Broiler Chicken Farms Research Articles

Social responsibility in reducing food losses and waste in the Slovak Republic: the role of policies – the responsibility of all

The study aimed to point out the calls of the European Commission to the social responsibility of the solution of food losses and waste, to evaluate the current state of the researched issues in the Slovak Republic, to point out the trends, and propose measures to improve the situation of the food losses and waste on the poultry meat market in the Slovak Republic. The scientific hypotheses were established. A questionnaire survey was used to obtain primary data. The research object was households and agricultural enterprises of broiler chicken farming (poultry farms) in the Slovak Republic. Data from questionnaires completed by households and poultry farms were examined and processed by the sorting method. Cumulative totals, intervals, and percentage ranges were calculated in each response class. The obtained data for individual objects of research were processed by sorting using Microsoft Word tables – Excel, Office 2016. The chi-square test (χ2 test) with a contingency table according to the procedure of Social Science Statistics was chosen for hypothesis testing. The SAS program was used for statistical evaluation of the results and answers of the respondents from the questionnaires. The research shows that food losses in Slovak households were up to 40% and on poultry farms at 6.8%. Mould and rot were the most common causes of food degradation. Mortality during breed has been recorded as a cause of food waste in poultry farms. A statistically significant difference (p ≤0.001) was found in the quantity of food losses between gross household income per family member and month. Statistically, no significant difference (p ˃0.05) was found between the numbers of family members. The proposals were recommended to improve the solution of reducing food losses and food waste in households and poultry farms. Based on the application of a practical approach of households and poultry farms to reduce food losses and support innovative solutions, it is possible to achieve gentle practices in ensuring the security of nutrition, food production, social and economic sustainability as well as environmental protection in the Slovak Republic.

Economic Viability of Alternative Bedding Material in Broiler Chicken Farming

The aim of this paper is to assess the economic viability of two different bedding materials used in broiler chicken farming processes. The materials considered are wood shavings and slice-dedusted straw. The slice-dedusted straw is considered an alternative type of bedding material produced by a company from Slovenia. While the technological and economic assessment of this type of bedding material has already been researched in the case of horse breeding, it is something new in the case of broiler chicken farming. Data collection is structured from two trials. Trial one (T1) is also known as daily observations, and trial two (T2) involves obtaining input data at the end of the fattening period. During T1, daily observations are focused on collecting data from technical characteristics, and in T2, the percentage of death proportions and average increments are observed, calculated, and considered as economic input data. The cost calculation model is used for the calculation of several different technical-economic indicators, which denote the influence of different bedding materials no economic production viability. Favorable economic results were found for slice-dedusted straw, which shows that this kind of alternative bedding material could be the better option.

Molecular Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Broiler Chicken Farms of Satara and Pune Districts of Maharashtra

Molecular Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Broiler Chicken Farms of Satara and Pune Districts of Maharashtra

Molecular and pathological characterization of natural co-infection of poultry farms with the recently emerged Leucocytozoon caulleryi and chicken anemia virus in Egypt.

In the summers of 2018 and 2019, a disease outbreak stroke 25 broiler chicken farms and 3 broiler breeder farms in different Governorates in Egypt. The disease caused a mortality rate ranging from 3.2 to 9%. Postmortem examination showed petechial hemorrhage in the breast and thigh muscles, thymus gland, and peritoneal cavity and extensive hemorrhages in the kidneys. A total of 140 liver, kidney, lung, skeletal muscles, thymus, and spleen samples were collected. Twenty-eight pooled samples were created and examined by PCR and histopathological examination to identify the causative pathogens. All collected samples were PCR-negative to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian influenza viruses (H5, H9, and H7), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and fowl adenovirus (FadV). Leucocytozoon caulleryi (L. caulleryi) genetic material was identified by PCR in 17 out of the 28 collected samples (61%). Five chicken farms (18%) showed positive PCR results for both L. caulleryi and chicken anemia virus (CAV). Histopathological examination revealed unilocular megaloschizonts in thymus, skeletal muscle, and lung as well as massive hemorrhages in parenchymatous organs. Nucleotide sequences of the identified pathogens were compared with other reference sequences available in the GenBank. The identified L. caulleryi has a close relationship with those previously detected in Asia, indicating potential transmission route of the parasite. The CAV has a close genetic relation with CAVs previously identified in Egypt. Furthermore, a real-time PCR for rapid, specific, and quasiquantitative detection of L. caulleryi was developed with a detection limit of 100 genome copies per reaction.

Pemasaran Ayam Broiler di Kabupaten Lombok Utara terhadap nilai Tambah

Broiler chickens are superior breeds of chicken produced by crosses from chicken nations that have high productivity, especially in chicken meat production. Until now broiler chickens have been known to the Indonesian people with various advantages. Broiler chicken farms have a relatively short maintenance time and harvest time which is considered fast among other meat-producing livestock commodities. This indicates that the availability of broiler chicken meat supply tends to be continuous. In addition, many consumers tend to prioritize the consumption of broiler meat to fulfill their animal protein needs, so that many business people are interested in pursuing broiler farming because of their rapid capital turnover. In value added analysis there are three supporting components, namely: 1) Conversion factor, showing the amount of output produced from one unit of input, 2) Factor coefficient of labor, indicating the amount of labor needed to process one input unit, and 3) Product value , shows the output value per input unit. The average output value of the sale of broiler chickens obtained by large cutter traders is Rp. 28,500 per head, for small cutter traders Rp. 33,650 per head while at retailers Rp. 33,650 per output value is obtained. from the multiplication of the output price variable (selling price) with the conversion factor. The price of output for large cutter traders is smaller because the sale of products to small cutter traders and retailers. The added value of broiler chicken marketing obtained by large cutter traders is Rp.7,909.23 per head (27.75%) and small cutter traders get Rp.10,195.45 (30.30%) per head, while retailers get value added Rp.3,940.52 (11.71%) per head. Overall, small cutter traders get greater profits than large cutter traders and retailers, this is because small cutter traders buy live chicken raw materials to large cutter traders and sell them in the form of carcasses and non carcasses to end consumers. The average marketing margin obtained by large cutter traders is Rp 10,000 per head, while for small cutter traders Rp 10,500 per head, and retailers Rp.5,150 per head.

Bird health and welfare in slower-growing hybrids on swedish commercial organic broiler chicken farms

Bird health and welfare in slower-growing hybrids on swedish commercial organic broiler chicken farms

Antibiotic use in commercial broiler chicken farming and its consequential resistance development in root colonizing bacteria of carrot grown in manure-applied soils in a middle-income country

Broiler chicken litter (BCL) is a cheap manure for vegetable crops in developing countries. Extensive antibiotic use in poultry production could increase antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in manure and eventually in crop root microbiome. We investigated the prevalence of ARB in BCL from medium- and large-scale farms (n = 33) and in carrot (Daucus carota) grown in BCL-applied soils in Sri Lanka. All the BCL samples contained aerobic bacteria resistant to 10 μg·mL−1 of oxytetracycline or enrofloxacin. The abundance of ARB determined by viable plate-count method ranged from 0.05% to 30.10% of aerobic bacterial population. Soil from two fields applied with BLC for 3 yr (short history, SH) and 10 yr (long history, LH) were treated with BCL (10%, w/w) and oxytetracycline (10 and 100 mg·kg−1) in a pot experiment alongside an unamended control. Adding BCL and oxytetracycline had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the abundance of oxytetracycline-resistant epiphytic and endophytic bacteria (EEB) in carrot roots at harvest. Both total and oxytetracycline-resistant EEB increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the application of BCL to LH soil but not to SH soil. Carrot sold at retailed markets (n = 30) contained epiphytic bacteria resistant to 1 μg·mL−1 oxytetracycline (4.13 ± 0.207 log10CFU·g−1 dry carrot). High minimum inhibitory concentrations for oxytetracycline (≥128 μg·mL−1) were observed in 83% and 50% of ARB isolates obtained from BCL (n = 18) and carrot (n = 24), respectively. Results confirmed that BCL acts as a carrier of ARB, and continuous application of BCL to soil increased the prevalence of ARB among EEB in carrot.

Analisis Penerapan Akuntansi Aset Biologis pada Usaha Peternakan Ayam Broiler Ditinjau dari Prespektif Islam

Animal husbandry related fields. Many animals are raised by humanis including chickens. Broiler chicken farming provides very promising benefits for breeders. Chicken is including in the biological assets regulated in PSAK 69. Mr Fatkhur established a business in the field of broiler chicken farming, which was named Barokah Farm, having his address at Gandusari district Trenggalek. The recording and preparation of financial reports carried out at Barokah Farm have not referred to PSAK 69 as a whole. Regarding the preparation of financial reports, it is very useful for chicken farming business actors, especially regarding the expenditure of needs during the process of selecting chicken seeds to selling broiler chicken to consumers. Descriptive or qualitative methods are used in this study. The data collected in this study were conducting interviews with Barokah Farm owners, observing objects before they were investigated and then documented. Questions asked by the researcher to Mr Fatkhur regarding the measurement, disclosure, recognition and preparation of financial statements at Barokah Farm. The result of the study show that the recording of financial statements at Barokah Farm is very simple and can only be understood by the Barokah Farm owner. While outsiders cannot understand the financial statements made at Barokah Farm. In Islamic, chicken farming is allowed and even recommended to fulfill daily life. In the Islamic perspective, it is very necessary to process the halalness of an item that will be used or consumed by many people.

Molecular characterization of chicken anemia virus in Guangxi Province, southern China, from 2018 to 2020.

BackgroundChicken anemia virus (CAV) causes chicken infectious anemia, which results in immunosuppression; the virus has spread widely in chicken flocks in China.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to understand recent CAV genetic evolution in chicken flocks in Guangxi Province, southern China.MethodsIn total, 350 liver samples were collected from eight commercial broiler chicken farms in Guangxi Province in southern China from 2018 to 2020. CAV was detected by conventional PCR, and twenty CAV complete genomes were amplified and used for the phylogenetic analysis and recombination analysis.ResultsThe overall CAV-positive rate was 17.1%. The genetic analysis revealed that 84 CAVs were distributed in groups A, B, C (subgroups C1-C3) and D. In total, 30 of 47 Chinese CAV sequences from 2005-2020 belong to subgroup C3, including 15 CAVs from this study. There were some specific mutation sites among the intergenotypes in the VP1 protein. The amino acids at position 394Q in the VP1 protein of 20 CAV strains were consistent with the characteristics of a highly pathogenic strain. GX1904B was a putative recombinant.ConclusionsSubgroup C3 was the dominant genotype in Guangxi Province from 2018–2020. The 20 CAV strains in this study might be virulent according to the amino acid residue analysis. These data help improve our understanding of the epidemiological trends of CAV in southern China.

Solid Waste Management of Chicken Farming in Besuki Village, Ampel Sub-District, Boyolali Regency: An Effort Toward Cleaner Production in Broiler Chicken Farming Business

Broiler farming is one of businesses that can be developed to meet the needs of animal-based protein for the community, in addition to providing jobs and increasing people's income. However, broiler farms release chicken manure whose smell can disturb the surrounding community. This study was conducted to explain the management of chicken farm waste that has been running and to analyze the advantages of processing chicken manure into compost as an effort to realize the clean production of broiler farms in Besuki village, Ampel sub-district, Central Java province. This research was conducted at CV Utomo Farm, Besuki Village, Ampel District, Central Java. A qualitative method with primary and secondary data was used. Primary data were collected by interview and observation, while the secondary data was collected from literatures. The data was analyzed by qualitative analysis. If the chicken manure is processed into compost, it is estimated that 10.319 tons of compost will be produced which will provide an additional income of Rp. 20,630,000.00, and the profit will reach Rp. 13,728,625.00 on a production scale of 27,000 chickens per 35 days. This effort will apply the clean production to minimize pollution by maximizing output.

Pathogenesis of Velogenic Genotype VII.1.1 Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Chicken in Egypt via Different Inoculation Routes: Molecular, Histopathological, and Immunohistochemical Study.

Simple SummaryNewcastle disease (ND) is a worldwide distributed highly infectious disease of wild and domestic birds. Regardless of vaccination procedures, little information is available about the pathogenicity and genetic characteristics of the circulating virus in the Egyptian environment. The current study was undertaken to estimate the role of the different inoculation routes in the pathogenicity of NDV. Therefore, induction of the infection was done with NDV-CH-EGYPT-F42-DAKAHLIA-2019 (VNDV) isolated strain in 28 day old white Ross male broiler chicks via intraocular, choanal, intranasal, mixed oculo-nasal routes. Interestingly, a series of findings including mortality rates, severity of clinical and histopathological lesions, and intensity of viral nucleoprotein immunolabeling were reported to be different according to the routes of inoculation. Clearly, the present findings provide novel descriptive and comparative histopathological and immunohistochemical findings about this virus in Egypt, and the obtained data may be useful for different vaccination strategies against NDV. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains a constant threat to the poultry industry. There is scarce information concerning the pathogenicity and genetic characteristics of the circulating velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in Egypt. In the present work, NDV was screened from tracheal swabs collected from several broiler chicken farms (N = 12) in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) was used for screening of velogenic and mesogenic NDV strains through targeting F gene fragment amplification, followed by sequencing of the resulting PCR products. The identified strain, namely, NDV-CH-EGYPT-F42-DAKAHLIA-2019, was isolated and titrated in the allantoic cavity of 10 day old specific pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs), and then their virulence was determined by mean death time (MDT) and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI). The pathogenicity of the identified velogenic NDV strain was also assessed in 28 day old chickens using different inoculation routes as follows: intraocular, choanal slit, intranasal routes, and a combination of both intranasal and intraocular routes. In addition, sera were collected 5 and 10 days post inoculation (pi) for the detection of NDV antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition test (HI), and tissue samples from different organs were collected for histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. A series of different clinical signs and postmortem lesions were recorded with the various routes. Interestingly, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for NDV nucleoprotein displayed widespread systemic distribution. The intensity of viral nucleoprotein immunolabeling was detected within different cells including the epithelial and endothelium lining, as well as macrophages. The onset, distribution, and severity of the observed lesions were remarkably different between various inoculation routes. Collectively, a time-course comparative pathogenesis study of NDV infection demonstrated the role of different routes in the pathogenicity of NDV. The intranasal challenge was associated with a prominent increase in NDV lesions, whereas the choanal slit route was the route least accompanied by severe NDV pathological findings. Clearly, the present findings might be helpful for implementation of proper vaccination strategies against NDV.

Risk factors for outbreaks caused by variant strain of Newcastle disease on environmentally controlled broiler chicken farms in Lahore, Pakistan

Newcastle disease (ND) is a frequently reported disease in poultry among both vaccinated and non-vaccinated flocks in Pakistan. During 2011-2012 poultry industry in Punjab, mainly in Lahore region, faced fatal outbreaks of ND caused by a variant strain. An analytical study was conducted during outbreak period in Lahore region. A total of 114 environmentally controlled farms were selected with the help of convenient sampling method. A questionnaire was designed about the potential risk factors associated with the spread of ND outbreak. The bivariate relationships between ND status and independent variables were investigated by applying the Chi-square and Fisher's exact test. Multivariable logistic model was used to estimate the effect of each studied variable on the outcome by adjusting the other variables in the model. The variables which showed an association with ND outbreaks at commercial poultry farms were improper method for dead birds disposal (OR=4.96; 95% CI 1.63-15.12), use of same feed transporting vehicle at multiple poultry farms (OR=4.92; 95% CI 1.58-15.33), farm to farm distance of less than 1 km (OR=9.32; 95% CI(1.19-73.12), number of sheds at one farm (OR=2.31; 95% CI 0.93-5.69), labor type (OR=2.72; 95% CI 0.83-8.88) and biosecurity (OR= 4.47; 95% CI 0.56-35.66).

Mycoplasma gallisepticum: a devastating organism for the poultry industry in Egypt

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a worldwide ruined bacteria affecting different avian species, causing severe economic losses. Consequently, the current research sought to detect the incidence of MG among different commercial broiler, layer chickens and turkey farms, and environmental litter samples in different Egyptian governorates (Damietta, Giza, El-Qalyobia, El-Sharqia, and El-Behera) from January 2019 to December 2020. Four hundred samples (infraorbital sinus aspirates, tracheal swabs, serum from diseased birds, and organ samples; lung tissues, air sacs and tracheal bifurcation from freshly dead birds), and environmental samples (litter) were collected for MG isolation. Samples were subjected to phenotypic and molecular identification. Positive bacteriological samples were subjected for molecular identification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to detect MG, then sequencing for PCR amplicon of mgc2 gene. Out of 332 samples subjected for bacteriological examination, 206 were bacteriologically positive for MG with an incidence of 62%. The highest incidence of MG was detected in turkey farms at a rate of 83%, followed by broiler chicken farms, layer chicken farms and litter samples at a percentage of 70, 40, and 40, respectively. The highest prevalence of MG in chickens and turkey was recorded during the winter and autumn seasons. Molecular identification of MG isolates revealed that 85% of isolates were positive for mgc2 gene using PCR. The Four sequenced strains in this study are closely related and placed in one group with the vaccine strain 6/85 and ts11 strain.

A study on the pathology of spontaneous aflatoxicosis and local farming practices in broiler chicken farm in Aizawl, Mizoram, India

A study on the pathology of spontaneous aflatoxicosis and local farming practices in broiler chicken farm in Aizawl, Mizoram, India

Survey of Salmonella in commercial broiler farms in Shiraz, southern Iran

Salmonella is one of the major causes of food-borne diseases, worldwide. The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence of Salmonella and to employ a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to confirm the presence of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in the broiler chicken farms in Shiraz, southern Iran. In addition, risk factors for the presence of Salmonella spp. at farm and flock levels were investigated. Fecal samples were collected from 22 broiler farms, including 35 broiler flocks. Conventional culture methods were used for Salmonella isolation, and the suspected isolates were confirmed by PCR with Salmonella specific primer (invA). Subsequently, PCR was performed to identify S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, using IE-1 and Flic-C primers, respectively. Information for farms and flocks was collected using a questionnaire. Twelve poultry flocks from eight farms were positive for Salmonella. The estimated prevalence of Salmonella was 36.4% at farm level and 34.3% at flock level. Based on the results of PCR, four farms were infected with S. Enteritidis, two farms with S. Typhimurium and one farm with both serovars, concurrently. Statistical analysis using generalized estimating equations showed that at flock level, odds of Salmonella presence increased when the number of chickens was more than 15000 (OR = 13.2, P = 0.023), and an increased odds of Salmonella was found for flocks in which antibiotics were used at sub-therapeutic or therapeutic doses during the rearing period (OR = 19.6, P = 0.003). At the farm level, there was a marginal association between Salmonella and using nipple drinker (OR = 0.08, P = 0.07) and keeping dogs on the farm (OR = 8.9, P = 0.06) by logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, Salmonella spp. including S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium are prevalent in the poultry flocks in the region. Considering the results and the fact that the flock size and its surrogate marker, stocking density are among the most consistently identified risk factors for Salmonella in the literature, production cycles with the appropriate number of chicks and proper stocking density are recommended. In addition, careful monitoring and prudent use of antibiotics in poultry farms could be practiced to control this human pathogen in preharvest poultry operations.

Sistem Pakar Diagnosis Penyakit Ayam Broiler Berbasis Web

Mr. Jumaldi Jani, SP., MM Broiler Chicken Farm is a chicken farm that was founded in 2013. In carrying out its business processes, handling of raising and developing poultry is only handled by one person who is taken as the farm supervisor. This is very ineffective in handling diseases that attack chickens because the knowledge of the maintenance and handling of chickens that have disease is only owned by one person. The purpose of this study is to create a Web-Based Chicken Disease Diagnosis Expert System, which can be accessed easily, quickly, economically, can be done anytime or anywhere without knowing the distance and time. The method used in this research is web engineering which has stages: customer communication, planning, modeling, construction and deployment. The establishment of a Web-Based Broiler Chicken Disease Diagnosis Expert System is expected to facilitate the public about conducting consultations on Broiler chicken disease easily, quickly, and economically, it can be done anytime and anywhere without looking for distance and time.

RESPON BOBOT BADAN AKHIR DAN KARKAS AYAM BROILER TERHADAP SUBSTITUSI SEBAGIAN PAKAN KOMERSIL DENGAN TEPUNG DAUN LAMTORO (Leucaena leucocephala) FERMENTASI

One of the obstacles faced by the broiler farmer breeders is the high price of feed, which can cause low profits obtained in the broiler chicken farming businesses. An alternative is to use fermented Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) leaf flour. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of partial replacement of a commercial ration with fermented Lamtoro leaf flour. This study was carried out according to a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications for each treatment, in which each experimental unit consisted of five-day-old chicks. The treatments were L0 (100% commercial feed), L1 (95% commercial feed + 5% fermented Lamtoro leaf flour), L2 (90% commercial feed + 10% fermented Lamtoro leaf flour), L3 (85% commercial feed + 15% fermented Lamtoro leaf flour), and L4 (80% commercial feed + 20% fermented Lamtoro leaf flour). The results showed that the substitution of the commercial rations up to the level of 20% had no significant effects (P>0.05) on all parameters tested (final body weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage, and percentage of chest, thigh, or back). From this study, it can be concluded that fermented Lamtoro leaf flour can replace the use of the commercial ration of broiler up to 20%.

Molecular evaluation and genetic characterisation of Newcastle disease virus's haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein isolated from broiler chickens in Iran.

BackgroundNewcastle disease (ND) virus (NDV) is one of the major pathogens in poultry farms that causes severe economic damages to the poultry industry, especially broiler chicken and turkey farms. Despite the endemicity of ND and its many epidemics in the country, the nature of the Iranian strain of the Newcastle virus is still largely unknown. This study aimed to characterise and evaluate NDV isolates obtained from commercial poultry farms in Iran in 2019 through haemagglutinin‐neuraminidase (HN) gene sequencing.MethodHN gene of each NDV isolate was amplified and sequenced using specific primers followed by phylogenetic analysis of full length of HN gene open reading frame and amino acid (aa) sequence of HN.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis of the HN gene showed that the virus is very closely related to genotypes VII and III. Analysis of HN gene nucleotide sequences showed that all isolates encode proteins with a length of 571 aa.ConclusionResults of the present study are useful for a better understanding of molecular epidemiology of indigenous NDV strains and determining important molecular differences between fields and commonly used vaccine strains related to main immunogenic proteins.

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Fowl Adenoviruses Associated with Inclusion Body Hepatitis-hydropericardium Syndrome in Broiler Chickens in Egypt

Avian adenoviruses are an extremely diversified group of pathogens that recently triggering a variety of problems for poultry production. In particular, Inclusion Body Hepatitis-Hydropericardium Syndrome (IBH-HPS), which has been observed in broiler birds from 3 to 6 weeks of age and is associated with anemia, hemorrhagic disorders, hydropericardium, and high mortality. The disease has been reported worldwide, and recently it was reported in many Egyptian farms, causing severe economic losses. Therefore, the current study aimed to isolate, and genetically type the most common Adenovirus serotypes associated with this syndrome in Egyptian farms. A total of 50 broiler chicken farms (3-6 weeks old) located in different Egyptian governorates were examined. Macroscopically, the diseased flock revealed hydropericardium, enlarged friable livers with ecchymotic hemorrhages, and varying mortality rates (1 to 7.5%). Histopathologically, severe diffuse necrotizing enteritis, hepatitis, pericarditis, and diffuse lymphoid depletion of the spleen were the most prominent lesions. Liver tissues and cloacal swabs were collected from all examined flocks for FAdVs detection by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the L1 loop in the hexon gene. The PCR products were sequenced for typing of the detected viruses. It was found that 10 out of 50 flocks examined were PCR positive for FAdVs (20%). Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced genes revealed that the obtained viruses clustered with reference strains belonging to FAdV type D and E serotype 2, 11, and 8a respectively. The isolation of both FAdV type D and FAdV type E were carried out on a primary cell culture chicken embryo liver cell (CEL) and the presence of these viruses was confirmed by PCR after the appearance of cytopathic effect (CPE). From this study, it could be concluded that both FAdVs types D and E are the most common adenoviruses circulating in poultry farms suffering from hydropericardium and inclusion body hepatitis.

Antibiotic Usage and Resistance in Food Animal Production: What Have We Learned from Bangladesh?

Irrational and inappropriate use of antibiotics in commercial chicken and aquaculture industries can accelerate the antibiotic resistance process in humans and animals. In Bangladesh, the growing commercial chicken and aquaculture industries are playing significantly important roles in the food value chain. It is necessary to know the antibiotic usage practices and antibiotic resistance in food animal production to design rational policies, guidelines, and interventions. We conducted a narrative review to understand the level of antibiotic usage and resistance in food animal production in Bangladesh. Information about antibiotic usage in different food animal production systems, including commercial chickens and aquaculture in Bangladesh is inadequate. Only a few small-scale studies reported that the majority (up to 100%) of the broiler and layer chicken farms used antibiotics for treating and preventing diseases. However, numerous studies reported antibiotic-resistant bacteria of public health importance in commercial chicken, fish, livestock, and animal origin food. The isolates from different pathogenic bacteria were found resistant against multiple antibiotics, including quinolones, the third or fourth generation of cephalosporins, and polymyxins. Veterinary practitioners empirically treat animals with antibiotics based on presumptive diagnosis due to inadequate microbial diagnostic facilities in Bangladesh. Intensive training is helpful to raise awareness among farmers, feed dealers, and drug sellers on good farming practices, standard biosecurity practices, personal hygiene, and the prudent use of antibiotics. Urgently, the Government of Bangladesh should develop and implement necessary guidelines to mitigate irrational use of antibiotics in food animals using a multi-sectoral One Health approach.