi ve gizli olmak üzere 4 boyuttan ve 16 sorudan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmadan elde edilen verilerin analizi SPSS 22.00 paket programıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre örgütsel kırık camlar teorisinin erdemli raporlama (whistleblowing) davranışı üzerinde etkisi olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca sosyo-demografik değişkenler ile ölçek puanları arasında anlamlı ilişkilerin olduğu belirlenmiştir.

TRİBÜN ŞİDDETİ SEMBOLİK ETKİLEŞİMCİ KURAM VE KIRIKCAM TEORİSİ BAĞLAMINDA BİR SE

In modern capitalist societies, sports fandom constitutes almost a large part of individuals' 'free time' activities. The concept of sports support, which has both an individual and a social role in the context of feeling that they belong to a group, is also important in terms of ensuring social integrity. On the other hand, the areas that sports fans feel belong to, both sociologically, psychologically and mentally, can turn into places of violence. For exactly these reasons, individuals can stay in a social environment where they are marginalized and discriminated against in their free time. In line with this information, the aim of the research is to analyze the violence events in sports fans with their sociological dimensions in the context of "Broken Window Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory" and to examine the individual and social dimensions of violence in the stands. The research was carried out as a systematic compilation study as a result of scanning the literature and associating the obtained data with each other. In order to understand the acts of aggression and violence in the tribune, the Broken Window Theory emphasizes that a certain disorder in the social sphere will be immediately noticed by individuals and that individuals will continue their actions in the absence of sanctions regarding that disorder. Symbolic Interaction Theory, on the other hand, states that individuals establish a relationship network with each other through their actions and affect each other through sombols. At this very point, the individual(s) who notice any violent speech or act in the tribune can mentally display behaviors that serve the disorder, thinking that they have found a flaw in the system, and this dimension of disorder can affect other groups as well. In order to prevent the continuation of all these chains of reasons, the size of the problem of violence should be determined and the reasons should be determined and resolved. In this direction, the research was carried out using the analytical method and the hermeneutic approach. As a result of a detailed literature review, when we look at the results we have obtained, it is observed that the Broken Window Theory can give answers about the source of violence in sports and what it is, and at the same time, it is thought that when taken together with the Symbolic Interaction Theory, it can help in ensuring order and stability in the social field.

B Flach! B Flach!

B Flach! B Flach!

Роль ответственного лидерства в связи между макиавеллизмом и «разбитыми окнами в организации»

Is it possible to see a livable world from a corporate social responsibility perspective? It canbe possible to find the answer for this question through responsible leadership since corporate social responsibility is managed by responsible leaders and the need for responsible leaders is increasing day by day in the 21st century. Purpose. This research aims to determine the effect of responsible leadership on Machiavellianism and organizational broken windows, and to examine the moderating role of responsible leadership in the relationship between Machiavellian behaviors of employees and organizational broken windows, based on theories of corporate social responsibility and self-regulation. Methodology. Therefore, a quantitative method was preferred in the research and a questionnaire form was used as a data collection tool. Participants are employees who are not in a managerial position at a manufacturing enterprise in Istanbul. Voluntarily, 218 participants gave support to the research with the simple random sampling method. Data were analyzed by using SPSS Statistics 25.0 and SmartPLS 3.3.7 software. The relationship between the variables in the research were measured by “Structural equation modeling based on the partial least squares method”. The scale used in the research were subjected to reliability and validity tests at the measurement model stage. In the structural model analysis, the research model and hypotheses were tested to reveal the direction of relations of the latent variables. Findings. In the consequence of the analysis, Machiavellianism has positive effect on organizational broken windows while responsible leadership has negative impact on Machiavellianism and organizational broken windows. Whereas, it was detected that responsible leadership has a regulatory role in the relation between Machiavellianism and organizational broken windows.

Street environments and crime around low-income and minority schools: Adopting an environmental audit tool to assess crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)

Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) suggests an association between micro-scale environmental conditions and crime, but little empirical research exists on the detailed street-level environmental features associated with crime near low-income and minority schools. This study focuses on the neighborhoods around 14 elementary schools serving lower income populations in Seattle, WA to assess if the distribution of crime incidences (2013–2017) is linked with the street-level environmental features that reflect CPTED principles. We used a total of 40 audit variables that were included in the four domains derived from the broken windows theory and CPTED principles: natural surveillance (e.g., number of windows, balconies, and a sense of surveillance), territoriality (e.g., crime watch signs, trees), image/maintenance (e.g., graffiti and a sense of maintenance/cleanness), and geographical juxtaposition (e.g., bus stops, presence of arterial). We found that multiple crime types had significant associations with CPTED components at the street level. Among the CPTED domains, two image/maintenance features (i.e., maintenance of streets and visual quality of buildings) and two geographical juxtaposition features (i.e., being adjacent to multi-family housing and bus stops) were consistently associated with both violent and property crime. The findings suggest that local efforts to improve maintenance of streets and visual quality of buildings and broader planning efforts to control specific land uses near schools are important to improve safety in marginalized neighborhoods near schools that tend to be more vulnerable to crime. Our research on micro-scale environmental determinants of crime can also serve as promising targets for CPTED research and initiatives.

NEIGHBORHOOD CONDITIONS AND PERSONALITY CHANGE AMONG OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Conscientiousness is a key aspect of personality, associated with overall better health and wellbeing across the life course, including among older adults. The past ten years have seen a growing interest in how social-environmental factors impact personality traits, but the impact of neighborhood conditions is rarely investigated. Broken windows theory argues that changes to residents’ character can be brought about through signals of disinvestment in local norms (i.e. visible disorder), pointing to neighborhood disorder as a possible environmental condition that can shape personality. Drawing upon three rounds of data from the National Social Life Health and Aging Project (2005/2006, 2010/2011, 2015/2016; N=1554), we investigate longitudinal associations between traits and changing neighborhood conditions using a Big Five self-assessment, and interviewer ratings of local disorder. Using a combination of mediation and cross-lagged models, we find mixed support for broken windows perspectives – significant mediation processes, but no cross-lagged effects.

Measuring the associations between eye-level urban design quality and on-street crime density around New York subway entrances

The relationship between crimes, fear of crimes, and the physical environments of metro stations are interlocked. They ultimately influence metro safety and ridership, which are essential for not only urban life quality but also the environmental and fiscal sustainability of regional management. This study mainly investigates how the urban design quality (UDQ) of the ground-level environments surrounding subway stations, both how they express (objectively) and how they are perceived (subjectively), is associated with the reported crime density on streets. To extend conventionally interested ‘broken window theory’, multi-dimensional UDQs highly valued in urban planning literature are measured for metro entrances in New York through the applications of Street View Imagery (SVI), computer vision (CV) and machine learning (ML). Significant associations are found between UDQs and crime densities overbearing the integration of socioeconomic and land use factors. ‘Person’, ‘Safety’ and ‘Complexity’ are associated with higher crime density, while ‘Bench’, ‘Streetlight’, ‘Skyscraper’, ‘Human Scale’, and ‘Imageability’ are related to lower crime risk. By bridging urban planning and criminology literature, this study provides new insights into Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). It contributes to the literature with an efficient approach for urbanists and criminologists to replicate for future studies in microenvironments.

Economic modelling of electricity generation: long short-term memory and Q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets

The main goal of this study is to evaluate the impact of population mobility on electricity generation in Russian cities in the conditions of the spread of COVID-19, and identify hotspots. Furthermore, the evaluation is also conducted using hybrid fuzzy decision-making modelling. In this context, q-ROF DEMATEL and TOPSIS methods are taken into consideration. Additionally, a comparative evaluation is also performed with the help of Intuitionistic and Pythagorean fuzzy sets. The results are quite similar that allows to conclude that the findings are reliable and coherent. The study proves the hypothesis that human behavior changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, and electricity consumption is declining in major cities around the world. The biggest fall in energy generation was in Moscow and Yekaterinburg. In St. Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod, the fall in energy generation is no so crucial because these cities have low building density. The study uses Long Short-Term Memory models with many different parameters. The Q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Sets model forecasts new COVID-19 using ten parameters. This study identifies factors influencing the spread of COVID-19 based on the theory of "broken windows" and outlines directions in limiting population mobility, which can form the basis of state policy. According to the analysis the air temperature is the variable that most affects this process.

How does urban air pollution affect corporate environmental performance?

Prior studies have suggested that urban air pollution pushes firms to increase their corporate environmental performance (CEP) as a response to stakeholder pressures. However, we challenge the assumption that stakeholders generally recognize and punish firms’ environment-damaging behavior. Instead, we draw on the Broken Windows Theory of urban decline and hypothesize that increasing urban air pollution is likely to result in lower CEP. We also theorize on how some city characteristics can moderate our baseline hypothesis. Specially, we hypothesize that firms in more developed cities and in larger cities tend to increase their CEP as urban air pollution increases. We test our hypotheses using panel data analysis that includes 573 firms in 74 cities of 29 countries worldwide. Overall, we find that urban air pollution strongly and significantly reduces CEP.

Legal investigation of crime trace tracks: facilitating effective detection and prevention of crimes

This article is devoted to the coverage of legal research of traces at the crime scene, which contribute to the effective detection and prevention of crimes, and determine the development and functioning of trasology.
 The authors point to the research and organization of the volume. Their main functions are manifested in the accumulation of achievements of trasological research in theory and practice, the optimal development of trasology and dactyloscopy, which contribute to the effective detection and prevention of crimes. These are the most important starting points that underlie its construction and development.
 The commission of many crimes is accompanied by certain changes in the environment. Such changes are called traces of a crime. The trace is a reflection of criminal acts, individual elements of a criminal act. In the forensic sense, the value of traces is due to the existing relationship between the crime and its reflection (traces).
 In modern criminology, the concept of trace should be considered in several aspects. In a broad sense, it should be the result of any material change in the primary situation as a result of the crime: the appearance or disappearance of certain objects, violation of the original position, location, condition of various objects (eg, lost property at the scene, fragments broken window glass). At the present stage of development of criminology as traces are considered: sound traces, odor traces, traces-microparticles, traces-substances, traces of the genetic code of man.
 Traditionally, trasology studies traces only in a narrow sense, namely, materially fixed reflections of the external structure of one object on another (traces-reflections). Traces-reflections arise as a result of interaction of two objects and have rather wide distribution: these are traces of human hands, feet, footwear, teeth, vehicles, tools and tools, etc. Traces-reflection is the main subject of study in trasology.

Pattern and Explanation of Inter-City Crime Variation in South Korea

The primary purpose of this paper is to test the applicability of environmental criminology in South Korea. Moreover, it explores effective strategies from a spatial planning perspective by taking control of diverse spatial planning factors. The study area is South Korea, and the base year is 2016. A spatial econometric model is built to analyze the relationship between the built environment and three crimes (theft, violence, and sexual assault). As a result, the best spatial regression models for violent crime rate and sexual assault rate are a spatial error model (SEM) and a spatial autoregressive model (SAC), respectively. The most prominent finding is that the regression results in the three crimes are slightly different. The broken windows effect was negligible for significant crimes in South Korea. The influence of regional disorders on the incidence of crimes was marginal. In the three crime types, mixed land use affected rising crime rates, which aligns with some previous studies that mixed land use increases the likelihood of crime incidences. In contrast with a series of relevant works, brighter nighttime light has not effectively decreased crimes in South Korea. In South Korea, closed-circuit television (CCTV) did not play a role in deterring crimes. Lastly, socio-economic characteristics were closely connected with crime rates in South Korea. The theft rate, violent crime rate, and sexual assault rate confirm the reliability of environmental criminology. Although this study has examined the likelihood of applying environmental criminology, further research and discussions are followed for concrete plans.

Security Coproduction and Organized Crime: Micro Dynamics and Risk Factors in Guadalajara, Mexico

This research questions the relevance of the collective efficacy, citizen security, and broken windows theories in a Guadalajara neighborhood dominated by organized crime. Risk factors and perceptions of security were explored through observation, surveys, focus groups, collective mapping, and interviews with residents, police, and the coordinators of projects to coproduce security. Class barriers, the neighborhood’s layout, and fear provoked by the plaza that controls the local drug trade were identified as conditions that facilitate crime. However, isolated actions to coproduce security were also detected. Findings lead to reflections on how leading crime prevention theories should be adapted in such contexts, as well as the risks involved in coproducing and researching security in areas controlled by organized crime groups.