Brine Shrimp Lethality Research Articles

Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Zinc Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum Herbal Formulation.

Background Toxicological assessments of nanoparticles are becoming more and more necessary due to the current rapid increase in interest in them for biomedical applications. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) andsilver nanoparticles (AgNPs)using Ocimum tenuiflorum(black tulsi) and Ocimum gratissimum(African basil) herbal formulation extracts and to evaluate their cytotoxic effects. Methods The synthesis of AgNPs and ZnONPs was monitored using UV-visible spectra analysis at different time intervals. The nanoparticles' morphology and elemental composition were examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Furthermore, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra analysis was employed to identify the functional groups within the nanoparticles. The cytotoxic effects of the nanoparticles were evaluated using the brine shrimp lethality assay. Results The UV-visible spectra analysis revealed the successful synthesis of AgNPs and ZnONPs, with maximum absorption peaks observed at 430 nm and 380 nm, respectively. SEM images showed that AgNPs were spherical in shape and tended to agglomerate, while ZnONPs displayed a unique rod-like to short prism shape, and EDX analysis confirmed the presence of both silver and zinc in these nanoparticles, alongside other elements from the herbal extracts. FT-IR analysis indicated the existence of diverse functional groups on the nanoparticles' surfaces. The brine shrimp lethality assay results demonstrated a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect of the nanoparticles. Conclusion The study successfully synthesized and characterized AgNPsand ZnONPsusing Ocimum tenuiflorumand Ocimum gratissimum herbal formulation extracts. The nanoparticles exhibited significant cytotoxic effects, suggesting their potential applications in various fields. Our results highlight the need for a more discrete use of nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Further studies are needed to explore their potential uses and ensure their safe and effective application.

Antioxidant and anti-arthritic activity of Bombax buonopozense P. Beauv. leaves

Bombax buonopozense (Bombacaceae) leaves have been used traditionally for arthritis in south-western Nigeria. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-arthritic activity of B.buonopozense in Complete Freund adjuvant-induce arthritic wistar rats. The plant leaves methanol extract and fractions were screened for preliminary phytochemicals and brine shrimp lethality was determined. Total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC) as well as anti-oxidant activity of the extract and fractions were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Cyclophosphamide, gallic acid, and ascorbic acid were used as standards respectively. Anti-arthritic activity of crude methanol extract (BBME) at 100, 200 and 400mg/kg was evaluated in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis model in rats. Data were analysed using Graph pad prism version 5, two-way and one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc test. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolics. The brine shrimp lethality assay of the crude extract and fractions gave LC50 value≥1000μg/mL, compared to Cyclophosphamide (LC50=224.7±0.35μg/mL). The BBME had TPC value of 19.8±0.56mg GAE/g, while the TFC of ethyl acetate fraction was the highest (173.5±0.05mg QE/g). The ethyl acetate fraction has the highest antioxidant activity (IC50=20.96±0.23μg/mL) as compared to ascorbic acid (2.8±0.01) and rutin (20.6±9.26μg/mL). BBME significantly reduced the paw circumference. BBME (400mg/kg) prevented biochemical changes to a greater extent than Celecoxib (20mg/kg). Bombax buonopozense leaves could be an effective antiarthritic and holds prospect in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Molecular marker identification, antioxidant, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory responsiveness of malonic acid capped silver nanoparticle.

Nano-sized silver has drawn a great deal of attention in the field of health sciences owing to its remarkable therapeutic applications. Interestingly, the method applied to synthesize nanoparticles and the choice of reagents considerably influence their therapeutic potential and toxicities. Current research has explored the toxicity, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant responses of the malonic acid-capped silver nanoparticles (MA-AgNPs (C) by using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent at low temperatures by employing both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Furthermore, it has highlighted the synergistic effect of these novel compounds with conventional anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents. Acute and sub-acute toxicity analysis performed following OECD guidelines showed that the studied MA-AgNPs (C) are safer, and prominent toxic signs have not been detected at the highest studied dose of 2,000mg/kg. Cytotoxicity evaluation through brine shrimp lethality revealed 20% lethality at the highest concentration of 169.8μg/mL. Significantly, positive anti-inflammatory and analgesic responses alone as well as synergism with the standard were identified through in vitro as well as in vivo methods which were more potent at a lower dose (200mg/kg). Notably synergistic outcomes were more pronounced than individual ones, indicating their prominent effect as a feasible drug delivery system. IL-6 and TNF-α assessment in excised paw tissue through RTPCR technique further supported their anti-inflammatory potential. DPPH assay revealed eminent in vitro antioxidant activity which was further corroborated by in vivo antioxidant assessment through evaluation of SOD in excised paw tissue.

Antioxidant and cytotoxicity studies of <i>Eleusine indica</i> (Linn.) Gaertn. on brine shrimp

Cancer is currently one of the most dangerous diseases reported all over the world; there are numerous researches ongoing to tackle the effects of chemotherapy on diagnosed patients. Hence, this study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials of Eleusine indica on Brine shrimp. Fresh E. indica was air dried, pulverized, macerated in absolute methanol at room temperature for 72 hours, and concentrated. Phytochemical screening of the powdered sample was done using standard protocols. The crude extract was further partitioned into different fractions (n-hexane, aqueous, ethyl acetate), screened for their cytotoxic and anti-oxidant activities using brine shrimp lethality assay and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method respectively. For the anti-oxidant test, gallic acid and catechol were used as control while cyclophosphamide was used as the control for cytotoxicity test. Preliminary phytochemical assay revealed the presence of alkaloids and anthraquinones while saponins and cardiac glycosides were absent. High anti-oxidant activity was recorded with the lethal concentration of aqueous extract E. indica (129% LC50) followed by the crude extract (128.7% LC50) when compare to gallic acid (0.95% LC50) and catechol (1.70% LC50). The crude extract showed high activity against brine shrimp cell. The n-hexane fraction (12.08 LC50 μg/mL) showed the highest cytotoxic activity followed by the aqueous fraction (7.72 LC50 μg/mL). This study revealed the potent antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials of E. indica and also justified its use in traditional medicine. Further investigation should be carried out on the isolation and characterization of the bioactive compounds responsible for these activities.

Isolation of Endophytic Fungi from Rui (Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr.) and Determining Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activity

Endophytic fungi produce bioactive metabolites that exhibit antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activity. Rui (Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr.) is a traditional medicinal plant proven to be an antibacterial and anticancer. Endophytic fungi live in plant tissues without damaging or producing chemicals that infect the host cell. Endophytes produce the same and similar compound as an original plant. This study aimed to isolate the endophytic fungi from Rui and determine their antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity. 13 fungal isolates were successfully isolated using PDA for seven days at 30°C. Molecular identification using the ITS1 and ITS4 DNA sequences only revealed six species: Diaporthe sp., Phomopsis sp., Aspergillus tubingensis, Aspergillus viridinutans, Pseudofusicoccum sp., and Daldinia eschscholtz. Seven isolates showed antibacterial activity based on plate assay. Aspergillus tubingensis and RA-1 exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi, with the MIC and MBC starting from 24 to 32 mg/ml. The DPPH assay showed the most increased antioxidant activity in Daldinia eschscholtzii with an IC50 of 98.14±2.39 µg/ml. The Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) showed the highest potential cytotoxic activity, as shown by Aspergillus tubingensis and Phomopsis sp. with LC50 of 7.78±7.48 and 30.83±0.39 µg/ml. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the fungal extract from Rui could be a source of antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic agents.

Bioactive Compounds and In Vitro Evaluation of Phyllanthus niruri Extract as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities

Phyllanthus niruri grows easily in Indonesia and is widely used in traditional medicine. Differences in growing conditions, methods of preparation, and harvest time greatly affect the phytochemical contents, affecting the efficacy and toxicity of medicinal plants. This study aims to identify the phytochemical contents and toxicity and determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Phyllanthus niruri extract (PNE) commonly used by people in Aceh. Phytochemical analysis was carried out qualitatively and semi-quantitatively with GC-MS. A toxicity test was carried out with the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). The antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring IC50 against the DPPH system. Antimicrobial assays against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans were determined based on the disc diffusion test. The results of this study indicate that PNE contains phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins, and alkaloids. Based on the semiquantitative phytochemical analysis using GC-MS, the major phytochemical component of PNE is 2,3 dihydro-3-5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, hexadecanoic acid, triazole derivates, linolenic acid, benzaldehyde 3,4-dimethoxy, hexahydroanthracene derivatives, and phytol. The LC50 PNE is 532.96 ppm. The IC50 value for PNE in inhibiting DPPH is 56.72 ppm. PNE has antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, directly proportional to the increase in concentration. PNE obtained in community yards in Aceh has a low level of toxicity with potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. HIGHLIGHTS Phyllanthus niruri (PNE) extract contains various compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, and saponins PNE exhibits strong antioxidant activity with low toxicity Antimicrobial activity of PNE against the growth of S. aureus while exhibiting comparatively lower potency against E. coli and C. albicans GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Evaluation of in vitro anthelmintic, cytotoxic, antimicrobial and thrombolytic activities of <i>Ipomoea hederifolia</i> stem

<i>Ipomoea hederifolia</i>, a member of the convolvulaceae family, is an annual climbing ornamental vine with wide range of pharmacological activities. The methanolic extract of powdered <i>Ipomoea hederifolia</i> stem was subjected to evaluate the<i> in-vitro</i> anthelmintic, cytotoxic, antibacterial and thrombolytic potentials. The disc-diffusion technique explored the antibacterial activity of <i>Ipomoea hederifolia</i> stem extract (IHSE) against six detrimental microorganisms. Anthelmintic and thrombolytic potentials were assessed using earthworms and human erythrocytes as test samples. Moreover, a brine shrimp lethality bioassay procedure was applied to determine cytotoxic activity. The methanolic IHSE demonstrated statistically significant (<i>p < 0.05</i>) anthelminthic potential in a dose-dependent fashion. In the brine shrimp lethality assay, IHSE depicted a sharp soar in the death rate of brine shrimp nauplii, and 50% (LC<sub>50</sub>) of nauplii died at 4.544 µg/mL of IHSE. Moreover, the IHSE revealed moderate clot lysis activity in a dose-dependent manner; the highest clot lysis was 37.167± 2.40% at 20 mg/mL (<i>p < 0.05</i>). However, no significant antimicrobial activity was observed for IHSE. Based on the findings, our investigation suggests that the methanol fraction of IHSE possesses substantial anthelmintic, cytotoxic and thrombolytic potentials, and the plant could be deemed as a probable hub for future drug discovery.

Isolation and characterization of cytotoxic and antioxidant biomarkers from the aerial parts of Suaedaaegyptica

Chronic disease is an irregular change inside or outside of the tissues and organs that results in accumulation, local damage, and inflammation or irritation. Suaeda aegyptiaca (S. aegyptiaca) is a plant that has been used for a long time for the treatment of human diseases. Therefore, the aim of this present research study is to prepare various plant extracts and screen their antioxidant activity spectroscopically, and later on to isolate antioxidant biomarkers from the significantly highest active crude extract of the aerial parts of S. aegyptiaca. To attain the present objectives, different crude extracts were prepared from the aerial parts of S. aegyptiaca by using a maceration method. The antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the prepared aerial crude extracts of S. aegyptiaca were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and brine shrimp lethality (BSL) methods, respectively. All the prepared aerial crude extracts of the particular plant at six different concentrations showed significant antioxidant activity against the DPPH. The ethyl acetate crude extract showed the highest antioxidant activity, and the lowest activity was in the butanol extract. However, all the aerial crude extracts of S. aegyptiaca were prepared at different concentrations did not show any activity against the BSL method. Based on the antioxidant activity results, the ethyl acetate extract was selected for the isolation of antioxidant compounds. The extract was purified using column chromatography by using different solvent ratios. A series of test tubes were collected with a volume of 3 mL and depending on the similar retention mobility (Rf) behavior, a total of twelve fractions were prepared. Similarly, the antioxidant activity of the obtained twelve fractions from column chromatography was determined by the same DPPH method. All the fractions showed significant antioxidant activity. Among the fractions from the column, fraction 6 gave the highest antioxidant activity and the lowest was fraction 1. In conclusion, all the aerial extracts showed promising activities against DPPH and the fraction with the highest antioxidant activity could be used as natural antioxidant biomarkers to prevent cell damage.

Chemico-pharmacological evaluations of the dwarf elephant ear (Colocasia affinis Schott) plant metabolites and extracts: health benefits from vegetable source.

Introduction: Colocasia affinis Schott (Family: Araceae), found in the Asian region, is a traditional root vegetable consumed by the locals and well-known as Dwarf Elephant Ear. Methods: For the pharmacological exploration of this root vegetable, four kupchan fractions (i.e. HSF, DCMSF, EASF, and AQSF) from ethanolic extract of C. affinis were employed to in vitro i.e. antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial and in vivo i.e. antidiarrheal and analgesic assays, followed by phytochemical screening and GC-MS protocol. Result and Discussion: In the antioxidant assay, the AQSF showed promising potential with an IC50 value of 29.4μg/mL and additionally, it exhibited the greatest overall phenolic content, measuring 57.23mg GAE/gm. of extract among other fractions. The AQSF also revealed promising cytotoxic activity in brine shrimp lethality assay with an LC50 value of 1.36μg/mL. Both AQSF and EASF exhibited substantial antimicrobial efficacy against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as various fungus species with a remarkable zone of inhibitions compared to standards. Whereas, during both the castor oil-induced antidiarrheal and acetic acid-induced writhing assay, the DCMSF at 400mg/kg dose exhibited the highest 51.16% reduction of diarrhea and 52.33% reduction of writhing. Phytochemical screening revealed several chemical groups while GC-MS study of different fractions of dwarf elephant ear ethanolic extract revealed 48 different bioactive phytochemicals in total. Several targets such as KAS, DHFR for anti-microbial activities, GLR, URO for antioxidant activities, EGFR, BCL-2 for cytotoxicity, KOR, DOR for antidiarrheal activities and COX-2, TNF-α for analgesic activities are considered for molecular docking against identified phytocompounds and standards along with ADME/T studies to ascertain their safety, efficacy and drug likeliness profiles. Conclusion: To recapitulate, our study revealed that vegetables such as dwarf elephant ear can be considered as a prospective source of therapeutics and drug development besides their nutritive food values.

DESIGN, SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, ANTIMICROBIAL EVALUATION AND TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BIVALENT TIN COMPLEXES WITH MACROCYCLIC MOIETY

The novel complexes Sn(II), were synthesized of macrocyclic ligands derived from various diamine and dicarboxylic acids in the ratio of 2:2 and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, mass, NMR, FT-IR, and electronic spectra. The interactions of macrocyclic ligands (MLn) with SnCl2 in a 1:1 molar ratio in methanol produced the ensuing physiologically active [Sn(MLn)Cl2] type complexes, where n = 1 or 2. The complexes were initially identified using conductivity tests, molecular weight calculations, and elemental investigations. The bonding mode was determined using spectral data from the IR, 1H NMR, and 119Sn NMR. The complexes exhibit hexacoordinated octahedral geometry. The positive findings of Brine shrimp lethality of the ligands and their complexes have been discussed. The antimicrobial effects of each complex on several types of harmful fungus and bacteria have been assessed. The research focused on investigating and analyzing various aspects related to male fertility. It specifically investigated cauda epididymal spermatozoa density, sperm motility, testicular sperm density, fertility, and biological constraints of propagative tissues. The findings and discussions about these factors were presented in the study.

The Influence of Enrichment with Ascorbic Acid and Fermipan on Artemia sp. Exposed to Salinity Shock

Artemia sp. plays a vital role in the natural feed used for cultivation due to its rich nutritional composition, primarily consisting of proteins and amino acids. Despite its nutritional value, the current profile of Artemia sp. falls short of being optimal for sustaining its life. To address this, a study focused on enriching Artemia sp. with ascorbic acid and fermipan during the salinity shock test. The research utilized a laboratory experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD). The toxicity test for ascorbic acid on Artemia sp. employed the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, and the obtained toxicity values were used to determine treatment dosages. Artemia sp. enrichment involved a 3-day soaking process with seven distinct treatments, each repeated for accuracy. The salinity test subjected Artemia sp. to salinities ranging from 25 ppt to 0 ppt, recording the survival rate every 4 hours until mortality occurred. The toxicity test revealed an LC50 value of 200.84, indicating the toxic nature of ascorbic acid against Artemia sp. In the salinity shock test, Artemia sp. demonstrated varying resistance levels, with the longest survival time observed in the AS 2 treatment (20 hours), followed by FR, C1, and C2 (16 hours), AS 3, C3, and the control (12 hours), and AS 1 (8 hours). The enrichment of ascorbic acid and fermipan significantly influenced the salinity shock test, but the combination of both did not have a significant impact on Artemia sp.'s response to salinity shock.

Cytotoxic, Phytotoxic and Insecticidal Potential of Achillea millefolium L. and Chaerophyllum villosum wall. ex dc.

The methanolic, chloroformic and aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium and Chaerophyllum villosum were investigated for cytotoxicity, phytotoxic and insecticidal activities. Cytotoxicity was investigated by brine shrimp lethality assay indicating that the crude methanolic extract of A.millefolium and chloroformic extract of C.villosum revealed highest mortality of brine shrimps with (LD50 of 52.60 µg/ml) and (14.81 µg/ml). Phytotoxicity was evaluated using the Lemna minor bioassay which revealed that the crude methanolic extract of A.millefolium and C.villosum extract has maximum inhibition of Lemna minor with (Fl50 6.60 µg/ml) and (0.67 µg/ml).The insecticidal activity showed that among all the insects studied it was observed that methanolic extract of A. millefoliumand C. villosum was highly toxic to Sphenoptera dadkhani with (LD50=4.17 µg/ml) and (0.34 µg/ml). From the present study it can be concluded that different extracts from A. millefolium and C. villosum showed good cytotoxic, phytotoxic and insecticidal activity in a dose dependent manner.

Formulation of Ascorbic Acid and Skim Milk in Feed for Salinity Stress in Artemia sp.

Artemia sp. is recognized for its abundant and comprehensive nutritional profile, yet it lacks the inherent ability to produce vital elements such as vitamins, Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), necessitating their acquisition from external sources. To augment the nutritional quality of Artemia sp., enrichment becomes imperative. This research aimed to evaluate the toxicity of ascorbic acid when used as a feed for Artemia sp. and investigate the influence of ascorbic acid enrichment and the addition of skim milk to the feed on Artemia sp.'s response to salinity stress. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The toxicity assessment of ascorbic acid utilized the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, yielding an LC50 value of 200.84 (> 1000 ppm), indicating toxicity to Artemia sp. Salinity stress resistance exhibited variability across treatments, with the longest survival times observed sequentially in Artemia sp. subjected to AS treatment 3 (20 hours), AS 2, and the control (16 hours), SM, AS 3, and C 1 (12 hours), and C 2 (8 hours). The enrichment of Artemia sp. feed with ascorbic acid and skim milk significantly influenced (sig. = 0.002) its resistance to salinity stress, with the optimal formulation identified at 200 ppm of ascorbic acid.

Chemical Profiling and Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Cytotoxic, Analgesic, and Antidiarrheal Activities from the Seeds of Commonly Available Red Grape (Vitis vinifera L.).

The current study aimed to conduct a phytochemical screening of commonly known fruit red grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed methanolic extract through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for its health benefits and evaluate the pharmacological potentialities of the extract and its fractions against oxidation, inflammation, pain, and diarrhea. The in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic characteristics of methanolic extracts and various solvent fractions of V. vinifera were evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, membrane stabilizing, and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Furthermore, the study assessed the effects of crude extracts (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of body weight) on pain relief and reduction of diarrhea in animals using methods such as tail immersion, the acetic acid-induced writhing technique, and a diarrheal mouse model induced with castor oil. A total of 73 phytoconstituents were predominantly found in the seed extract based on the GC-MS analysis. Among the identified compounds, 9-octadecenamide (13.7%), and (9E,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoate (11.07%) are most abundant. Several notable constituents, such as gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, paromomycin, 4,6-cholestadienol, gamma-tocotrienol, 24-Propylidenecholest-5-en-3beta-ol, and alpha-tocopherol acetate, are also present. The methanolic extract of V. vinifera seed and its different solvent fractions showed promising antioxidant properties (IC50 = 1.19-17.42 µg/mL) compared to the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (IC50 = 20.46 µg/mL). Aqueous soluble fraction exerted inhibition of nearly 50% heat-induced hemolysis compared to the standard acetylsalicylic acid (42%). Besides, all the tested doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg bw) of the crude extract showed significant (P < .05) analgesic and antidiarrheal effects. The current findings endorsed the health benefits of V. vinifera by revealing potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiarrheal effects. Nevertheless, further in-depth analysis of the plant's chemical constituents and pharmacological effects on health is warranted for novel drug discovery from V. vinifera.

Evaluation of Antibacterial and Toxicity Properties of Marine Endophytic Fungi from Red Algae Gracilaria Salicornia and Chondrus sp.

Marine fungi are widely recognized for producing bioactive compounds with diverse pharmaceutical applications. The study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of methanolic extracts from endophytic fungi derived from Gracilaria salicornia and Chondrus sp., collected from Argani Beach, Bali, Indonesia. Fungal isolation yielded one and three fungal strains from each host, respectively. They were later identified as Aspergillus unguis A4-1-1, Trichoderma yunnanense A5-1-1, Trichoderma asperellum A5-1-2, and Clonostachys pseudostriata A5-2-1 through ITS or LSU region comparison. Each methanolic extract underwent testing for phytochemical content, antibacterial activities, and cytotoxic potentials. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids in all extracts. Notably, the extract of the non-salt-treated fungus A. unguis A4-1-1 demonstrated the most potent activity with MIC values of 15.6 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, while other extracts showed no substantial activity. Additionally, the salt-treated T. asperellum A5-1-2 exhibited the most potent toxic activity compared to the others with LC50 of 104.9 μg/mL, according to the brine shrimp lethality test. Other extracts showed LC50 values starting from 107.0 to 792.9 μg/mL. Given their notable antibacterial and cytotoxic potentials, it is noteworthy to identify and characterize the bioactive compounds from these fungal strains in future study.

Hierarchical plant extracts in silver nanoparticles preparation: Minuscular survey to achieve enhanced bioactivities

Extracts obtained from M. longifolia (Lamiaceae) and R. ellipticus (Rosaceae) were selected to utilize in the reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for achieving remarkable bioactivities. In brief, the cytotoxic potential of the as synthesize AgNPs was high at higher concentrations. In DPPH assay, maximum antioxidant potential was shown by AgNPs synthesized from M. longifolia. Meanwhile, Methanolic extracts exhibited more antioxidant potential than chloroform based extracts.Further, brine shrimp lethality assay was carried out to achieve 34.6 μg/mL & 25.65 μg/mL LD50 values against the NPs prepared from M. and R., respectively. In addition, antioxidant activities were carried by ABTS Radical cation assay where 38.6 μg/mL and 47 μg/mL IC50 values were obtained for the NPs obtained from M. longifolia and R. ellipticus, respectively. Reducing power assay (0.370–0.15 and 0.37–0.26 mean absorbance) and DPPH (% scavenging: 88.91–46.48 and 88.91–44.78) percentages were recorded for M. and R. synthesized AgNPs, respectively.In brief, M. longifolia functionalized particles performed better in comparison to R. ellipticus treated particles. In addition, the nano assembly dispersed in polar solvent demonstrated better results in comparison to non-polar solvents.In conclusion, the as synthesized AgNPs were better in bioactivities than crude extracts of the selected plants.In future, this work could be extended to isolating active components for the nanofabrication of biologically intelligent nanoparticles for pharmacological interest. In the proposed investigation, the purified bioactivities fractions would be highlighted for further consideration in various medical treatments.

Phytochemical Characterization and Assessment of Crude Extracts from Justicia adhatoda for Phytotoxic and Cytotoxic Activity

Background. The aim of the study was to investigate the cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and proximate and phytochemical analysis of methanolic extracts of the leaves of Justicia adhatoda. Methods. Methanolic leaf extract of J. adhatoda was screened for phytotoxic activity by using root length inhibition and seed germination assays. Cytotoxic activity was calculated using brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Plant extracts were also investigated for their proximate composition. The presence of several phytochemicals was tested by employing different methods. Results. Decrease in seed germination and root length, 62.67% and 83.11%, was proportional to the increasing concentration of the methanolic extract of the plant. Cytotoxicity assay results indicated that the methanolic extract possessed significant cytotoxic potential with an LC‐50 of 217 µg/ml. Proximate analysis revealed that the leaves of J. adhatoda contain 9.4% moisture, 90.6% dry matter, 19.25% crude protein, 4.5% crude fat, 8.0% crude fiber, and 11.5% total ash. Conclusion. Methanolic extracts of J. adhatoda leaves showed significant cytotoxic effects and may have potential use in medicine. The J. adhatoda foliar extract shows good inhibitory effects against seed germination and root growth. Therefore, it might be used as soil additive in crops to control weeds. Further research is required to detect and isolate phytotoxins from the plant that might replace synthetic herbicides with eco‐friendly herbicides.

SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF A COMPOUND ISOLATED FROM THE ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF CALOPHYLLUM MACROPHYLLUM SCHEFF AND TOXICITY TESTS USING THE BSLT METHOD AGAINST ARTEMIA SALINA LEACH LARVAE

The Calophyllum genus has been reported to be rich in bioactive compounds that have medicinal properties. The author will also report the results of the isolation of compounds obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction of the bark of the plant C. macrophyllum Scheff, a type of Calophyllum found in Mount Kerinci, Jambi province. This paper will analyze the spectroscopic data of these compounds which include UV, IR, GC-MS, 1HNMR and 13CNMR spectra which are amplified by HMQC and HMBC spectra. The first step in bioactivity testing is the toxicity test using the BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method using Artemia Salina Leach shrimp larvae. The results of the spectroscopic analysis obtained the chemical formula as a derivative of fatty acid methyl ester (methyl-octadec-14 enoic), in the form of a yellow liquid with a boiling point of 173-175°C. The results of the initial screening for bioactivity through the toxicity test of the BSLT method on Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae obtained an LC50 value of 141.2 g/mL. This compound still has the potential to have certain bioactivity

Isolation and Cytotoxic Activity Test of Alkaloids from Dichloromethane Fraction of Bark of Tampa Badak (Voacanga foetida (Blume) Rolfe) Against T47D Cell Line

Cancer is a problem in the health sector because this disease has an increasing incidence of morbidity and mortality. While the treatment still leaves some drug side effects, which cause discomfort for cancers sufferers. The arises because most cancer drugs work non-selectively. Because of some of the problems above, it is necessary to encourage the search for alternative drugs treatment of cancer. Voacanga foetida (Blume) Rolfe (Apocynaceae) is a species of plant from the genus Voacanga known as the tampa badak from West Sumatra. This plant is known to be source of indole alkaloids and also bis-indole alkaloids potential as cancer drugs. Therefore, in this study we are interested to explore the potency of this plant as natural product sources with potential cytotoxic activity. The study was started from the isolation process and continued by characterization of the isolated compounds and then testing their cytotoxic activity T47D breast cancer cell line. The isolation process of alkaloid compounds were performed by acid-base extraction, liquid-liquid fractionation, and followed by separation using column chromatography. Then,the potency of cytotoxic activity of the isolates were screened through Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method and evaluated by MTT assay. The structure of three isolated alkaloids (VFB-DB1.1; VFB-DB2.1; and VFB-DB2.2) were charachterized using spectroscopic analyses, including UV and FT-IR. One isolated compound (VFB-DB1.1) was also characterized using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Based on the similarity of 1H NMR spectra of isolated compound when compared with the literature, compound VFB-DB1.1 was identified as voacangine. Then, the BSLT and MTT assay result showed that VFB-DB1.1 exhibited LC50 value of 15.8 µg/mL againt Artemia salina L.and IC50 value of 8.9 µg/mL against T47D breast cancer cells, respectively.

Toxicity Test of Flavonoid Compounds from Ethyl Acetate Extract of Malacca Leaves with Brine Shrimp Lethality Test

Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds produced in plants as secondary metabolites. Flavonoids have favorable biochemical effects on multiple diseases and other bioactivities. This study aimed to isolate the active compounds contained in malacca (Phyllanthus emblica) leaves and analyze toxic properties using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method in Artemia salina leach shrimp larvae. This study used malacca leaf powder with ethyl acetate solvent then macerated. Ethyl acetate extract was concentrated and fractionated, then toxicity tests were carried out. Extracts from the evaporation results were further fractionated using solvent petroleum ether, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. Then the ethyl acetate fraction was hydrolyzed using reflagged with 7% sulfuric acid for two hours, then the filtrate was extracted with ethanol solvent. The obtained fraction washed with aquades and dried using a vacuum desiccator. The toxicity test results showed that the flavonoid compound of malacca leaves was not toxic with a value of LC50 &gt; 1000 ppm, an increase in the concentration of the extract was followed by an increase in the average mortality of larvae.