British Standard BS Research Articles

Comparison between Chinese and British Standards for Strand Anchor Structure Design

In this paper, the relevant provisions regarding the classification, safety factor, strand anchor structure design and corrosion protection design are compared between the British standard BS EN 1537:2013, BS 08081:2015 and the Chinese national standard GB 50086-2015, the main differences of the strand anchor design are summarized, which can be used as reference for other strand anchor designers and researchers.

STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION AND GRADING OF LESS-USED NIGERIAN GROWN TIMBER SPECIES FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

The demand for timber is unlimited as it continues to increase rapidly in Nigeria. There is problem of undocumented properties of unpopular timber species used locally, especially in developing countries such as Nigeria. This research therefore aimed at characterizing and grading of three (3) less-used timber species in Nigeria for structural uses. Ayunre (Albizia zygia), Eku (Brachystegia eurycoma) and Ire (Funtunia elastica) timber species were obtained from different sawmills in Ilorin, Nigeria and preparation of various test specimens are in accordance with British Standards BS 373: 1957. A total of 300 specimens were used in determining the strength characteristics of the timber species a 300 kN capacity Testometric Universal Testing Machine (UTM) at Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Laboratory, University of Ilorin. Twenty (20) specimens for each timber species were tested for structural/strength properties according to the British Standard. Results show that the timber species had average moisture contents of 12.47, 11.78 and 12.71% for Ayunre, Eku and Ire, respectively. For density classification, Ayunre and Eku were classified as heavy wood and Ire as light wood. The results obtained provided quantitative details of the strength properties of selected timber species which can be used in determining the application of these timber species for structural applications. The timber species were, therefore graded according to NCP 2 (1973), EN 338 (2009) and BS 5268 (2002).

Abrasion Resistance, Flexural Toughness and Impact Resistance of Rubberized Concrete

This study aimed to investigate abrasion resistance, flexural toughness and impact resistance of concrete mixes with incorporated particles of crumb rubber (CR) as a partial substituent by volume to concrete natural aggregates. Seven concrete mixes were prepared with water to cement ratio 0.4 and cement content 450 kg/m3 . One mix, with no rubber content, was considered as a reference mix to compare the designated mechanical properties of plain rubberized mixes, while the remaining six mixes contained crumb rubber as a partial replacer at levels of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume of each sand and crushed stone aggregates. Abrasion resistance was evaluated according to British standard BS 1338 and impact resistance was measured according to ACI 544.2R. It has been discovered that increasing CR replacement level led to a significant improvement in abrasion resistance, flexural toughness, and impact resistance (number of blows that cause failure cracking). Abrasion lengths decreased by 3.0 - 20.6%, while flexural toughness and impact resistance increased by 8.2 - 39.4% and 18.7 - 365.4% respectively with increasing crumb rubber replacement level.

Sewage Sludge Incorporating Into Fired Clay Brick: Indoor Air Quality Testing

Sewage industry have generated huge amount of sewage sludge. It is found that the amount of sewage sludge generated by Malaysia sewerage companies has reached 5.3 million m3 per year. Sewage sludge (SS) are usually disposed into a landfill or incineration but due to the huge amount of sludge produced and limited availability of lad, it has become an environmental hazard. Thus, this research was conducted to utilize sludge that resulted from the wastewater treatment plant into fired clay brick as well as contributed to other alternative disposal method for the sludge. This research focuses on the investigation of indoor air quality of fired clay brick incorporating with SS. The SS was collected from IWK located at Senggarang and Perwira whilst clay soil was collected at Yong Peng, Johor. The characteristics of SS and clay soil were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). From the results, it showed that SS was high with silicon oxide (SiO2) and zinc (Zn) that makes it compatible to replace clay soil as raw materials. Next, two types of sewage sludge brick (SSB) which are Senggarang brick (SB) and Perwira brick (PB) were incorporated with 0%, 1%, 5%, 10% and 20% of SS respectively. Then, the compressive strength test was conducted in accordance with the British Standard BS 3921: 1985. Based on the result, it shows that 5% of SS replacements as clay soil into fired clay brick have achieved the optimum strength. As for the indoor air quality (IAQ) test were done in walk-in stability chamber (WiSC) and the gas emission was compared with the Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality (ICOP-IAQ) through Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia (DOSH, 2010). From the result, IAQ brick for SB and PB showed that up to 5% in fired clay brick were complied with the standard which below the acceptable limit that has provided for wall, column and cube formed. Thus, as a conclusion this method provided an alternative disposal method for the SS whilst producing a new low-cost building material with no negative effect to human as well as benefit to the environment.

Evaluation of plasticity and consolidation characteristics of migmatite–gneiss-derived laterite soils

Information on plasticity and consolidation characteristics of soil materials have been found to be profoundly important for preliminary structural planning and designs since these properties influence soils’ compressibility and settlement characteristics and, by extension, the performance of any engineering structure on the soils. The dependency or relationship of consolidation characteristics with plasticity characteristics of remolded migmatite–gneiss-derived laterite soils from southwestern Nigeria was statistically evaluated. A total of eight (8) bulk disturbed soil samples were subjected to Atterberg limits tests and one-dimensional consolidation tests following British Standard BS 1377 methods. Further, the results obtained were subjected to regression analysis. The plasticity index (PI), linear shrinkage, and shrinkage index values ranged from 8.0 to 33.65, 4.3 to 10.7, and 19.0 to 50.2, respectively. The average coefficient of consolidation (Cv) and compression index (Cc) values ranged from 0.02184 to 0.03290 mm2/min and 0.0203 to 0.0812, respectively. The correlation coefficient of compression index values with plasticity index and shrinkage index values is 0.90 and 0.72, respectively. The coefficient of correlation (r) of the relationship between consolidation coefficient values and consolidation pressure (AP) values of 20–160 kPa (loading session only) is 0.97. The coefficients of correlation (r) of average consolidation coefficient values with linear shrinkage, shrinkage index, and plasticity index values are 0.60, 0.73, and 0.88, respectively. Hence, coefficient of consolidation and compression index have better correlations with plasticity index over shrinkage index and linear shrinkage. Further, the correlation coefficient of plasticity Index (PI) with all the consolidation coefficient values, derived at each stage of effective vertical consolidation pressures (AP) of 20–160 kPa (loading and unloading), is 0.79. Based on these results, correlation equations for predicting consolidation coefficient and compression index were proposed. This evaluation has aided better understanding of the relationship between consolidation and plasticity characteristics of migmatite–gneiss-derived laterite soils and can be applied to several other basement terrains.

A Comparison Between Chinese and British Standards For Concrete Exposed Environment In Durability Design Of Concrete Structures

With the development of China’s economy, construction enterprises’ overseas projects are increasing day by day. The first principle of overseas construction is to understand the local specifications. In this paper, the British standards BS EN 206-2013 and BS 8500-2015 and Chinese standard GB/T 50476-2008 are selected as the research objects, and the concrete exposure environment in the durability design of concrete structures is compared, so as to help Chinese enterprises understand the overseas codes, promote the cooperation between Chinese and British enterprises and the construction of Chinese enterprises in the United Kingdom.

Stress Intensity Factor of Semielliptical Surface Crack in Internally Pressurized Hollow Cylinder-A Comparison between BS 7910 and API 579/ASME FFS-1 Solutions.

The purpose of this research is to compare both British standard BS 7910 (2013) and American standard API 579/ASME FFS-1 (2016) stress intensity factor (SIF) solutions by considering a series of semielliptical surface cracks located in the external surface of a pressurized hollow cylinder in the axial direction. Finite element analysis was used as a comparison basis for both standards’ SIF results. The solution from the British standard provided consistent results compared to Finite Element (FE) results for crack depth not much higher than half the thickness in the deepest and surface-breaking points. Above those limits, the British standard’s solutions diverged quite a lot from the American standard, whose results followed FE values for every crack depth/thickness ratio tested with a maximum percentage difference of 1.83%.

Evaluation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Hybrid Composites from Food Packaging and Textiles Wastes

In the present work, hybrid composites were designed by using shredded Tetra Pak packages as food packaging wastes and wool yarn wastes as textiles wastes for potential alternative construction and building materials. Hybrid composites were fabricated by mixing different ratios (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%) of wool yarn wastes with shredded Tetra Pak wastes. Mechanical properties in terms of flexural, tensile strength, internal bonding (IB) in addition to the impact properties and physical properties in terms of thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA) and density of the fabricated composites were analyzed and compared with the properties of commercial wood particleboards. Results showed that when the ratios of wool yarn wastes increased to 15% in hybrid composites, modulus of rupture value reached 15.10 ± 1.01 MPa which is higher than that of particleboards (types P2, P4, and P6 as per the British Standards—BS). The highest IB strength was found to be 0.60 MPa for the hybrid composites with 10% wool yarn content, while IB values of the other samples reduced with increasing the amount of wool yarn wastes. Moreover, TS and WA of the fabricated hybrid composites were found to be better than commercial particleboards and they also encountered the minimum strength requirements in BS. Overall, we concluded that the developed hybrid composites from agro-industrial waste materials could be utilized as promising alternative source of raw materials to manufacture value added eco-friendly, advanced and sustainable structural applications such as wood panels.

Study of Sound Direction Evacuation

Nowadays, many buildings have exit signs which are used to guide occupancies to the exit when an emergency happens. However the assistance given by signage based on visual means may be reduced or totally ineffective in a smoke filled environment. And occupants may not be familiar with the building and its associated emergency egress routes and may have to rely on exit maps, markings, or signage to guide them to an exit or other means of evacuation. There are other limitations of signage-based visual means. Persons with visual disabilities will have difficulty with emergency information that relies on visual cues. Other weaknesses are that the illuminated exit signs may often compete with nearby bright lights or other visual elements. Exit signs may be inadvertently blocked from view due to renovations or remodeling of building.Directional sound is a new kind of signage which can help occupants to pinpoint instantly where the sound is coming from and find the exit quickly. Used as a directional sound pattern, broadband sound can enable localization cures due to all binaural transfer function and precedence effect mechanisms. And broadband sound is distinctive from the audible sounds of bells and fire emergency voice speakers.The fire alarm sounders and the fire emergency voice speakers are two important sounds in a fire emergency evacuation. So the compatibility of the directional sounders with fire alarm sounders and fire emergency voice speakers is very important in application. The three sound used in a fire emergency evacuation should work timesharingly and alternately.Ambient sound levels may greatly affect the performance of the directional sounders, for the ambient sound may possibly have wide spectral range. A directional sound test room is built according to Annex B Directional test for sounders of the British standard BS PAS 41:2003[1] Directional Sounders – Requirements and tests. And tests were made to see the performance of different frequency distribution sounds used for evacuation direction under ambient sound levels.

Poliuretanowe struktury kompozytowe z tkaninami 3D

Polyurethanes (PUR), which are known to exhibit energy absorption properties, have been selected for use as structural elements of the shields protecting the rescuers from the shockwaves. In order to increase the ability of these materials to absorb energy the composite structures containing polyester 3D fabrics have been prepared. Polyurethanes of various hardness (40, 85, 95 ShA) were used in the study. The impact tests were carried out with two analytical methods using Dynatup 9250HV column impact hammer and the impact energy absorption testing setup constructed with accordance to the British standard BS 7971-4:2002. The evaluated polyurethanes with different hardness exhibited similar capabilities of energy absorption (more than 82 J). Introduction of polyester 3D fabrics increased the amount of energy that could be absorbed by the examined composite structures (more than 87 J).

The Impact of Physical and Chemical Properties to Form a Slip Surface in Pyroclastic Breccia in Pawinihan Landslide, Banjarnegara

Pawinihan Landslide in 2006 is a landslide that occurred in breccia material that has weathered. So this study will discuss the influence of weathering to form sliding surface. Weathering is as a result of a natural process because of the atmosphere and hydrosphere condition. These changes will affect the decrease of the rock strength. This study will focus on the influence of physical and chemical weathering to landslide. The method used is the British Standard BS EN ISO 14689-1 to differentiate levels of weathering, and then perform a sampling of the physical, mechanical, and chemical weathering on different levels. Furthermore there will be a study of slope stability by differentiating layers of weathering level. The results obtained are sliding surface at a weathering rate of 3 in accordance with conditions on the ground, but it rather shift up to conditions on the ground.

A laboratory investigation of the antimicrobial activity of a selection of western phytomedicinal tinctures

IntroductionFollowing the observed success of a herbal cocktail in controlling and eliminating acute respiratory infections in a group of approximately sixty, 1–3 year old equines, it was decided to test ten of the herbs individually for antibacterial activity, using in vitro methodology. MethodsHydroethanolic extracts of defined concentration for each of the ten herbs were sourced from a licensed supplier in the UK. Positive and negative controls were included in the study.A quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics according to British Standard BS EN 1276:2009 was used to assess the anti-microbial activity of ten neat herbal tinctures. ResultsBactericidal activity is described as the capability of a product to produce at least a 5 log10 reduction in specified test organisms within 5 minutes when the disinfectant is tested at its intended use dilution(s). The performance of each neat herbal tincture in this study was assessed only under moderate to heavy (dirty) soiling conditions.Commiphora molmol, Inula helenium, and Thymus vulgaris showed antimicrobial activity against all three test strains of bacteria, and over the entire dilution range (10−1 to 10−7).Baptisia tinctoria, Echinacea pupurea, Marribium vulgare, and Salvia officinalis, showed maximum antimicrobial activity only to two of the three test organisms.The tinctures of Galium aperine and Glechoma hederacea showed zero to very low antimicrobial activity against the three test organisms. ConclusionA herbal formulation containing a blend of the ten tested herbs constitutes a powerful antimicrobial cocktail.

Geotechnical Characterization of Sub-Soil within Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso-Nigeria

This study investigates geotechnical characterizations of sub-soil within LAUTECH community as well as the relevant engineering characteristics were evaluated to enable appropriate foundation design. Nine (9) soil samples were obtained at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0m using boring methods from three locations: LAUTECH Security Unit,(LSU:N8°5.977; E4 10.112), LAUTECH Chapel, (LC:N8° 07.756; E004’ 12.981), and LAUTECH Software Building, (LSB: N8° 09.986; E4’15.781′). The samples were subjected to visual examination and subsequently geotechnical tests in accordance to British Standards BS 1377, (2000). The tests were Specific Gravity (SG), Particle Size Distribution Analyses (PSDA), Liquid Limit (LL), Plastic Limit (PL), and Compaction test using British Standard Light (BSL) compactive effort, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS). The samples from all the locations varied from light brown sand to reddish gravel. The SG values for LSU, LSB and LC were (2.66, 2.63, 2.37); (2.68, 2.59, 2.60); (2.48, 2.67, 2.43), respectively, while the grain size varied from fine to coarse. The LL values obtained for LSU, LSB and LC were 38.0, 37.0, 44.0% and 34.0, 32.0, 35.0%, while the corresponding PL values were 21.0, 26.0, 28.0%, and 24.0, 20.0, 21.0%, respectively. The maximum dry density values were (1.94, 1.66, 1.38; 2.38, 2.23, 1.93; 2.02, 2.12, 1.77) g/cm’and OMC values were (13.5, 17.2, 19.2; 11.6, 16.4, 13.8; 12.1, 9.4, 14.0) %, respectively. The ranges of CBR values for the soaked and un-soaked samples for LSU, LSB and LC were 26.0 – 38.0; 36 – 52; 26.0 – 59.0%, and 61 – 74; 71 – 85; 56 – 70%, respectively. The UCS values for the disturbed and undisturbed samples were (363 ~ 865; 497 ~ 694; 202 ~ 596) kN/w and (396 ~ 831; 427 ~ 726; 236 – 732) KNAm’. The samples obtained from LSU and LC were classified as A-2, while LSB sample was classified as A-4 and A-6. The samples obtained at (1m) depths within LAUTECH Community are suitable as sub-grade materials. Hence, stabilization is recommended at further depths prior to their applications for engineering purposes.

Some physical and mechanical properties of African birch (<i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i>) timber

The use of locally manufactured or waste materials in structural buildings without loss of performance is very crucial to the growth of developing countries. This report provides the results of some physical and mechanical property tests carried out on air dried African birch ( Anogeissus leiocarpus ) timber grown in Nigeria. Samples of the African birch timber were procured, naturally seasoned and their properties determined, in accordance with British Standard BS 373, for moisture content, specific gravity, and density while mechanical tests carried out are for tensile, compression and static bending. Strength values were obtained and further converted to 18% moisture contents (MC) which is the acceptable moisture content of timber to be used in Nigeria. The result of this experiment revealed that African birch timber possess a tensile strength of about 16% the strength of high yield steel and about 31% the strength of mild steel at 18% MC. Also, strength properties of African birch timber perpendicular to grain were found to be much lower than its strength properties parallel to grain. Keywords: African birch; Grain; Property; Strength; Timber

The Role of Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment in the Implementation of Circular Economy Principles in Organizations

Some of the targets included in the UN Sustainable Development Goal 12 “ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns” are aligned with the circular economy vision of decoupling economic growth from resource constraints. However, only limited guidance is available to companies on how to make circular economy operational in their activities. The British Standard BS 8001:2017, “Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations” provides guidelines to organizations in the transition towards a more circular and sustainable mode of operation. This paper discusses how the six principles and eight-stage flexible framework proposed in the standard can benefit by the integration with the Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment framework and what are the challenges for the food and drink sector.

Synthesis and Characterization of Sustainable Man-Made Low Cost Clay Bricks with Bamboo Leaf Ash

This studies investigated a few engineering properties of the effect of bamboo leaf ash blended with brick clay. The bamboo leaves used for this study have been gathered in the agricultural farm, Eastern University, Sri Lanka and the brick clay was acquired from Verpavettuvan, on the depth of 1 to 1.5 m beneath the earth surface. The leaves have been cleaned, sun-dried, burnt in an open environment and then bamboo leaf ash (BLA) has been obtained by heating in a muffle furnace at 600°C for 2 hours. Physical and chemical properties of BLA blended brick has been performed according to British and Indonesian Standard Specifications BS and SNI respectively. The chemical test showed that the total combination of Silica Oxide (SiO₂), Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) and Ferrous oxide (Fe₂O₃) content in BLA became above 70% minimal fashionable requirement targeted with the aid of ASTM (ASTM C 618, 2008) for pozzolanic substances. Sex type of BLA blended clay bricks have been manufactured at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. A complete of 72 bricks comprising of 7 bricks for each percentage of the clay bricks of size 185 mm x 85 mm x 65 mm. Those bricks have been cast with the addition of water-clay ratio of 0.6 to 0.8 to structure a very good workability. Then the green bricks have been mould, dried for 2 days underneath sunlight, baked and physical properties analysed. The analyses of average density, average water absorption, average compressive strength and average flexural strength of the fired clay brick blended with 8 % bamboo leaf ash (BLA) are 1129 kg.m-3, 21.5%, 70 kg.cm-2 and 0.56 kg.cm-2 respectively. These physical properties have been compared with the c control brick purely manufactured from clay. From the results, clay-BLA bricks are perceptibly better than the control brick; those are available in the Eastern region markets.

The Effectiveness of the Antimic® Biocide against Nosocomial Bacteria Specified by Different Standard Methods

The effectiveness of Antimic® (3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl, cocodimethylammonium chloride) against different nosocomial pathogens was evaluated. Despite the fact that Antimic® biocide is a recommended compound for disinfecting areas, there is no published data about the antibacterial activity of this formulation against nosocomial pathogens (Acinetobacter baumanii, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium). The minimum inhibitory/minimum bactericidal effective concentrations for test bacteria were determined. The bactericidal activity of determined dosages was evaluated using the culture-based quantitative suspension test (British Standards BS EN 1276) for 1 and 5-minute contact period, under clean and dirty conditions. Antibacterial activity was also confirmed by fluorescence staining. The biocide was found to be effective at 25 and 50 mg/L concentrations at contact times of 1 and 5 minute, with ≥ 5 log reduction in all bacteria. According to fluorescent microscopic examinations similar bacteria reduction was determined as ≥ 5 log reduction. The results indicated that Antimic® compound meets the requirements of EN 1276 against the tested bacteria. Moreover, Antimic® biocide provide an advantage by not promoting the viable but non culturable state in the tested bacteria and removing the tested bacteria successfully. The results showed that the execution of different microbiological growth and/or antibacterial activity monitoring tests, simultaneously, provide information about the optimum concentration and contact time of a biocide.

Numerical verification of stress intensity factor solution for clamped single edge notched tension (SENT) specimens

AbstractStress intensity factor solutions for clamped single edge notched tension (SENT) specimens, including a closed‐form function recently proposed by Zhu along with a function by CanmetMATERIALS referenced in the British Standard BS 8571, have been assessed. Solutions for an SENT specimen with a daylight‐to‐width ratio of 10 have been compared with new finite element results generated in this work to assess their accuracies. The results of this study show that the polynomial proposed by Zhu differs by no more than 0.23% compared with the numerical results over the range of 0.2 ≤a/W ≤ 0.7. The CANMET function differs by no more than 0.69% over the same range.

Port structures - the distribution of forces on infrastructure due to mooring and berthing of vessels

ABSTRACT This work presents a study on the project actions required for the design and analysis of port structures, with regard to the impacts of mooring and berthing of vessels. This study sought to conduct a literature review, with emphasis on technical standards and codes, encompassing both national and international publications, including the Brazilian Standard NBR 9782/1987, the British Standard BS 6349, and the German Standard EAU 2004, in addition to the recommendations of the Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses (PIANC 2002), and those of Jayme Mason (1982) in “Port Works”. The design procedures proposed by these different references regarding the computation of forces induced by mooring and berthing of vessels were evaluated in this work. Additionally, a case study of a port’s substructure was carried out, and a comparative analysis of the results, obtained with each recommendation of the aforementioned publications, was performed. The results showed a remarkable dispersion, revealing that the standards used strongly influence the design loads of port structures.

Residual Stress State of X65 Pipeline Girth Welds Before and After Local and Furnace Post Weld Heat Treatment

This research investigated the effects of global (in other words, furnace-based) and local post weld heat treatment (PWHT) on residual stress (RS) relaxation in API 5L X65 pipe girth welds. All pipe spools were fabricated using identical pipeline production procedures for manufacturing multipass narrow gap welds. Nondestructive neutron diffraction (ND) strain scanning was carried out on girth welded pipe spools and strain-free comb samples for the determination of the lattice spacing. All residual stress measurements were carried out at the KOWARI strain scanning instrument at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO). Residual stresses were measured on two pipe spools in as-welded condition and two pipe spools after local and furnace PWHT. Measurements were conducted through the thickness in the weld material and adjacent parent metal starting from the weld toes. Besides, three line-scans along pipe length were made 3 mm below outer surface, at pipe wall midthickness, and 3 mm above the inner surface. PWHT was carried out for stress relief; one pipe was conventionally heat treated entirely in an enclosed furnace, and the other was locally heated by a flexible ceramic heating pad. Residual stresses measured after PWHT were at exactly the same locations as those in as-welded condition. Residual stress states of the pipe spools in as-welded condition and after PWHT were compared, and the results were presented in full stress maps. Additionally, through-thickness residual stress profiles and the results of one line scan (3 mm below outer surface) were compared with the respective residual stress profiles advised in British Standard BS 7910 “Guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures” and the UK nuclear industry's R6 procedure. The residual stress profiles in as-welded condition were similar. With the given parameters, local PWHT has effectively reduced residual stresses in the pipe spool to such a level that it prompted the thought that local PWHT can be considered a substitute for global PWHT.