Broiler Chicken Feed Research Articles

Modeling effect of selenium on broiler chickens’ body

In recent years, based on new scientific data, many countries worldwide have been revising the existing standards for introducing trace elements in mixed feed for highly productive broiler chicken crosses. This also applies to selenium, which is recognized as an indispensable biotic ultramicroelement with a wide range of biological action according to modern classification. However, some aspects of the selenium effects on poultry have not been elucidated yet. We have conducted comprehensive research to deepen and expand modern ideas about the biological role of selenium, its impact on the interior and productive qualities of broiler chickens in the post-embryonic period of ontogenesis. One of the tasks was to study the causal relationship between the level of selenium consumption by broiler chickens and the studied indicators. The research was conducted on broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 cross. During the rearing period, the feeding of broiler chickens of all groups was carried out with dry full-fledged mixed feeds following the existing norms. The poultry of the first control group did not receive selenium supplementation. The poultry of the second experimental group was additionally injected with Selenium at the rate of 0.2 mg/kg, the third of 0.3, and the fourth of 0.4 mg/kg. When conducting a correlation analysis of the obtained experimental data, it was found that there are different levels and directions of relationship between internal and economically valuable features included in the study, which may vary depending on the selenium content in mixed feed for broiler chickens. A scheme of modeling the effect of selenium on broiler chickens’ bodies is proposed.

ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ И МЯСНАЯ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ ПРИ СКАРМЛИВАНИИ ТРИПТОФАНА И КОРМОВОЙ СМЕСИ «ХОНДРОТАН»

The results of studies on the effect of the introduction of the amino acid tryptophan in the amount of 0.04 % in the composition of the combo feed and additionally in the diet of the feed mixture «Chondrotan» (on the physiological parameters and meat productivity of broiler chickens. The greatest effect on the hematological parameters of broilers was provided by tryptophan in combination with the feed mixture «Chondrotan» at the rate of 350 g per 1 ton of mixed feed. It was also revealed that the use of tryptophan and different amounts of «Chondrotan» feed mixture in the feeding of broiler chickens contributes to an increase, in comparison with the control, of the mass of the gutted carcass, respectively, by 2,07 (P<0,05); 5,24 (P<0,001) and 2,99 % (P<0,001), edible parts of the carcass-by 2,11 (P<0,05); 5,72 (P<0,001) and 3,14 % (P<0,001), pectoral muscles – by 2,17 (P<0,05); 5,63 (P<0,001) and 3,20 % (P<0,001). The quality indicators of meat are improving in the young animals of the experimental groups: the content of dry matter in the pectoral muscles – by 0,09; 0,15 (P<0,05) and 0,13 % (P<0,05), protein-by 0,12; 0,40 (P<0,01) and 0,19 % (P<0,05). Of the experimental groups, the highest indicators of meat yield and quality were noted in broilers of the II experimental group.

Trypanocidal function of Terminalia catappa leaf extract in Albino rat

Trypanocidal function of Terminalia catappa leaf extract in Albino rat

Raw Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as a Substitute of Soybean Meal in Compound Feed for Broiler Chickens: Effects on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, Fatty Acid Profile, Antioxidant Status, and Dietary Value of Muscles.

Simple SummaryDefatted soybean meal is the basic source of protein in poultry diet. Therefore, researchers are searching for an alternative source of vegetable protein derived from native raw materials. The present results were obtained in an experiment consisting in the use of soybean meal in the diet for broiler chickens, or the replacement of 50% of soybean meal protein with raw chickpea seed protein. The impact of the substitution on the poultry production process and on the dietary value of poultry meat was assessed.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of substitution of 50% of soybean meal protein with 310–350 g/kg diet of raw chickpea seed protein on the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, dietary value, and antioxidant status of breast and thigh muscles, as well as the antioxidant status of blood serum, in Ross 308 male broilers. In the 42-day experiment, one-day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to two nutritional groups (n = 100 in each, 20 birds in each group, and 5 replications). In the control group, 100% of protein in the feed was derived from soybean meal. In the experimental group, 310–350 g/kg protein from raw chickpea seeds was introduced. Data with a normal distribution were analyzed using the Student t-test, and the relationships between the traits were assessed with the use of Pearson’s correlation coefficients. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The replacement with chickpea protein did not exert an impact on the final body weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. However, it induced changes in the color of the breast muscles (increased L* and b* values), and reduced the cholesterol content. The addition of chickpea seeds improved the fatty acid profile, mainly in the breast muscle. A decrease in the total SFA content and a higher level of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), UFAs/saturated fatty acids (SFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3, and omega-6 were observed in the experimental group. Additionally, the chickpea-supplemented group exhibited better values of meat quality indicators (atherogenic index-AI; thrombogenic index–TI, ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids-S/P, n-6/n-3, hypocholesterolemic/Hypercholesterolemic ratio-h/H). It can be concluded that raw chickpea seeds are a good source of protein in broiler chicken nutrition, and can replace the traditionally used protein source (soybean meal), simultaneously exerting a positive effect on the dietary value of poultry meat and an expected enhancing impact on consumer health.

Influence of «M-Feed» additives in diets on blood indicators of broiler chicken CROSS-308

The article presents materials on the study of the effect of the new feed additive "M-Feed" in broiler chickens' diets on the blood composition. It was found that the use of the feed additive "M-Feed" in the composition of broiler chicken feed at the age of 0 to 30 days in the amount of 250 mg per 100 g of feed, and from 31 to 41 days in the amount of 100 mg / 100 g of compound feed, with the cellular method of growing, improves the blood composition and health of broilers.

Multi-Omics Characterization of Host-Derived Bacillus spp. Probiotics for Improved Growth Performance in Poultry

Microbial feed ingredients or probiotics have been used widely in the poultry industry to improve production efficiency. Spore-forming Bacillus spp. offer advantages over traditional probiotic strains as Bacillus spores are resilient to high temperature, acidic pH, and desiccation. This results in increased strain viability during manufacturing and feed-pelleting processes, extended product shelf-life, and increased stability within the animal’s gastrointestinal tract. Despite numerous reports on the use of Bacillus spores as feed additives, detailed characterizations of Bacillus probiotic strains are typically not published. Insufficient characterizations can lead to misidentification of probiotic strains in product labels, and the potential application of strains carrying virulence factors, toxins, antibiotic resistance, or toxic metabolites. Hence, it is critical to characterize in detail the genomic and phenotypic properties of these strains to screen out undesirable properties and to tie individual traits to clinical outcomes and possible mechanisms. Here, we report a screening workflow and comprehensive multi-omics characterization of Bacillus spp. for use in broiler chickens. Host-derived Bacillus strains were isolated and screened for desirable probiotic properties. The phenotypic, genomic and metabolomic analyses of three probiotic candidates, two Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Ba ATCC PTA126784 and ATCC PTA126785), and a Bacillus subtilis (Bs ATCC PTA126786), showed that all three strains had promising probiotic traits and safety profiles. Inclusion of Ba ATCC PTA12684 (Ba-PTA84) in the feed of broiler chickens resulted in improved growth performance, as shown by a significantly improved feed conversion ratio (3.3%), increased of European Broiler Index (6.2%), and increased average daily gain (ADG) (3.5%). Comparison of the cecal microbiomes from Ba PTA84-treated and control animals suggested minimal differences in microbiome structure, indicating that the observed growth promotion presumably was not mediated by modulation of cecal microbiome.

Utilization of Untreated and Treated Olive Pulp Meal in Feeding Broiler Chicks الاستفادة من مسحوق تفل الزيتون المعامل وغير المعامل في تغذية کتاکيت التسمين

Two hundred and ten unsexed one day old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were used until 6 weeks of age to study the effect of Trichoderma reesei fungus(108 CFU /ml)and sodium hydroxide(NaOH, 10 g/kg OPM)addition in olive pulp meal(OPM)broiler diets on growth rate, digestion coefficients, some blood parameters, carcass traits and the economic efficiency of feed. The chicks were randomly distributed into seven equal treatments, 30 chicks/treatment with three replicates each. The treatments were control, C (The basal diet without OPM),T1(Basal diet+12% OPM),T2 (Basal diet +12% OPM+fungus), T3 (Basal diet+12% OPM+NaOH), T4 (Basal diet +15% OPM), T5 (Basal diet + 15% OPM + fungus) and T6 (Basal diet + 15% OPM + NaOH). The treated OPM with NaOH showed similar results of body weight and gain as the control .The control treatment recorded the highest value(P<0.01)of feed intake. The best value (P<0.05) of feed conversion ratio was noticed with T3. The treated OPM showed a significant (P<0.05) in CP, CF, NFE, DCP, TDN (%) and ME(kcal/kg)compared to the untreated OPM; The treated and untreated OPM increased plasma cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels, While Triglycerides were decreased with all treatments compared to the control. All treatments recorded high values (P<0.05) of gizzard (%), cecum weight and cecum length compared to the control, the treated and untreated OPM decreased the feed cost/kg meat and increased the net return/kg meat.The results concluded that treating OPM with NaOH or fungus improved the nutritive value of OPM without any adverse effects on birds.

Meat productivity and quality of broiler chicken meat when applying various doses of M-feed feed additive in the composition of combined feed

The article presents the results of feeding broiler chickens with different doses of the feed additive "M-feed". It was found out that the use of the optimal dosage of the feed additive "M-feed" in broiler chickens' diets contributed to an increase in absolute gain by 7.7%, average daily gain by 7.6%, and gutted carcass weight by 12.9%, in contrast to the control group.

Nutritive value of full-fat dehulled sunflower seeds in diets for broiler chickens

The goal of this research was to evaluate the nutritive value of full-fat de-hulled sunflower seeds (DHSS) in feeding broiler chickens. Three experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 determined the proximal analysis of DHSS, the essential amino acid content, and apparent metabolizable energy (AME). In experiment 2, two diets were formulated, namely a control and a diet containing 10% DHSS. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE) were calculated. In experiment 3, the performances of broilers fed the two diets were evaluated in terms of the relative weights of digestive system organs, breast meat colour, growth and feed consumption. Full-fat de-hulled sunflower seeds were characterized as having 507.9 g/kg EE, 282.1 g/kg CP, 21.02 MJ/kg AME and 9.3 g/16 g N arginine. Apparent ileal digestibility of DM in the 10% DHSS diet was 658.0 g/kg, similar to that of the control diet (643.0 g/kg). Partial substitution of DHSS for soybean meal (SBM) did not affect the relative weight of digestive system organs, except for the liver. The relative weights of the liver were 17.90 g/kg bodyweight in birds fed the DHSS diet and 16.37 g/kg bodyweight (P &lt;0.05) in the control. The colour of the breast meat was 3.5% darker and 13.8% less yellow for DHSS birds compared with the control. Growth and feed consumption were unaffected by the dietary treatments. Therefore, 10% DHSS can partially replace SBM in broiler finisher diets.

A Comparative Effect of Clove Essential Oil with Multi-strain Probiotic and Antibiotic on Blood Biochemical Profile in Broiler

Background: An experiment was conducted to compare the blood biochemical profile of broiler chicken feeding three different types of feed additives. Methods: 180 day old broilers chicks of Ven Cobb 400 strain were distributed randomly into 4 groups (T0, T1, T2 and T3) having 45 chicks in each group on the basis of their body weight. Each group divided into 3 replicates of 15 chicks in each. Rations are computed as per BIS (2007) to meet the nutrient requirement and other three groups (T1, T2 and T3) were offered the same standard ration of the control group but supplemented with zinc bacitracin @ 55 mg/kg (T1), probiotic @ 150 mg/kg (T2) and clove oil @ 400 ppm (T3). Result: The result of the experiment showed significant difference (p less than 0.05) in the level of Glucose in T3 group whereas, protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, ALT and AST did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.05). Probiotic @ 150 mg/kg and clove oil @ 400 ppm supplemented groups showed significant (p less than 0.05) better cholesterol level compared to control and zinc bacitracin @ 55 mg/kg.

Optimization of compound feed for broiler chickens

Today, in the context of increasing demand for high quality agricultural products, it is very important to increase the productivity of poultry through the use of environmentally friendly feed products. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of active coal feed additive (AUCD) when applied in a dosage of 0.1% by weight of compound feed on gains in live weight and basic biochemical parameters of blood serum of broiler chickens of the Cobb-500 cross. (corrected some inaccuracy in the wording) AUKD was first used for feeding broiler chickens of the “Cobb-500” cross in the Krasnodar Territory in the summer. Setting up and conducting the experiment was carried out according to the methodology of scientific and industrial research on feeding poultry. The live weight of broiler chickens that consumed 0.1% of active coal feed additive by weight of compound feed significantly increased by 4.2% (p <0.01). As a result of the study, it was found that feeding AUCD to broiler chickens does not have a negative effect on the biochemical composition of blood serum.

Biologically active feed additive in cattle feeding

The aim of the research was to study the feeding of grain with triticale instead of barley in the amount of 10 and 15% of the Valentin-90 variety with the introduction of the Allzyme PT enzyme preparation in mixed feed for broiler chickens. An increase in the live weight of young poultry was established by 3.6-5.4%, a decrease in feed costs per unit of production by 4.5-5.6%, an increase in the safety of livestock - by 1.0-8.0%, an output of gutted carcasses by 0.5-0.6 abs. %, gutted - by 2.9 abs. %, muscle output - by 2.7-3.7 abs. %. Thus, the studied feeding schemes for broiler chickens can be recommended for production.

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PEMBERIAN PAKAN AYAM BROILER BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLLER

Broiler Chicken Feed System is a tool that is implemented using microcontroller technology. The focus of technology in industry 4.0 is that all devices can be controlled and monitored remotely, as long as they are connected to a network. In accordance with this vision, this technology makes it easier for farmers to feed chickens that were originally still using manual labor, then made automatically by implementing microcontroller technology consisting of SIM800L, Arduino, servo motors, and ultrasonic sensors. By using two ultrasonic sensors that are placed to enter orders and provide information about the stock of chicken feed this technology can work well. The focus of this technology is that it can be used for remote monitoring. Not only that, this technology can also send notifications to the farmer's smartphone to show the condition of the chicken feed stock that is still available. By applying this technology, chicken farmers can combine and feed their chickens from anywhere.

Starter and carryover effects of feeding varied feed form (FF) and feed quality (FQ) from 0–18 d on performance and processing for two broiler strains

Previous research in our laboratory demonstrated that feeding broiler chicks crumbles of 2,200 to 3,736 µm improved starter performance, suggesting chicks may be able to consume larger particles, even pellets, earlier than perceived. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of 0 to 18 d variations in feed form (FF; crumble or intact pellets [IP]) and feed quality (FQ; low, medium, high) on starter performance utilizing 2 different genetic strains (GS; high yielding [HY] or fast growing [FG]). Starter FF and FQ carryover effects were also examined by feeding common pelleted diets for the remainder of the grow-out phases and measuring d 62 performance and d 63 processing. Day 0 to 18 FF and FQ interacted, whereas birds fed crumbles had the highest BW and BWG, regardless of crumble FQ; birds fed IP achieved increased weights when FQ was highest, similar to birds fed crumbles. Examining the carryover effects, 0 to 32 d FCR was improved by providing high FQ crumbles (3,388 µm). Overall data (d 0–62) demonstrated no significant differences for measured performance variables. Interactive differences were found for d 63 breast yield (BY), dependent on the FF and FQ presented from d 0 to 18 for each GS. In particular, HY strains demonstrated improved BY if fed low FQ crumbles or high FQ IP, whereas FG broilers demonstrated similar yields, regardless of FF and FQ. These data suggest that the length of the grow out is important when determining which FQ and FF to present in the starter growth phase.

EFFECTS OF GUANIDINOACETIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION IN BROILER CHICKEN DIET ON CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS

Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural organic acid in the body that acts as a precursor of creatine which plays the role of energy carrier in the cell This study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing broiler chicken feed with GAA on carcass characteristics. Two hundred-and forty, day old Cornish breeds were kept under a deep litter system. Six treatments with four replicates of 10 birds per replica were used. The experimental diets comprised of six treatments with varying levels of feed additive (GAA) supplemented in the diets D1 (control) with no GAA, D2 was supplemented with (0.003% GAA/kg), D3 (0.006% GAA/kg), D4 (0.009% GAA/kg), D5 (0.012% GAA/kg), and D6 (0.015% GAA/kg). The treatments were laid down in a complete randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. Carcass characteristics were determined in the laboratory by analyzing the (abdominal fat, tissue protein, tissue fat and pH). There were statistically significant effects observed on abdominal fat, body tissue protein and body tissue fat of the carcass. The study concluded that GAA supplementation increased carcass characteristics, and provided better economic returns. The study recommends utilization of GAA supplementation at level of 0.12% GAA/Kg for rapid growth of broiler, enhanced abdominal fat, body tissue protein, body tissue fat, and utilization of GAA for better economic returns to the farmers.

The effect of herbal supplements on development of internal organs and chemical composition of broilers muscles

The present article presents data on effectiveness of adding a phytobiotic feed additive into the diet of broiler chickens, either additionally or replacing the feed antibiotic in the chicken fodder. It has been established that the introduction of a phytobiotic feed additive into the broilers’ diet, both additionally and by replacing the feed antibiotic, provided positive effect on poultry meat quality and gave no negative effect on development of internal organs. By the end of fattening the relative weight of heart, lungs, kidneys, gizzard and intestines in broilers, which consumed the antibiotics-free diet with addition of researched preparation, was higher than in the control group and in the 1st experimental group. At the same time the length of the intestine in researched group significantly exceeded the control group parameters. These changes ranged within the physiological norm, which may indicate the best detoxification capabilities of the chicken body and the activation of enhanced intestinal absorption function. Additional use of the experimental feed additive in formulation of feed for broiler chickens was accompanied by a decrease in total amount of amino acids in broilers’ pectoral and leg muscles within acceptable physiological limits. At the same time, a significant decrease, compared with the control parameters, was noted in relation to content of histidine and isoleucine in pectoral muscles, and content of proline in leg muscles. The use of the researched additive as a substitute for a feed antibiotic in composition of mixed feed for broilers decreased the total amount of amino acids in broilers’ breast muscle, compared with the control group, and increased level of amino acids in leg muscles. The significant decrease in content of histidine and arginine in the pectoral muscles and proline in the leg muscles was noted. The observed changes varied within acceptable physiological norm. In the experimental groups the energy value of meat was increased.

UJI PAKAN TERNAK MENGGUNAKAN KULIT KOPI TERFERMENTASI, OKARA DAN TULANG DAGING SAPI PADA AYAM BROILER

Coffee skin waste is the side result of the process of coffee processing. The coffee skin contains a crude protein of 10.4% which can help the growth in broiler chickens. Coffee skin composition consisting of high coarse fiber and anti-nutritional content, so it is necessary to do fermentation to increase the nutrient content in the skin of coffee and reduce the content of anti-nutritional substances. Proteins in the skin of coffee need the addition of protein from okara to meet the protein needs of broiler chickens. Other than protein, livestock feed for broiler chickens should also contain calcium, which is obtained from the beef bones. This research aims to determine the protein content of feed and the effect of artificial feed on feed consumption, daily weight gain as well as conversion of broiler chickens feed. This study uses complete random design (RAL). Feeding with 5 treatments, 2 repeats and each repetition consists of 1 broiler chickens. The results of the research on protein test showed the protein content of coffee skin feed, okara and beef bones contain 28.82% protein. The test results on feed consumption showed the highest consumption rate was P0 with 2023 g and the lowest was P4 with 888 g. The highest daily weight gain test was P1 treatment, which was 82.525 g treatment and the lowest of the was P4 for 61.25 g. The highest feed conversion value is P0 with 26.42 and the lowest is P4 for 14.495.

Impact of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.) Seeds in Broiler Chicken Diets on Rearing Results, Carcass Composition, and Meat Quality.

Simple SummaryThis study shows how introducing milk thistle seeds into broiler chicken feed rations affects rearing results (weight gain, intake and conversion of feed), carcass composition and meat quality (pH, color, water holding capacity), the chemical composition (basic components, fatty acids) and organoleptic properties (flavor, tenderness, palatability and juiciness) of meat. Based on the results the use of milk thistle seeds in broiler chicken starter/grower diets can be recommended in the amount of 0/2% or 2/3%, respectively. However, the introduction of Silybum marianum in starter and grower rations (over the whole rearing period) made it possible to obtain the highest body weight at the lowest feed conversion per body weight gain unit, without influencing muscularity and fattening grade, at the same time improving the meat’s value for health.The studies aimed to evaluate the impact of milk thistle seeds in broiler chicken feed rations on rearing results, carcass composition and meat quality. The experiment involved 120 broiler chickens randomly allocated to three equinumerous groups (C, MT02, MT23). Each group was divided into five subgroups of eight chickens each. Over the first 21 days of life the birds were fed starter rations, and over the following 21 days received grower rations. Chicken starter/grower diets in groups MT02 and MT23 were supplemented with ground seeds of milk thistle in the amount of 0/2% (MT02) and 2/3% (MT23). It was demonstrated that Silybum marianum added to feed rations over the whole rearing period (group MT23) increased above 3% the birds’ body weight on rearing day 42. (p < 0.05) and decreased about 7% the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) in comparison to group C. No effect of feeding on the carcass composition was observed, including on muscularity and fattening grade, although diets containing milk thistle reduced (by 15% and 19% in group MT02 and MT23, respectively) the content of crude fat in chicken leg muscles (p < 0.05). The highest (p < 0.05) content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was determined in the breast (38.06%) and leg (37.63%) muscles of chicken receiving feed rations containing Silybum marianum throughout the rearing period. No effect of nutrition on the evaluated physical properties of muscles was observed, except on the decrease in lightness color (L*) and increase in values a* and C as well as a decrease of water holding capacity of the breast muscles. It was found that Silybum marianum in chicken diets had a positive effect on the evaluated meat flavor characteristics of the muscles. To sum up, based on the study results, including ground seeds of milk thistle in broiler chickens nutrition can be recommended in the amount of 2/3% in starter/grower diets, respectively.

Development of a Natural Oil Blend Formulation to Replace Antibiotics and Growth Promoters in Broiler Chicken Feed

Development of a Natural Oil Blend Formulation to Replace Antibiotics and Growth Promoters in Broiler Chicken Feed

Feeding Broiler Chickens with Grape Seed and Skin Meals to Enhance α- and γ-Tocopherol Content and Meat Oxidative Stability.

Grape seeds (GS) and grape skins (GK) are natural sources of polyphenols with featured antioxidant capacity. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of these polyphenol sources in diets formulated to contain the same total extractable grape polyphenol content on growth performance, protein and extractable polyphenol digestibility, plasma and meat α- and γ-tocopherol and thigh meat oxidation in broiler chickens. Five experimental diets were formulated: control, control + vitamin E (200 mg/kg), 30 g/kg GS diet, 110 g/kg GK diet, GS + GK diet (a mixture of 24.4 g/kg GS and 13.1 g/kg GK designed to simulate a reconstituted grape pomace). Feeding chickens with 110 g/kg GK reduced (p < 0.001) daily weight gain, worsened (p < 0.001) feed conversion ratio, increased (p < 0.001) non-extractable polyphenol content in the ileum and in the excreta and decreased (p < 0.05) ileal protein digestibility. Regardless of the grape polyphenol source used, the inclusion of grape byproducts in the diets led to an increase of total extractable polyphenol contents in the ileum (p < 0.01) and the excreta (p < 0.001), which resulted (p < 0.001) in a decrease of extractable polyphenol digestibilities. Alpha- and gamma-tocopherol concentrations increased (p < 0.001) in plasma and in seven-day stored meat in birds fed the diet combining GS and GK with respect to the control group. As it happened with the vitamin E supplementation, feeding the combination of GS and GK also reduced (p < 0.001) the concentration of the lipid peroxidation marker (malondialdehyde) in the stored meat of chickens.