British National Research Articles

The Treatment of Argument Structure Constructions in Online English Learners' Dictionaries: The Case of V N ADJ ASCs

Despite their diversity and complexity in structure and meaning, little research has been conducted into the systematic presentation of argument structure constructions (ASCs) in English learners' dictionaries (ELDs). To fill in the gap, this paper focused on the treatment of V N ADJ ASCs in the "Big Five" online ELDs against usage data. First a list of 40 target verbs was obtained using two measures of contingency (i.e., faithfulness and collostruction strength) through collo­structional analysis of V N ADJ ASCs in the British National Corpus, and then the related ASCs regarding their macro- and micro-structural presentation in selected dictionaries were examined. It was found that most ELDs attach importance to ASCs, notably LDOCE, which assigns many of them the status of phrases. Nevertheless, the treatment of ASCs in current ELDs is inadequate. First, the inclusion of ASCs in most ELDs is far from sufficient. Second, in some cases, there is a mismatch between a valency pattern illustration and an illustrative example. Last but not least, most ELDs are not consistent with respect to their policy of listing and encoding ASCs, and assigning them the status of phrases. We proposed, in the framework of the usage-based construc­tion grammar, some suggestions for optimizing the treatment of ASCs. Keywords: argument structure constructions, online English learners' dictionary, phraseology, collostructional analysis, usage-based con­struction grammar

The Subject of Britain 1603–25 by Christopher Ivic

Reviewed by: The Subject of Britain 1603–25 by Christopher Ivic Andrew Hiscock The Subject of Britain, 1603–25. By Christopher Ivic. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2020. x+ 242 pp. £80. ISBN 978-0-7190-8870-4. Christopher Ivic's monograph is a very readable study and a timely corrective to received critical thinking inherited down the generations (and endlessly recycled) concerning Jacobean succession literature. Drawing itself explicitly into the lively scholarly debate relating to early modern formulations of what has been termed more recently the British nations or Archipelagic studies, Ivic's enquiry explores 'the complex and often contradictory ways in which the heterogeneous writing of Britain' might be understood and how these interventions introduced 'new ideologies and new ways of thinking about collective and individual identities within the context of the island's increasingly intersecting and intermingling peoples and [End Page 123] cultures' (p. 3). The first chapter concentrates on responses in 1603 to James VI/I's accession from a host of sources, and the following chapter builds on this discussion, analysing the panegyrics surrounding the Stuart king's arrival in London, paying particular attention to 'occasional texts' by Drayton, Daniel, and Jonson. The third chapter is in many ways the strongest and most revelatory in this study, focusing on print and manuscript union tracts and treatises, leading to a sensitive re-evaluation of Francis Bacon's role as counsellor/pragmatist (often angling for promotion) and making deserved space for a consideration of David Hume of Godscroft's De Unione Insulae Britannicae Tractatus (first published 1605) and 'De Unione Insulae Britannicae Tractatus Secundus' (unpublished). Ivic points out that Bacon was one of the few common-law lawyers in the Commons to support James's project of political union, which won support elsewhere among MPs in the Lords: 'Like Hume, Bacon sees a potential union as a Machiavellian occasione' (p. 135). The sequence of chapters is brought to a close with a study of Macbeth in the context of the Anglo-Scottish union debate. As was mentioned above, one of the key contributions of this study is the way in which it urges the reader to scrutinize received thinking about the critical status and function of so-called 'occasional' texts (that 'Jacobean succession literature was produced in the main by writers of little or no significance' (p. 12)); the 'simple for-or-against binary' (p. 53) of panegyric; and the parameters (or elisions) involved in formulating Brutayne/this Iland/this State/this Kingdome and so on at the turn of the sixteenth century. Apart from ongoing equivocation widely expressed concerning the statehood or political integrity of Ireland and Wales, for example, in these debates, Ivic underlines that James stressed in Basilikon Doron (1603): 'as for the Hielands, I shortly comprehend them all in two sorts of people: the one, that dwelleth in our maine land, that are barbarous for the most part, and yet mixed with some shewe of civilitie; the other, that dwelleth in the Iles, and are utterly barbarous, without any shew of civilitie' (p. 123). The Stuart king's political tract Basilikon Doron, ostensibly a handbook for kingship bequeathed to his son and heir Henry, was published in Scotland in 1599, but on his accession to the English throne in 1603 it was made newly available to London booksellers. James was far from being a solitary voice in this discussion of the matter of Britain. Ivic draws attention to Bacon's correspondence later, in which the Irish are described as 'a people barbarous and not reduced to civility' (p. 136), and goes on to make the more general point that the 'rethinking of group identities [in the period did not] […] include the Gaelic communities of Scotland and Ireland' (p. 4). More broadly, Ivic highlights that the Stuart accession was very far from being inevitable in the minds of many, even though on Elizabeth's death he was the eldest of Henry VII's living descendants. In this debate, figures such as Samuel Daniel and Michael Drayton are given very welcome attention and, indeed, could have been afforded even more prominent status for the ways in which they return attention in their writings to...

Corpus-semantic analysis of the value of trust in phraseology (on the material English, German, Russian and Chechen)

The article is devoted to the study of the value of trust in the phraseology of English, German, Russian and Chechen. Semantic, corpus, comparative analysis of idioms by taxa is carried out: complete trust, formation of trust, destruction of trust. In English, Russian and Chechen, trust is associated with faith. In German contexts, a negative attitude towards blind and complete trust is reflected, the importance of having reliable data is emphasized. In Russian, idioms express the meaning of “seeking trust,” which requires effort. In Russian, trust is community, ownership, work, language. In the Chechen language, trust is highly appreciated and must be achieved, earned. In the contexts of the use of idioms, the theme of the language factor and speech communication in the process of building trust relationships also develops. In all languages, a common language model of trust is built, which includes communication participants, communication content, semantic and connotative aspects. In different languages, the value of trust is expressed through the prism of human relations and character properties, as openness, kindness, community. Data from the British National Corps, the Corps of Modern American Language, the National Corps of the Russian Language showed that in different languages quasi-equivalent idioms are characterized by different frequencies of use.

Unusual infections and diabetes: dangerous fungi

Unusual infections and diabetes: dangerous fungi

Is it ‘Increase’ or ‘Rise?’ A Corpus-based Behavioural Profile Study of English Near-Synonym Verbs

This study emerged as a result of insufficient knowledge and descriptions of the behavioural profiles of the near-synonym English verbs, increase and rise, by non-corpus-based traditional reference sources used by students. We explored the behavioural characteristics of this group of near-synonym verbs using the British National Corpus (BNC) of 100 million words as our corpus. Using the Sketch Engine Tool, we examined their frequency, subject and object noun collocations, adverb collocations, and syntactic behavioural profiles. The results demonstrate that both words collocate with subject and object nouns. However, on their top ten subject collocation lists, increase only collocates with abstract nouns related to finance and economy, whereas rise collocates with three different kinds of abstract nouns related to finance/economy, the human entity, and the natural environment, and one concrete noun related to natural environment. In addition, they only have two collocates in common on their top subject noun collocates list. In terms of object noun collocations, increase only collocates with abstract nouns connected to finance/economy and the natural environment, but rise collocates with abstract and concrete nouns on their top list. They also only have three adverb collocations in common on the top list. Rise has 17 distinct syntactic patterns, whereas increase has 15 different syntactic patterns. In teaching near-synonyms, we propose using corpus-based reference resources.

Factors shaping the timing of later entry into parenthood: Narratives of choice and constraint

ObjectiveThis study explores the choices and constraints affecting timing of parenthood among those who became parents in their mid-thirties and early forties and how their fertility decisions were both affected by and negotiated within the interplay of different temporal frameworks. BackgroundRecent decades have seen a trend towards postponement of parenthood in many countries. Explanations for this delay include structural factors, changing social norms and the influence of the social meanings of age. The study assesses the influence of these factors on perceptions of the ‘right’ time to become parents. MethodThe study draws on qualitative interviews with 23 women and men who participated in the third British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3) survey and had a first child when they were aged between 33 and 46. ResultsPrerequisites for parenthood were seen as financial security, a suitable home and a steady relationship. Educational attainment and the achievement of personal and lifestyle goals affected the age at which parenthood was considered as were individual circumstances. Age was less influential than life stage as a criterion for readiness although, for women, chronological age was a decisive factor. ConclusionsChoice in shaping personal biographies was greater among participants than it would have been for previous generations but its consequences acted to constrain options regarding the timing of parenthood. Time taken to fulfil personal and professional ambitions, changing social norms regarding the appropriate age for parenthood as well as individual and structural factors resulted in less predictable life trajectories.

A Corpus-Based Cognitive Linguistic Analysis of Taste Words: The Case of English “Bitter” and Chinese Ku

This study explores the polysemy of the word “bitter” in English and ku in Chinese. It examines the similarities and differences between their semantics and identifies the cognitive mechanisms that motivate their semantic expansion. The study attempts to answer two questions: (1) What are the similarities and differences between Chinese ku and English “bitter” in terms of meaning? (2) What cognitive mechanisms motivate meaning extensions of these two words? To this end, 汉语大词典 (Chinese Dictionary), 英汉大词典 (English-Chinese Dictionary), the British National Corpus (BNC) and BLCU Corpus Center (BCC) were employed. The two dictionaries were utilised to investigate the multiple meanings of the two terms, while the BNC and the BCC were employed to identify metaphors and metonymies in sentences. Theoretically, the study is informed by Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy. The results showed that half of the meanings of “bitter” and ku overlapped, but there were still some differences. Their semantic expansion is motivated by both conceptual metonymy and conceptual metaphor. In addition, the words under investigation differ in the emotions expressed. English “bitter” is more negative, while Chinese ku is more positive. The present findings have important implications for education and cross-cultural communication in language.

АНГЛИЙСКИЕ РЕКУРРЕНТНЫЕ СТРУКТУРЫ КАК ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ

The article is focused on English grammatical constructions considered within the framework of cognitive-discourse analysis and viewed along the perspectives of Construction Grammar theory. The analysis is directed upon recurrent structures in English, i.e. structures that are regularly produced and therefore functionally significant for the English language, considered as idiomatic unity of form and meaning, and, as a rule, having propositional content. The study of the constructional features of language units is supplemented by mental schematization of their content based on the idea that the structures under analysis represent the language techniques employed in interpreting referent scenes. The grammar of constructions as a research issue dealing with organizing language units that belong to various linguistic subsystems (phonological structure, lexicon, grammar), has become the subject of quite a number of cognitively and structurally oriented research (called, for example, constructional grammar, linguistics of constructions, Construction Grammar). The study of recurrent linguistic units from the point of view of their structural and cognitive features allows us to consider the types of organization of linguistic units that are regularly reproduced in a language in a semiotic aspect: the content plan of constructions is propositions (or their contractions) as concepts of referent situations comprehended by the speaker. From the point of view of the specificity of a particular language, it is significant to involve in the study of the material of the English language, in which the constructional mechanisms are more obvious than, for example, in the Russian language, due to the fact that tendencies towards analyticism and features of the isolating system have become typologically significant in English. For this reason, the study of the structural features of linguistic units in the English language, it seems, can bring some clarity to the specifics of its structural organization. Since modern linguistic theory has a poly-paradigmatic character, several of its most important interpretations are closely intertwined in the study of the essence of language. They include the perspective of its interpretation as a cognitive mechanism, as a verbal semiotic system and as an ethnocultural socio-discursive phenomenon. In modern studies, the structural features of linguistic units are supplemented by the aspect of mental schematization of their content. Mental schemes fix the mental images of cognizable situations formed in consciousness - mental representations, which can then be described in terms of different types of schemes in the Bartlett sense (situations, scenes, scenarios, frames, etc.). The research material is examples of English structures extracted during a targeted sample from the British National English Corpus, as well as from Internet sites. The main methods of analysis are semantic, conceptual and collocation. The aim of the study is to find procedures for analyzing the structures of the English language that meet the criteria for grammatical structures, as well as to identify a general approach to the analysis of syntactic and word-formation types of structures. As the main results of the study, conclusions are proposed about the essence of categorizing and semiotic functions of recurrent structures, which seem to most fully demonstrate the conceptual essence of the analyzed structures.

Informants, Spies and Agents of the British Ambassador to Catherine's Russia

The goal of the article is to clarify the channels of information about the Russian Empire used by the British Ambassador Charles Cathcart in St. Petersburg in 1768—1772. On the base of mostly unpublished documents from the British National Archive and the private Cathcart archive stored in the National Library of Scotland, it can be concluded that with the limited staff of the British Embassy in St. Petersburg, in the absence of a network of secret paid agents, the ambassador could rely mainly on his personal observations and on the inquiries of compatriots invited to the Russian service. Although the ambassador achieved confidential permanent contacts with count N. I. Panin, using a mutually beneficial exchange of secret data obtained through diplomatic channels of the two countries, and managed to “buy” Panin’s employee Caspar Saldern, according to the political results, Cathcart’s mission to Russia is still considered unsuccessful. However, the ambassador's close personal relations with the Empress and her inner circle contributed to the strengthening of British cultural influence at the top of Russian society and the preservation of mutual interest, both in the economic and political fields.

PECULIARITIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLYSEMY IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE MOST FREQUENT SUBSTANTIVE AND VERBAL LEXEMES)

Problem statement. The paper considers the peculiarities of the development of polysemy of 200 Russian (100 substantive and 100 verbal) and 200 English (100 substantive and 100 verbal) most frequent lexemes taken from the Frequency Dictionary of S.A. Sharov and the lists of frequency nouns and verbs of the British National Corpus. The development of polysemy in Russian and English is considered from the point of view of the integral theory of polysemy, according to which polysemy exists at two levels: lexical and lexico-grammatical (part-of-speech) in the form of lexical and lexico-grammatical polysemy. The latter exists in two types: lexico-grammatical polysemy proper and lexico-grammatical variation. Results. With the help of the comparative-parametric method of linguistic research developed by the Voronezh Theoretical and Linguistic School, the peculiarities of the development of lexical and lexical-grammatical polysemy in the compared languages are described. Lexical polysemy is considered from the point of view of the average sememic volume of semanthemes, as well as the development of denotative and connotative polysemy. Lexico-grammatical polysemy is considered from the point of view of the development of lexico-grammatical polysemy proper, as well as lexico-grammatical variation. The parts of speech at the level of which the development of lexico-grammatical derivation occurs in both languages are determined. The description is carried out in groups, depending on the volume of their semanthemes. Small-seme, multi-seme, hyper-seme and super-hyper-seme Russian and English substantive and verbal lexemes are studied. Conclusion. On the basis of the integral index of national-specific peculiarities and the scale of the degree of manifestation of national-specific peculiarities developed within the framework of the comparative-parametric method of linguistic research, it was found that in terms of lexical polysemy, national differences can be recognized as noticeable, while in terms of lexical-grammatical polysemy, they are bright.

The Rise and Fall of Popular Australian Lawn Bowls 1864–2021

Lawn bowls is one of the oldest formally established British sports in Australia. This paper provides an overview of the place of lawn bowls in Australian history and society from 1864 to 2021 through four eras: British nationalism (1864–1900); middle class sport (1900–1945); leading seniors sport (1945–1990); and decline (1990–2021). The four eras cover the span of Australian lawn bowls and are based on historical data from both primary and secondary sources tracing its rise and decline. The decline in lawn bowls has been a combination of both internal and external factors. This paper is not a purely chronological account of lawn bowls, but rather provides a framework to better understand the place and role of the sport in Australian culture and society. The origins of lawn bowls in Australia are directly linked to the cultural heritage that stemmed from British settlement. Lawn bowls provides a vehicle to develop insight and understanding into several past, current, and future social and cultural issues including seniors sport, sport participation rates, gender relations, nationalism, class structures, urbanisation, and the development of contemporary cities.

Mechanics of Linguistic Mobility in COVID-19 Pandemic: Lexical innovation and richness

This small-scale study investigates ‘Mechanics of Linguistic Mobility in COVID-19 Pandemic: Lexical innovation and richness’. Thus, it generally studies the language native speakers of English have innovated and developed during the ongoing global crisis. In particular, it aims to quantify these terms, identify the morphological processes that facilitate the derivation of these phrases, and explain the reasons lying behind their selection and uses. Methodologically, the study fits into the qualitative research. For data collection, the study benefits from corpus linguistics, i.e. studies of large bodies of texts. Therefore, a concordance of key words in context (KWIC) has been carried out on the British National Corpora (BNC) and other lexicographic sites to build a corpus of corona language. Analytically, the study builds on critical discourse analysis (CDA) at the semantic, morphological and schematic, i.e. discourse level of words and phrases used during the crisis. It has been found that the terms and expressions used during the crisis are either coined to convey new senses or altered to satisfy certain meanings related to the pandemic. The morphological processes vary considerably between compounding, clipping, inflection and coining. The social domains in which the invented terms are used include family, education, health, psychology, sociology, business, politics, and religion.

A comparison of vocabulary items in eighth grade English coursebooks

This study aims to analyze vocabulary items in the eighth grade English coursebooks used in Turkey and to compare their frequencies with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), British National Corpus (BNC), Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and Academic Word List (AWL). Additionally, we extracted the most frequent 50 verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The results revealed that the most frequent verbs were do, is are; the most frequent adjectives were correct, short, natural, great, good, new, social, first, favorite and the most frequent adverbs were then, really, there, here, very, always, too, well, more, usually and often. Touchstone 2 mostly corresponded to the CEFR A2 level, BNC’s and COCA’s first 2000 lists, while others had less satisfactory inclusion percentages. When we compared the coursebooks with AWL, Upswing English had the highest inclusion percentages. Although Touchstone 2 seems to have the highest inclusion percentages, all coursebooks should consider this study’s results to revise their vocabulary selection.

Slowing down or returning to normal? Life expectancy improvements in Britain compared to five large European countries before the COVID-19 pandemic.

Life expectancy is an important summary measure of population health. In the absence of a significant event like war or disease outbreak, trends should, and historically have, increase over time, albeit with some fluctuations. Data were extracted from the human mortality database for life expectancy at birth and age 65 years from 1980 to the latest available year for England & Wales, Scotland (Great Britain), France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Germany. It is well established that life expectancy improvements in Great Britain have stalled in recent years, and that a similar stalling was seen in other high-income countries during the mid-2010s. The significance and causes of the slowdown in improvement in life expectancy in Britain are disputed. First, was Britain's slowdown in progress in life expectancy in the 2010s a deviation 'from' earlier sustained improvements or simply returning to normal (slower) improvement rates following fastergains in the 2000s? Second, did other European countries have slowdowns comparable to that in Britain? Life expectancy, as a summary measure, conceals inequalities. Other measures, such as lifespan disparity, complement it in understanding changing trends. While annual fluctuations in life expectancy are expected, continued stalls should raise concern. The three British nations examined were the only ones among these European countries to experience stalling of life expectancy gains in both sexes. While it is clear that Britain is making less progress in health than similar countries, more research is needed to explain why.

Clinical Relevance of Drug-Drug Interactions With Antibiotics as Listed in a National Medication Formulary: Results From Two Large Population-Based Case-Control Studies in Patients Aged 65-100 Years Using Linked English Primary Care and Hospital Data.

This study evaluated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between antibiotic and nonantibiotic drugs listed with warnings of severe outcomes in the British National Formulary based on adverse drug reaction (ADR) detectable with routine International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision coding. Data sources were Clinical Practice Research Databank GOLD and Aurum anonymized electronic health records from English general practices linked to hospital admission records. In propensity-matched case-control study, outcomes were ADR or emergency admissions. Analyzed were 121,546 ADR-related admission cases matched to 638,238 controls. For most antibiotics, adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for ADR-related hospital admission were large (aOR for trimethoprim 4.13; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.97-4.30). Of the 51 DDIs evaluated for ADR-related admissions, 38 DDIs (74.5%) had statistically increased aORs of concomitant exposure compared with nonexposure (mean aOR 3.96; range 1.59-11.42); for the 89 DDIs for emergency hospital admission, the results were 75 (84.3%) and mean aOR 2.40; range 1.43-4.17. Changing reference group to single antibiotic exposure reduced aORs for concomitant exposure by 76.5% and 83.0%, respectively. Medicines listed to cause nephrotoxicity substantially increased risks that were related to number of medicines (aOR was 2.55 (95% CI, 2.46-2.64) for current use of 1 and 10.44 (95% CI, 7.36-14.81) for 3 or more medicines). In conclusion, no evidence of substantial risk was found for multiple DDIs with antibiotics despite warnings of severe outcomes in a national formulary and flagging in electronic health record software. It is proposed that the evidence base for inclusion of DDIs in national formularies be strengthened and made publicly accessible and indiscriminate flagging, which compounds alert fatigue, be reduced.

The Afterlife of Daniel Defoe’s Captain Singleton in the Seven Years’ War

Abstract Daniel Defoe’s pirate novel Captain Singleton (1720) was republished in 1757, during the political and military crises of the early stages of the Seven Years’ War. The fact that Singleton at this time was extensively rewritten has gone entirely unnoticed by scholars. The present article explains how this version of Defoe’s maritime picaresque fiction responded to national anxieties about naval performance, aristocratic leadership, and martial masculinity following the loss of Minorca, seeking to galvanize its readers during the privateering rush of this period and the more general appetite for a ‘blue-water’, colonial war strategy. In 1757, Bob Singleton is transformed from the stateless sea rover of Defoe’s original into a patriotic privateer who serves the British nation in an unofficial capacity, both as an African explorer in the first half and a maritime adventurer in the second. The 1757 novel shows the ways in which the rising taste for sentimental fiction, moving away from individualistic adventure stories, coalesced with imperialist and nationalist agendas in the mid-eighteenth century. This example of literary appropriation rewards the investigation of the afterlives of eighteenth-century fiction, aiding recognition of how novels endured and were revived, often in revised or remediated states, to reach different readerships and speak to new sociocultural contexts.

A history of Italy's health policy from the Republic to the new century

AbstractThis article analyses the development of Italian health policies in the post-Second World War period. Shortly after the setting up of the ‘Beveridge model’ and the creation of the British National Health Service, Italy also introduced a new approach to health, which became part of the Constitution. However, the implementation of the necessary reforms was delayed due to resistance from the country's institutions and government parties. The introduction of a radical health reform became possible only in 1978 through pressure generated from social conflicts, trade unions and left-wing parties. The implementation of the National Health Service encountered a number of obstacles due to the specific conditions of Italy, but also owing to changes at the international level. The neoliberal policies started in the 1980s introduced restrictions in health spending, the regionalisation and privatisation of services, and a new selective approach to health. In spite of these limitations and contradictions, the Italian healthcare system has been considerably successful, leading to strong improvements in health and to a life expectancy at birth among the longest in Europe. The recent developments – and the experience of the pandemic – confirm the important impact of a public, universal health service and, at the same time, the persistent policy efforts aimed at weakening its reach.

Louis Mallet in the Crosshairs of “the Times”: Criticism of Actions of the British Diplomacy in Constantinople at the Beginning of the First World War

The article is devoted to the publication of “A Mortifying Disclosure” in the British newspaper “The Times” on August 24, 1917, with criticism of British foreign policy towards the Ottoman Empire, in particular the actions of Louis Mallet, the British ambassador in Constantinople. The mentioned publication, as well as the discussion caused by it, are little covered in historiography. Much more information is provided by the primary sources, represented by the documents of the British National Archives (The National Archives, TNA), and also by the memoirs of the participants of researched events. In the mentioned article, Louis Mallet was criticized for short-sightedness and excessive credulity. According to the author of the publication, the Turkish grand vizier deceived the British ambassador, even when the choice of the Ottoman Empire in favor of entering the war on the side of the Central Powers became obvious. In turn, the fact that British diplomats failed to find out about the existence of the German-Turkish treaty became the basis for sharp criticism of the Foreign Office at all. In response to this publication, Louis Mallet spoke in defense of his actions in Constantinople. He was supported by other Foreign Office officials, including former Foreign Secretary Edward Grey. They argued that the Foreign Office was fully aware of the pro-German course of the Porte, but intended to delay the state of war with her as far as possible in order to prepare for the defense of Egypt, the Suez Canal and India. These circumstances led to the accommodating position of British diplomacy. The characteristics of both Mallet himself and the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire, Said Helim, are separately analyzed from the point of view of historiography and their contemporaries. Also the importance of the defense of India and Egypt, its importance as a key factor in shaping the course of British diplomacy was researched. Finally, the work contains the author's interpretations and evaluations of the analyzed events

Sacrificing EU citizenship on the altar of Brexit

This case note reports on the judgment of the Court of Justice in case C-673/20 EP. The decision clarified that British nationals lost their EU citizenship status following the UK's withdrawal from the Union. After giving an overview of the facts of the case and summarizing the opinion of AG Collins and the Court's reasoning, this contribution critically engages with the judgment and reflects on its place in the Court's jurisprudence on Union citizenship.

Associations and mitigations: an analysis of the changing risk factor landscape for chronic kidney disease in primary care using national general practice level data

ObjectivesEarly recognition of chronic kidney disease (CKD) should be achieved by every modern healthcare system. The objective of this study was to investigate CKD risk factor trends in England using...