Broadcast Method Research Articles

Broadcast with Tree Selection from Multiple Spanning Trees on an Overlay Network

On an overlay network where a number of nodes work autonomously in a decentralized way, the efficiency of broadcasts has a significant impact on the performance of distributed systems built on the network. While a broadcast method using a spanning tree produces a small number of messages, the routing path lengths are prone to be relatively large. Moreover, when multiple nodes can be source nodes, inefficient broadcasts often occur because the efficient tree topology differs for each node. To address this problem, we propose a novel protocol in which a source node selects an efficient tree from multiple spanning trees when broadcasting. Our method shortens routing paths while maintaining a small number of messages. We examined path lengths and the number of messages for broadcasts on various topologies. As a result, especially for a random graph, our proposed method shortened path lengths by approximately 28% compared with a method using a spanning tree, with almost the same number of messages.

Broadcast efficiency in mobile ad hoc networks: Dynamic methods and constant approximation

The term "MANET," which stands for "Mobile Adhoc Network," refers to an ad hoc wireless network incorporating routing mechanism atop an ad hoc link layer network. These networks consist of wirelessly linked mobile nodes that selfconfigure and self-heal. Due to frequent changes in network architecture, MANET nodes have the freedom to move. Each node in the network serves as a router, forwarding traffic to specified nodes. Broadcast algorithms in wireless ad hoc networks typically follow two main approaches: static and dynamic. In the static approach, local algorithms proactively determine each node's status based on local topology information and a globally known priority function. This paper reveals that existing local broadcast algorithms based on the static approach fail to achieve a satisfactory approximation factor for the optimum solution to an NP-hard problem. However, it is demonstrated that a constant approximation factor is attainable when relative position information is available. The hybrid broadcast method dynamically determines each node's state "on-the-fly," ensuring complete delivery and maintaining a consistent value approaching the ideal outcome as closely as possible.

Translation of Metaphor as a Method of Inter-language Broadcasting of Images of the World (by the Material of Koran Translations)

Translation of Metaphor as a Method of Inter-language Broadcasting of Images of the World (by the Material of Koran Translations)

Economic Analysis of Tef Yield Response to Different Sowing Methods and Seed Rates in Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia

The study was conducted in 2019/2020 for two years in Habru, Kobo, and Dawa Chefa districts of the Eastern Amhara with the main objectives of evaluating and validating the productivity, evaluating economic feasibility and selecting the best performing sowing method and seed rate of tef technologies under farmers condition. The districts were selected based on their representativeness for the growth of tef. Three treatments were used for the study namely row planting with 5kg.ha-1, row planting with 10kg.ha-1, and hand broadcasting methods. Tef (Zoble variety) was used for the study purpose. Based on the data obtained, the highest yield was obtained from the hand broadcasting (25kg.ha-1) and the lowest yield was from the row planting (5kg.ha-1). The mean yield of tef from the hand broadcasting (25kg.ha-1) was 16.5% higher than the row planting (5kg.ha-1). Similarly, the labor utilization has increased from hand broadcasting 25kg.ha-1to row planting of (5kg.ha-1) and 10kg.ha-1. The labor cost for row plantings of tef was also higher, whereas the hand broadcasting (25kg.ha-1) consumed the least labor. This study therefore has proved that hand broadcasting is both high yielder and economically feasible in the Eastern Amhara. In addition to this, the study suggests that there should be additional seed rate study on broadcasting In order to gain optimum tef yield with feasible economic advantage.

Significance of Zinc Fortified Briquettes on Soil Properties, Zinc Concentration, Uptake and Economics of Rice

ABSTRACT Briquette formulation has the potential to enhance nutrient use efficiency due to deep placement of all essential nutrients maybe more efficient and farmers can be more benefited from this compared to broadcast method. Experiments were conducted to study the significance of Zn (ZnSO4·7H2O)-fortified UB-DAP, UB-Suphala and Konkan Annapurna Briquette (KAB) briquettes each @ 5, 10 and 15 kg ha−1 on soil properties, zinc concentration and their uptake by rice during Kharif 2016–2019 Cv. KJT-3 at RARS, Karjat under Inceptisols. The results showed that maximum rice yield (54.167 q ha−1) was recorded with the application of UB-KAB fortified with ZnSO4·7H2O @ 10 kg ha−1. Significantly higher SO4 2--S (25.841 mg kg−1) and available Zn (0.442 mg kg−1) were observed in UB-KAB fortified with 10 kg ha−1 ZnSO4·7H2O compared to other treatments. The data showed reduced chances of leaching losses and toxic effect to the plant enhanced the economics of rice production as well as harmonized release of nutrients and requirement by the crops. Hence, applying urea fortified briquette in rice field should be sensitized and adopted by rice farmers, since the application of 65 kg N ha−1 of urea briquette improved soil properties and rice production over 100 kg N ha−1 through broadcasting.

The Cultivation of Bilingual Broadcasting Host Talents under the New Media Environment

In view of the current situation of media in China, it is necessary to cultivate bilingual broadcasting talents. Based on the general environment of new media development, this paper uses literature research, survey research, content analysis, comparative research and other research methods. It studies the current talent needs of bilingual announcer and host starting from the role positioning and ability requirements of bilingual announcers and hosts. The current situation of relevant professional personnel training in colleges and universities is analyzed, and the existing problems are analyzed. The survey results show that the demand for talents in terms of language organization ability, language expression ability, on-the-spot strain ability and field control ability of double-broadcast positions is significantly higher than that of single-broadcast positions, which is closely related to the characteristics and work content of bilingual broadcasting and hosting positions. At present, the teaching method of bilingual broadcasting and hosting courses is relatively systematic, comprehensive, and scientific, and can implement flexible teaching according to the differences of students’ individual characteristics. However, there are still few innovative teaching methods such as task-driven teaching methods and thinking training teaching methods. This paper provides a certain direction and reference for the cultivation of bilingual broadcasting talents.

ReUse: Reliable and efficient RSU-enabled relay vehicle selection using harmony search and EDAS for message dissemination in VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are expected to provide the driver and passengers of a vehicle a number of safety and non-safety services in the very near future. The safety and non-safety related information are forwarded by the vehicles in the network so that the information reaches the intended vehicles. The vehicles can use either the broadcast links for forwarding the information or via roadside units (RSUs). As the safety (emergency) information intended for vehicles must be sent over the network in real time, the vehicles in the network must use a broadcast method for communication. However, the broadcast storm problem in the network leads to improper utilization of network resources. In this work, to alleviate the consequences of the broadcast storm, we propose an efficient relay vehicle selection mechanism ReUse for selecting the promising relay vehicle(s) in the network for data dissemination. The relay vehicle(s) is(are) chosen from the prime area of transmission range of the source vehicle depending on a number of factors including mobility, link quality, buffer size, and number of neighbours. In our work, two multicriteria decision tools named as Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) are used together for obtaining criteria weights and utilizing them for ranking the vehicles of the prime area for the selection of relay vehicles. The suggested approach beats existing relay vehicle selection schemes in terms of reachability, redundancy rate, collision rate, delay, PDR, PSR, and throughput, according to simulation results.

Evidence of efficacy of the Integrated Literacy Study Group professional learning program to enhance reading instruction for students with emotional and behavioral disorders

AbstractThis article reports on a pilot study of the Integrated Literacy Study Group, a digitally delivered professional learning intervention to prepare elementary school teachers to provide evidence‐based reading instruction and behavioral strategies to students with or are at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders. Using broadcast methods, we recruited 72 teachers across five states in the western United States to participate in the randomized controlled trial. Intervention teachers, relative to controls, made significant gains in self‐efficacy and use of the reading and behavioral strategies learned in the professional learning program. Students with or at risk of emotional and behavioral disorders served by participating teachers made significant improvements in academic competence and engagement. Teacher professional learning can improve teacher knowledge of evidence‐based reading and behavioral strategies for students with (or at risk for) emotional and behavioral disorders, teacher self‐efficacy, and teacher practice, with positive impacts on student early literacy and academic competence.

Increasing the Productivity of Lentil through Agronomic Interventions in Nepal

The low productivity of lentil due to adaptation of poor crop management practices is the main problem of the lentil production in western terai region of Nepal. With an objective of selecting appropriate variety, sowing time, sowing method, seeding rate, priming techniques and weed management practice for lentil cultivation four different experiments were conducted at Grain Legumes Research Program, Khajura, Banke in two winter seasons of 2017/18 and 2018/19. The experiment on sowing time was conducted in split-plot design including four lentil varieties and four sowing dates, while the seeding rate experiment was laid out in split-split-plot design with the treatments of two varieties, two sowing methods and four seed rates. Similarly, seed priming and weed management trails were conducted in RCBD with ten treatments. All the experiments were replicated three times. The highest seed yield of lentil was recorded from the early maturing lentil varieties, i.e. PL 4 (934 kg ha–1) and ILL 7979 (864 kg ha–1). Similarly, lentil sowing on October (940 kg ha–1) produced the higher seed yield than sowing on November (682 kg ha–1). Likewise, the highest seed yield of lentil was recorded from the use of seeding rate 60 kg ha–1 (890 kg ha–1), but it was statistically at par with the seeding rates of 40 kg ha–1 (865 kg ha–1) and 50 kg ha–1 (855 kg ha–1). Differently, the seed yield of lentil didn’t differ significantly under line (856 kg ha–1) and broadcasting (847 kg ha–1) methods of sowing. The seed priming with a 250 ppm solution of sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) produced significantly the highest seed yield (961 kg ha–1) in lentil. Similarly, the highest and statistically similar seed yield of lentil was recorded with the weed management practice of two hand weeding (924 kg ha–1) and the use of Pendimethalin (898 kg ha–1) and Pendimethalin-Quizolofop-ethyl (857 kg ha–1) as a pre-emergence. Thus, the adaptation of appropriate variety, planting time, seeding rate, seed priming technique, sowing method and weed management practices are the major factors of production for getting higher yield of lentil.

A relay-based power optimization algorithm for platooning

As one of the advanced applications of C-V2X (cellular vehicle to everything), the platoon can effectively improve travel efficiency. Vehicles in the platoon must exchange information in real-time, and the platoon head needs to take a managerial role. However, in a high-density scenario, when platoon heads are assigned the same sub-channel for transmission, there will be interference between multiple platoons. If platoon heads use the traditional method of broadcast with fixed power, excessive power will cause interference to other platoons, and insufficient power will affect the communication quality in the platoon. As a result, an appropriate power allocation scheme is required. In this paper, a relay-based multi-platoon cooperative power optimization scheme is proposed to minimize total power consumption while meeting the requirements of delay and receiving signal-to-noise ratio. This scheme reduces the broadcast power required for each hop by selecting appropriate relay vehicles in the platoon, thereby reducing interference to other platoons and total power consumption. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme allows more platoon members than the traditional scheme while significantly lowering the total power consumption.

NCPR Reducing Path-Discovery Overload in Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET’s)

In this research manuscript we propose in improved NCPR protocol with security mechanism against attack. less broadcast traffic than flood broadcast method minimizing congestion and collision with maximum data packet delivery the scheme stands in with high density network which is main performance parameter. Due to soaring mobility of nodes in MANETs there exist recurrent connection breakages which direct to recurrent path crash and route Findings. The overhead of a path discovery cannot be deserted. In a route discovery, broadcasting is an original and successful data distribution method, where a movable node blindly rebroadcasts the first established route appeal packets unless it has a route to the target, and thus it causes the broadcast tempest difficulty. In this Manuscript we propose a neighbor coverage- based probabilistic rebroadcast protocol (NCPR0 for reducing routing overhead in MANETs. In arrange to successfully exploit the neighbor coverage knowledge, we recommend a novel rebroadcast delay to resolve the rebroadcast categorize, and then we can gain the more exact supplementary coverage ratio by sensing neighbor coverage knowledge. We also classify a connectivity factor to provide the node density adaptation. By combining the additional coverage ratio and connectivity factor, we set a reasonable rebroadcast probability. Our approach combines the advantages of the neighbor coverage knowledge and the probabilistic mechanism, which can appreciably diminish the number of retransmissions so as to reduce the routing overhead and can also progress the routing performance.

Factors influencing inorganic fertilizer use among rice farmers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

This study examined factors influencing inorganic fertilizer use among rice farmers in Ebonyi state, Nigeria. A total of 120 rice farmers were purposively selected and used for the study. Data were collected by use of interview schedule and analyses were conducted using frequency, percentage, mean score and regression. Results showed that the respondents applied mostly urea fertilizer (54.2%) usually once (55.8%) on rice farm using broadcast method (100%). The amount of fertilizer applied per hectare in rice farm was 85.63kg. Rice farmers’ inorganic fertilizer use were influenced by number of years spent in school, years of experience in rice production, total size of farm used for rice, total annual income earned from rice production and number of extension agent visit. Surprisingly, rice output (t =1.243; p≥0.05) had no significant influence with inorganic fertilizer use. Government through the ministry of agriculture should organize workshops and train farmers on inorganic fertilizer use so as to enhance adequate use. Also, government and other relevant stakeholders in agriculture should ensure that inorganic fertilizers are available, accessible and affordable to farmers at all time so that they could maximally utilize it in rice production.

Performance on Multiple Pilot-Based Grouping Methods in Satellite-Terrestrial Cooperative Wireless Networks

The grouping method is an efficient transmitting strategy in a spatial diversity system. In this paper, relay-based grouping methods in satellite terrestrial cooperative wireless networks are proposed. The proposed methods focus on finding out the best two signals received from relay stations in a user’s neighborhood and use the advantage of space diversity to overcome the effect of channel fading. A grouping method, called the pilot-based grouping method was proposed in our previous work. In order to improve the grouping success rate and the channel capacity, a modified grouping method is proposed. In addition, for a single relay the modified grouping method can achieve better results than the pilot-based grouping method. In the end, several analysis strategies of the grouping method for multimedia broadcast and multicast services in satellite terrestrial cooperative networks are proposed. The simulation results show the performance improvement and the system evaluation for different quality of services in the demanded relay-based cooperative networks. The proposed modified grouping methods can be widespread in any relay-based cooperative networks.

Innovative Development of the Broadcast Style of TV Newscasters——Take CCTV as an Example

Modern society is a society with diversified information dissemination channels, people's aesthetics are increasingly improved, and traditional news broadcasting is facing huge challenges and opportunities. Based on this, China's news media practitioners have innovated the style of news broadcasting. This article first points out that the news broadcast style plays an important role in the development and promotion of news programs, and then gives the example of the new style of news broadcasting in the news column that has entered the public vision with different broadcasting methods than the previous broadcasting methods, and then further points out the thinking about the personalized broadcasting of news broadcasters, and takes this as the keynote to analyze the moral mechanism behind the personalized broadcasting method under social pluralism, in order to effectively guide the innovative development of the new style of news broadcasting.

Performance evaluation of frontline demonstration on line sowing of jute by CRIJAF multi-row seed drill in Hooghly district of West Bengal

Sowing of small seeds like jute by CRIJAF multi-row seed drill has numerous benefits over traditional method of broad casting. Under NFSM (CC) Jute programme, ICAR-CRIJAF, Barrackpore has been conducting FLDs on improved production technologies of jutein major jute growing districts of West Bengal. A study was conducted in Hooghly district of the state to evaluate the performance of FLDs on line sowing of jute by CRIJAF multi-row seed drill, one of the most important production technologies of jute.The three-year (2017–2019) results of FLDs were compiled and further analysed to calculate the per cent increase in yield, Extension gap, Technology gap and Technology index. An average increase in fibre yield (243 kg/ha) had been recorded in demonstration plots throughout the years. Technology gap had been found ranging from 6.26 q/ha to 7.89 q/ha whereas Extension gap had been identified to be in the array of2.29 q/ha to 2.60 q/ha over thesethree years. Technology index has been calculated to be in the range of 16.09 per cent to 20.28 per cent. There were reduction in total cost of cultivation (7956/ha - 12156/ha), increases in gross return (11810/ha - 16546/ha), net return (23387/ha - 27376/ha) and benefit-cost ratio (0.37- 0.41) in the demonstration plots during 2017–2019. It was proved by the FLD results that line sowing of jute by CRIJAF multi-row seed drill has an undoubted advantage over the conventional broadcasting method.

Effect of lime on selected soil chemical properties, maize (Zea mays L.) yield and determination of rate and method of its application in Northwestern Ethiopia

Soil acidity is the major soil chemical constraint that limits agricultural productivity in the highlands of Ethiopia receiving high rainfall. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different lime rates determined through different lime rate determination methods on selected soil chemical properties and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) on acidic Nitisols of Mecha district, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The experiment had 10 treatments (0, 0.06, 0.12, 0.18, 1, 2, 3.5, 4, 7 and 14 tons ha−1 lime) that were calculated by three lime rate determination methods and applied through three lime application methods (spot, drill and broadcast). The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. N at the rate of 180 kg ha−1 and P at the rate of138 P2O5 kg ha−1 were applied to all plots. A full dose of P and lime as a treatment were applied at planting; whereas N was applied in split, 1/2 at planting and 1/2 at knee height stage. One composite soil sample before planting from experimental site and again one composite sample from each experimental unit were taken after harvest to analyze soil chemical parameters following appropriate laboratory procedure. Liming showed a positive significant difference on pH-H2O, pH-buffer, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable bases but it had an inverse and significant effect on exchangeable acidity (EA). However, it didn't show any significant difference on soil C and N. Grain and above-ground biomass of maize yields had significant differences among treatments. The highest grain and biomass yields (7719 and 18180.6 kg ha−1, respectively) were obtained from application of broad cast method while the lowest (6479 and 15004.6 kg ha−1, respectively) were obtained from control treatment. Drill lime application method provided better efficiency with over 200% cost reduction advantage compared to the broadcast method to ameliorate the same level of acidity. Application of 3.5 tons ha−1 lime in the drilling method is recommendable to ameliorate soil acidity. However, from an economic point of view, application of 0.12 tons ha−1 lime applied in the micro-dosing method is more profitable due to low variable cost.

Weed-Free Durations and Fertilization Regimes Boost Nutrient Uptake and Paddy Yield of Direct-Seeded Fine Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Under the changing climate, fertilization regimes and weed infestation management in aromatic direct-seeded fine rice (DSR) remain vital for curbing environmental hazards and ensuring food security. A multi-year field study was undertaken to appraise the influence of fertilization techniques and weed-free periods on weed dynamics, nutrient uptake and paddy yield in a semi-arid environment. Treatments included two fertilization methods (broadcasting and side placement) and five weed-free durations (20, 30, 40, 50 post-seeding days, DAS) along with a weed-free crop for a whole season. Weed competition for a season-long crop (weedy check) was maintained for each fertilizer application method. Our results revealed that the side placement of fertilizers resulted in a significantly lower weed density and biomass, even under season-long weed competition. The highest paddy yield was recorded for a crop without weeds, while weed-free duration of up to 50 DAS followed it. The uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) for a weed-free duration of up to 50 DAS were only 19%, 9% and 8%, respectively, as compared to the weedy check. The uptake of N, P and K by weeds in the broadcast method was 18%, 30% and 24% higher, compared to side-placed fertilizers. The period of 20–50 DAS remained critical in DSR as far as weed control was concerned. Thus, the side placement of fertilizers and controlling weeds for up to 50 days after rice sowing can be recommended for general adoption in semi-arid agro-ecological conditions.

Precision Nutrient Rates and Placement in Conservation Maize-Wheat System: Effects on Crop Productivity, Profitability, Nutrient-Use Efficiency, and Environmental Footprints

Intensive tillage-based production systems coupled with inefficient fertilizer management practices have led to increased production costs, sub-optimal productivity, and significant environmental externalities. Conservation agriculture (CA) is being increasingly advocated as a management strategy to overcome these issues but precision nutrient management under the CA-based maize-wheat system is rarely studied. Two year’s (2014–2015 and 2015–2016) research was conducted at the research farm of BISA, Pusa, Bihar, India to develop precision nutrient management practices for CA-based management in the maize-wheat system. Seven treatment combinations involving (i) tillage (conventional tillage; CT & permanent beds; PB) and (ii) nutrient management rates, application methods (farmers’ fertilizer practices; FFP, state recommended dose of fertilizer; SR and precision nutrient management using Nutrient Expert tool; NE and GreenSeeker; (GS), applied using two methods; broadcasting (B) and drilling (D)) were investigated for multiple parameters. The results showed that NE, NE+GS, and SR-based nutrient management tactics with drilling improved crop yields, nutrient-use efficiency (NUE), and economic profitability relative to NE-broadcasting, SR broadcasting, and FFP broadcasting methods. Maize-wheat system productivity and net returns under NE+GS-drilling on PB were significantly higher by 31.2%, 49.7% compared to FFP-broadcasting method, respectively. Total global warming potential (GWP) was lower in the PB-based maize-wheat system coupled with precision nutrient management compared to CT-based maize-wheat system with FFP. Higher (15.2%) carbon sustainability index (CSI) was recorded with NE-drilling compared to FFP-broadcasting method. Results suggests that PB-based maize-wheat system together with precision nutrient management approaches (NE+GS+drilling) can significantly increase crop yields, NUE, and profitability while reducing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from maize-wheat systems in eastern Indo Gangetic Plains (IGP).

Pengaruh Metode Budidaya dan Asal Bibit terhadap Pertumbuhan Gracilaria verrucosa Yang Dibudidayakan Di Tambak Desa Kaliwungu, Kabupaten Brebes

Gracilaria verrucosa is one of the seaweeds with good economic value that can be cultivated in ponds. The demand for Gracilaria is increasing as an ingredient for food, beverage, cosmetic, pharmaceutical manufacturing industries. The factors that determine the success of Gracilaria culture: cultivation methods include the seeds quality and source.This study aims to determine the effect of different Gracilaria seeds sources and its culture methods on its growth, to determine the interaction between methods and seed sources. This study aims to determine the effect of different Gracilaria seeds sources and its culture methods on its growth, to determine the interaction between methods and seed sources The research was conducted in October-November 2020 in Kaliwlingi Village, Brebes District, Brebes Regency, Central Java. The experimental used was factorial design with 2 factors: Factor 1: seed sources (A): A1 = Seed from Semarang; A2 = seed from Brebes; A3 seeds from Demak. Factor 2: cultivation method (B): B1 = longline; B2 = off-bottom; B3: broadcast. So there were 9 treatment combinations: A1B1, A2B1, A3B1; A2B1, A2B2, A2B3; A3B1, A3B2, A3B3, each treatment with 3 replications. The data collected include: growth of gracilaria during 60 days. The Specific Growth Rate (SGR) analyzes using ANOVA. The results showed the origin of seedlings and cultivation methods have a very real effect (P<0.05) on SGR Gracilaria. The highest SGR was at treatment A1B1 (Semarang seeds longline method) = 1.84±0.17%/day, and the lowest was treatment A3B3 (Demak seedlings broadcast method) of 0.25±0.13%/day. The water quality measurement results obtained indicate that the water quality at the research location is in a tolerable range for the growth of seaweed. Keywords: Gracilaria, seed source, longline, broadcast, off-bottom.

Adjusting Nitrogen Rates with Split Applications: Modelled Effects on N Losses and Profits Across Weather Scenarios

The frequency and timing of nitrogen (N) application on corn strongly influences environmental N losses and yield, particularly in different weather. Split N application is a 4R (Right Source, Right Rate, Right Time, Right Place) nutrient management practice that ensures sufficient N supply when the crop needs it most, minimizing N losses to the environment, while allowing N rate adaptations as the season evolves. The purpose of this study is to investigate the agronomic, environmental, and economic performance of split N application on corn compared to traditional pre-plant broadcast methods under alternative timings, weather scenarios and N rates at Elora, Ontario, using biophysical and economic simulation models. The modelled results show that split N application with rate adjustments may increase profit between 14.6% and 19.5% in dry conditions and between 1.4% and 15.7% in wet conditions, while lowering environmental NO3- leaching, N2O emissions and NH3 volatilization losses in most weather. However, only in dry weather does the profit maximizing split N application strategy maximize environmental benefits, giving rise to the potential for government policy to address this trade-off between economic pursuits and environmental goals.