British Naval Policy Research Articles

New ways of thinking: The intelligence function and strategic calculations in the admiralty, 1882–1889

Intelligence analysis is often viewed as a distant relative of the policy deliberations within military and naval organisations. This is especially apparent in contemporary settings, where policymaking is rigid and highly compartmentalised by the firewalls that exist between intelligence producers and consumers. The purpose of this article is to examine an overlooked case from intelligence history, when the creation of an intelligence function within the Admiralty had a profound impact upon the formulation and conduct of British naval policy in the 1880s. This inevitably encouraged new ways of thinking about how the Admiralty organised and prepared for war.

Late Modern

Books reviewed: British Industrial Capitalism since the Industrial Revolution. By Roger Lloyd‐Jones and M. J. Lewis Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past. Volume II: Traditions. Under the direction of Pierre Nora Sport, Economy and Society in Britain 1750–1914. By Neil Tranter Mourning Glory: The Will of the French Revolution. By Marie‐Hélène Huet Rebellion in Kildare 1790–1803. By Liam Chambers Rebellion in Wicklow: General Joseph Holt's Personal Account of 1798. Edited by Peter O'Shaughnessy William Cobbett: Englishman. A Biography. By Anthony Burton Tactics and the Experience of Battle in the Age of Napoleon. By Rory Muir Classics Transformed: Schools, Universities, and Society in England, 1830–1960. By Christopher Stray The Oxford Companion to British Railway History. Edited by Jack Simmons and Gordon Biddle Culture, Conflict and Migration: The Irish in Victorian Cumbria. By Donald M. MacRaild Aristocrats in Bourgeois Italy: The Piedmontese Nobility, 1861–1930. By Anthony L. Cardoza British Naval Policy in the Gladstone–Disraeli Era, 1866–1880. By John F. Beeler Irish Home Rule 1867–1921. By Alan O'Day The University of Wales 1893–1939. By J. Gwynn Williams The University of Wales 1939–1993. By Prys Morgan Max Beerbohm Caricatures. By N. John Hall The Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century. By Mark Mazower The Two Irelands: 1912–1939. By David Fitzpatrick Dividing Ireland: World War I and Partition. By Thomas Hennessey The IRA and its Enemies: Violence and Community in Cork, 1916–1923. By Peter Hart Armistice 1918. By Bullitt Lowry A History of Northern Ireland 1920–1996. By Thomas Hennessey A Revolution of their Own: Voices of Women in Soviet History. Edited by Barbara Alpern Engel and Anastasia Posadskaya‐Vanderbeck The Law under the Swastika: Studies on Legal History in Nazi Germany. By Michael Stolleis Alternative to Appeasement: Sir Robert Vansittart and Alliance Diplomacy, 1934–1937. By Michael L. Roi Franco's Spain. By Jean Grugel and Tim Rees The French Defeat of 1940: Reassessments. Edited by Joel Blatt To Win the Peace: British Propaganda in the United States during World War II. By Susan A. Brewer Fall Out: World War II and the Shaping of Postwar Europe. By Peter Calvocoressi A Question of Priorities: Democratic Reform and Economic Recovery in Postwar Germany. By Rebecca Boehling Imagining Home: Gender, ‘Race’ and National Identity, 1945–1964. By Wendy Webster British Politics since the War. By Bill Coxall and Lynton Robins Welfare Policy under the Conservatives, 1951–1964. Edited by Paul Bridgen and Rodney Lowe War and Memory in the Twentieth Century. Edited by Martin Evans and Ken Lunn

British Naval Policy in the Gladstone-Disraeli Era, 1866-1880, by John F. Beeler

"British Naval Policy in the Gladstone-Disraeli Era, 1866-1880, by John F. Beeler." Canadian Journal of History, 33(3), pp. 473–474

Book Review: British Naval Policy in the Gladstone-Disraeli Era, 1866–1880

Book Review: British Naval Policy in the Gladstone-Disraeli Era, 1866–1880

British Naval policy in the Gladstone-Disraeli era, 1866-1880

British Naval policy in the Gladstone-Disraeli era, 1866-1880

Strategic assessment in war

How do military organizations assess strategic policy in war? In this book Scott Gartner develops a theory to explain how military and government leaders evaluate wartime performance, how much they change strategies in response to this evaluation, and why they are frequently at odds when discussing the success or failure of strategic performance. Blending history, decision theory, and mathematical modeling, Gartner argues that military personnel do reevaluate their strategies and that they measure the performance of a strategy through quantitative, indicators. But different actors within a government use different indicators of success: some will see the strategy as succeeding when others see it as failing because of their different dominant indicators. Gartner tests his argument with three case studies: the British shift to convoys in World War I following the German imposition of unrestricted submarine warfare; the lack of change in British naval policy in the Battle of the Atlantic following the German introduction of Wolf Packs in World War II; and the American decision to deescalate in Vietnam after the Tet Offensive. He also tests his approach in a nonwar situation, analyzing the Carter Administration's decision to launch the hostage rescue attempt. In each case, his dominant indicator model better predicts the observed behavior than either a standard-organization or an action-reaction approach.

Book Reviews

AbstractGay New York Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940.Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages.Bond of Iron: Master and Slave at Buffalo Forge.Review Essay: Churchill in the 1990sRoger Adelson and Jonathan SikorskyChurchill: A Life.In Search of Churchill: A Historian's Journey.Churchill, The End of Glory A Political Biography Churchill's Grand Alliance: The Anglo‐American Special Relationship 1940–57.Africa and the Middle East The Politics of Pan‐Islam: Ideology and Organization.Living with Africa.The AmericasRituals of Rule, Rituals of Resistance: Public Celebrations and Popular Culture in Mexico.Mission Culture on the Upper Amazon: Native Tradition, Jesuit Enterprise, and Secular Policy in Moxos, 1660–1680.In an Age of Experts: The Changing Role of Professionals in Politics and Public Life.The Pursuit of Public Power: Political Culture in Ohio, 1787–1861.The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History.The Roosevelts: An American Sap.The Other Brahmins: Boston's Black Up Class, 1750–1950.Dancing to a Black Man's Tune: A Life of Scott Joplin.“A Government of Our Own”: The Making of the Confederacy.Bureaucrats, Planters, and Workers: The Making of the Tobacco Monopoly in Bourbon Mexico.U.S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina.Back from the Future: Cuba under Castro.The Lost Promise of Progressivism.Negotiated Authorities: On Turner's Trail: 100 Years of Writing Western History.Congressional Dynamics: Structure, Coordination, and Choice in the First American Congress, 1774–1789.NATO and the United States: The Enduring Alliance.Independence in Spanish America: Civil Wars, Revolutions, and Underdevelopment.The Price of Nationhood: The American Revolution in Charles County.john F Kennedy and New Frontier Diplomacy, 1961–1963.One South or Many? Plantation Belt and Upcountry in Civil War‐Era Tennessee.Chiefs, Agents, and Soldiers: Conflict on the Navajo Frontier, 1868–1882.Southern Agriculture During the Civil War Era, 1860–1880.Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution.President Kennedy: Profile of Power.The Battle of the Wilderness, May 5–6, 1864.Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West.Latin America in the 1940s. War and Postwar Transitions.The Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine, 1945–1993.The Spanish Frontier in North America.Asia and the Pacific The Culture of Civil War in Kyoto.The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period.Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare 1932‐45 and the American Cover‐up.The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, 1900–1910.The Ruhela Chteftaincies: The Rise and Fall of the Ruhela Power in India in the Eighteenth Century Cambodia: A Shattered Society.Bamboo Stone: The Evolution of a Chinese Medical Elite.Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, 1945–1992: Uncertain Friendships.Mountain of Fame: Portraits in Chinese History.Europe British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783–1793.Same‐Sex Unions in Premodern Europe.Clanship to Crofters' War: The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands.Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual, and Symbol in England, 1790–1850.The Remaking of France: The National Assembly and the Constitution of 1791.Financing the Athenian Fleet: Public Taxation and Social Relations.A Management Odyssey: The Royal Dockyards, 2724–1924.Flavius Josephus: Eyewitness to Rome's First‐Century Conquest of Judea.Piety and Charity in late Medieval Florence.Rumania, 1866–1947.The Jews in the History of England, 1485–1850.Churchill's Deception: The Dark Secret That Destroyed Nazi Germany.Goebbels and Der Angriff.Music in the Third Reich.The Heart and Stomach of a King: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power.Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution.Simon de Montfort.Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics.The Learned King: The Reign of Alfonso X of Castile.War and Economy in the Third Reich.Athens on Trial: The Antidemocratic Tradition in Western Thought.The Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity.Trumpets from the Tar: English Puritan Printing in the Netherlands, 1600–1640.Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe.In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy, 1889–1914.Literacy and Its Uses: Studies on Late Medieval Italy.The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain General, Comparative, HistoriographicalTennozan: The Battle of Okinawa and the Atomic Bomb.Ike b Monty: Generals at War.European Expansion and Law: The Encounter of European and Indigenous Law in 19th‐and 20th‐Century Africa and Asia.Centuries of Economic Endeavar: Parallel Paths in Japan and Europe and Their Contrast with the Third World.Joseph Alois Schumpeter: The Public Life of a Private Man.Shamanism, History, and the State.Fatal Victories.

In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914

In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914

In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914. Jon Tetsuro Sumida

<i>In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914</i>. Jon Tetsuro Sumida

In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy, 1889–1914 by Jon Tetsuro Sumida

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 443 English mechanic, the book also offers an example of the technology available at the time in England. Several milling and woodworking machines were introduced at Tula; in addition, drop hammers using forging dies replaced hand forging of the lock parts. As a result, “the parts come out of the die in a finished state,” and “the fitters actually have little else to do but file and polish the parts.” It would appear that, by the 1820s and 1830s, the Tula factory had special-purpose machines that compared well with the metalworking technology then available. But is Gamel’s account reliable? In all likelihood Gamel was not an impartial observer. Commissioned by the imperial government and dedicated to Nicholas I, his study was no doubt calculated to tell the new emperor what he wanted to hear. Furthermore, Gamel knew his manufacturing processes as a govern­ ment official, not as a machine maker or tool builder, and it is unlikely that he had firsthand experiences of armory practices at home or abroad. Like Tsar Nicholas I, Gamel was given a showcase tour and was shown model workshops, new machines, orderly work processes, and diligent workers. The assembly of muskets from scrambled parts was a common demonstration everywhere in those days, but it was difficult to check the parts for randomness. Even if one accepts Gamel’s account of sophisticated machines and uniformity of parts, the advanced technology of the day was not domesticated: a genera­ tion later Russia’s small arms industry had become technologically stagnant. In a rather rambling introduction, Edwin A. Battison, director of the American Precision Museum, places this study of Tula in the context of early-19th-century innovations. Regrettably, the transla­ tor’s native language was not English, and infelicities and errors litter every page—the Hamburger Marselius; Charles Byrd for Charles Baird, the Scottish arms maker in St. Petersburg; Nicole for Tsar Nicholas; alien for foreigner. The excessively literal and poorly edited translation will further limit the already narrow appeal of the book. Joseph Bradley Dr. Bradley teaches in the Department of History at the University of Tulsa. In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy, 1889—1914. By Jon Tetsuro Sumida. Winchester, Mass.: Unwin Hyman, 1989. Pp. xix + 342; illustrations, tables, notes, index. $60.00. In Defense of Naval Supremacy is quite a good book about an early arms race and a “seriously flawed weapons system” (p. 339)—SirJohn Fisher’s battle cruiser—that had disastrous consequences for Britain at the Battle ofJutland in 1916. Jon Sumida tells the story well and in 444 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE detail, with great attention to finance, politics, and the oftentimes obscure behavior of established institutions like the British admiralty. Things begin with radical 19th-century innovations in the construc­ tion of warships that came to a head in the 1880s: steam propulsion and the abandonment of sail, steel hull construction, armor, and rifled guns. Such changes profoundly affected British naval policy, for these new ships were expensive, required the creation of new orders of military expertise, and suffered rapid obsolescence in the quickening pace of technological change. By the end of the century, confronted by the growing industrial strength of competing nations, the cost of maintaining British naval supremacy raised the specter of financial ruin. Britain’s response to this military and financial challenge was formulated by Sir John Fisher—“The British Empire floats on the British Navy” (p. 26)—who became First Naval Lord in 1904. Contin­ ued supremacy, Fisher felt, lay not just in numbers but in carefully managed technological innovation that would provide British ships with a qualitative edge, allow the nation to get the best from what it could afford, and, it was hoped, cause expensive disturbances and delays in the naval plans of competing nations. The centerpiece of Fisher’s strategy was not the battleship, Sumida argues, but the battle cruiser—lighter, faster, almost as heavily armed, and able to hit the enemy at long range before being hit in return. Fisher’s long-range strategy depended on the ability to hit distant targets despite high speed and rapid maneuver. That, unfortunately...

In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914

In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914

&lt;sc&gt;jon tetsuro sumida&lt;/sc&gt;. &lt;italic&gt;In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval Policy, 1889–1914&lt;/italic&gt;. Boston: Unwin Hyman. 1989. Pp. xix, 377. $60.00

Journal Article jon tetsuro sumida. In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval Policy, 1889–1914. Boston: Unwin Hyman. 1989. Pp. xix, 377. $60.00 Get access Sumida Jon Tetsuro. In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval Policy, 1889–1914. Boston: Unwin Hyman. 1989. Pp. xix, 377. $60.00. Stanley Sandler Stanley Sandler John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, Fort Bragg, North Carolina Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 95, Issue 5, December 1990, Pages 1546–1547, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/95.5.1546 Published: 01 December 1990

In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914.

In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914.

In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914.

In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914.

British Naval Administration and Policy in the Age of Fisher

British Naval Administration and Policy in the Age of Fisher

Book reviews

MILITARY SCIENCE Arms Control at Sea By Rear Admiral J. R. Hill (Routledge, London and New York, 1989), £30.00, 229 pages. The British Army and the Operational Level of War Edited by Major General J. J. G. Mackenzie and Brian Holden Reid (Tri‐Service Press Ltd, London, 1988), £10.95, 230 pages Field Artillery and Fire‐Power By J. B. A. Bailey (The Military Press, Oxford, 1989), Hardback £25.00 Paperback £14.50, 85 pages INTERNATIONAL SECURITY Anrus in Crisis: Alliance Management in International Affairs Edited by Jacob Bercovitch (Macmillan, London, 1988), £33.00, 286 pages Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East By Patrick Seale (I. B. Tauris, London, 1988), £17.50, 562 pages The Last Great Game: USA Versus USSR; Events, Conjunctures, Structures By Paul Dukes (Pinter Publishers Ltd, London, 1989), £12.95, 209 pages USSR AND EASTERN EUROPE Soviet Helicopters—Design, Development and Tactics By John Everett‐Heath (Jane's Information Group, Coulsdon, 1988), £25.00, 236 pages Soviet Policy Perspectives on Western Europe By Neil Malcolm (Royal Institute of International Affairs/Rout‐ledge, London, 1989), £7.95, 117 pages MILITARY HISTORY The Evolution of British Strategic Policy, 1919–1926 By J. R. Ferris (Macmillan Press in Association with King's College London, 1989), £29.50, 235 pages The Falklands Aftermath: Picking up the Pieces By Major General Edward Fursden, CB, MBE, DLitt (Leo Cooper, London, 1988), £12.95, 205 pages A Fortunate Soldier By Ken Perkins (Brassey's Defence Publishers, London 1988), £15.95 History of the Second World War: The Mediterranean and the Middle East, Volume VI, Part II By General Sir William Jackson with Group Captain T. P. Cleave (HMSO, London, 1988). £60.00, 492 pages In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy 1889–1914 By Jon Tetsuro Sumida (Unwin Hyman, London, 1989), £38.00, 377 pages Once a Patricia By C. Sydney Frost (Vanwell Publishing, Ontario/Tri‐Ser‐vice Press, London, 1989), £16.00 The Price of Admiralty: War at Sea from Man of War to Submarine By John Keegan (Century Hutchinson, London, 1988), £14.95, 292 pages A Soldier of the Company—Life of an Indian Ensign 1833–43 By Captain Albert Hervey and edited by Charles Allen (Michael Joseph, London, 1989), £15.95, 226 pages

British Naval Policy on the Yangtse in 1949: A Case of Diplomacy on the Rocks

(1988). British Naval Policy on the Yangtse in 1949: A Case of Diplomacy on the Rocks. War & Society: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 79-92.

Underwater acoustics and the Royal Navy, 1893–1930

Summary The real impetus for the research in underwater acoustics was the German U-boat menace of World War I. Traditional naval methods were of little use against the submarine, and thus British scientists concentrated on underwater detection. This led to the development of the hydrophone (an underwater microphone), which was extensively used during the war. As this instrument had many drawbacks, a small British team started to investigate an ‘active’ detection device in 1917. This was instigated by the work of the French physicist Paul Langevin, supported by his government, and was based on the reflection of underwater acoustic waves off a submarine's hull. The Royal Navy called this highly secret device ‘asdic’ (‘sonar’ was coined by the Americans during World War II). It did not become operational during World War I, and the embryo naval scientific service founded during the last year of the war, continued its development during the interwar years. The Admiralty's optimism concerning the potential effectiveness of asdics influenced British naval policy during these years. In this paper, the scientific, political and organisational factors that influenced the development of naval underwater acoustics will be discussed. World War I was the first war in which civilian scientists played an important part. Their involvement in the war had a great impact on the attitude of the Royal Navy towards scientific research, and their work on underwater acoustics was partly responsible in establishing a proper naval scientific service. Scientific development was now organised in the Navy, with the consequence of accelerating the introduction of new devices into the fleet.

Technical Change and British Naval Policy, 1860-1939, by Bryan Ranft

Technical Change and British Naval Policy, 1860-1939, <i>by Bryan Ranft</i>

Reviews of Books

Abstract Abstract The Russian Navy: Myth and Reality By Eric Morris (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1977), £5.95, 130 pages. Reviewed by John E. Moore. Soviet Naval Influence Edited By Michael MccGwire and John McDonnell (Praeger, 1977), 657 pages, no price quoted. Reviewed by John E. Moore. Jane's Fighting Ships Edited By Captain John Moore, RN (Jane's Yearbooks, London, 1977), £27.50, 829 pages. Reviewed by John Marriott. Beyond Nuclear Deterrence: New Aims New Arms Edited By Johan J. Hoist and Uwe Nerlich (Macdonald and Jane's London, 1977), £10.50, 314 pages. Reviewed by Elizabeth Saxon. Management in the Armed Forces: An Anatomy of the Military Profession By J. C. T. Downey with contributions by J. H. F. Eberle, M. C. Lanyon and D. C. Robinson (McGraw-Hill Book Company (UK) Ltd, 1977), £5.50, 221 pages. Reviewed by W.R.H. Lapper. How Long Will South Africa Survive? By R. W. Johnson (Macmillan, London, 1977), £8.95, 327 pages. Reviewed by Victoria Schofield. Death of a Country: The Civil War in Lebanon By John Bulloch (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1977), £4.95, 200 pages. Reviewed by John Laffin. The Narrow Ground: Aspects of Ulster, 1609–1969 By A. T. Q. Stewart (Faber and Faber, London, 1977), £5.95, 208 pages. Reviewed by J. Howie. The Lessons of Vietnam Edited By W. Scott Thompson and Donaldson D. Frizzell (Macdonald and Jane's, London, 1977), £10.50, 288 pages. Reviewed by Colen Beer. The Carlos Complex: a Pattern of Violence By Christopher Dobson and Ronald Payne (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1977), £5.50, 254 pages. Reviewed by F.E.C. Gregory. On Revolt: Strategies of National Liberation By J. Bowyer Bell (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and London, England, 1976), £10.20, 272 pages. Reviewed by F.E.C. Gregory. The Guerrilla Reader: a Historical Anthology By Walter Laqueur (Meridian Books, New American Library, New York and London, 1977), $5.95, 246 pages. Reviewed by F.E.C. Gregory. The Man Who Broke Purple By Ronald W. Clark (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1977), £5.25, 212 pages. Reviewed by B.B. Schofield. Instruments of Darkness: the History of Electronic Warfare By Alfred Price (Macdonald and Jane's, London, 1977), £5.95, 284 pages. Reviewed by M.T. Thrurbon. Blitz on Britain, 1939–1945 By Alfred Price (Ian Allan, London, 1977), £4.95, 192 pages. Reviewed by M.T. Thrurbon. The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps By Ronald Lewin (Batsford, London, 1977), £5.50, 197 pages. Reviewed by William Jackson. Panzer Army Africa By James Lucas (Macdonald and Jane's, London, 1977), £6.95, 188 pages. Reviewed by William Jackson. Pathfinder Force: a History of 8 Group By Gordon Musgrove (Macdonald and Jane's, London, 1976), £6.95, 302 pages. Reviewed by M.T.Thrurbon. Nurse Sarah Anne: With Florence Nightingale at Scutari Edited By Robert G. Richardson (John Murray, London, 1977), £4.95, 178 pages. Reviewed by B.M. Ducat-Amos. Men at Arnhem By Tom Angus (Leo Cooper, London, 1976), £4.95, 208 pages. Reviewed by Martin Lindsay. Triumph …: Operation Husky: The Allied Invasion of Sicily By S. W. C. Pack (David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1977), £4.95, 186 pages. Reviewed by Patrick Bayly. … and disaster: Singapore 1941–1942 By Louis Allen (Davis-Poynter, London, 1977), £6.50, 343 pages. Reviewed by Keith Simpson. Corps Commander By Sir Bryan Horrocks, with Eversley Belfield and Major-General H. Essame (Sidgwick & Jackson), £6.95, 256 pages. Reviewed by Martin Lindsay. Her Privates We By Frederic Manning (Peter Davies, London, 1977), £2.20, 274 pages. Reviewed by James Marshall-Cornwall. Grandfather's Adventures in the Great War 1914–1918 By Cecil M. Slack (Arthur H. Stockwell, Ilfracombe, 1977), £2.00, 284 pages. Reviewed by by James Marshall-Cornwall. The Black Watch: the History of the Royal Highland Regiment By Eric and Andro Linklater (Barrie & Jenkins, London, 1977), £8.95, 223 pages. Reviewed by James Marshall-Cornwall. Defence of Australia: Fundamental New Aspects Edited By Robert O'Neil (Australian National University, 1977), 147 pages. Reviewed by F.J.Plaskett. The Future of Tactical Airpower in the Defence of Australia Edited By Desmond Ball (Australian National University, 1977), 221 pages. Reviewed by F.J.Plaskett. Australia's Military Alliances: a Study in Foreign and Defence Policies By C. Chaknavorty (Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1977), Rs60, 288 pages. Reviewed by F.J.Plaskett. Beaufort of the Admiralty By Alfred Friendly (Hutchinson, London, 1977), £7.50, 362 pages. Reviewed by Edmund Irving. Technical Change and British Naval Policy 1860–1939 Edited By Bryan Ranft (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1977), £8.50, 178 pages. Reviewed by Geoffrey Bennett. International justice: Reaching Judgment at Nuremberg By Bradley F. Smith (André Deutsch, London, 1977), £6.50, 349 pages. Reviewed by Geoffrey Best.