Brilliant Colors Research Articles

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PAKAN DENGAN EKSTRAK WORTEL (Daucus carota L) DAN EKSTRAK SPIRULINA TERHADAP WARNA IKAN KOI (Cyprinus carpio)

Ornamental fish are currently in great demand for cultivation. High selling value and productivity are the hallmarks of ornamental fish farming. One of the ornamental fish commodities that rely on the beauty of colors and patterns is koi fish. Koi fish that have a beautiful body shape and brilliant colors will increase the sale value. Increasing the color of fish plays an important role in koi fish farming. The colors that stand out in koi fish are red and orange. One way to increase the color is to provide feed containing carotenoids. Economical food ingredients containing carotenoids that can be added to feed include carrot and spirulina extracts. This study aims to determine which additional feed ingredients can have a better effect on the brightness of the color of koi fish. The parameters to be observed include color brightness and economic aspects. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and three replications.

Brilliant non-iridescent structural colors of hierarchical photonic films by hydrophobic substrates assembly design

Hierarchical structure designs can maximize the application of structural materials on multi-dimensional scale from a limited choice. Mimicking this performance is a great challenge, especially in optical structures. Here, a hierarchical structural-colored film with highly ordered periodic layers and amorphous array layers was designed by a simple one-step confined self-assembly procedure based on hydrophobic substrates, which shows an excellent optical effect. The highly ordered periodic layers could act as a specific wavelength mirror-like reflectance, which enhanced the coherent scattering of light in the amorphous arrays, resulting in higher color visibility. The intricate interaction of light over hierarchical structures at different length scales has profound significance for the application of complex optical assemblies.

Synthesis and Spectrophotometric Studies of Heterocyclic Bay-Substituted Naphthalenediimide Colorimetric pH Indicators

Four naphthalenediimide colorimetric pH indicators were synthesized with N,N-dimethylethyleneamine at the imide positions and with 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic rings at the bay positions, namely pyrrolidine, morpholine, piperidine and azepane. The pH indicators are constructed in a modular receptor–spacer–fluorophore–spacer–receptor format based on a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) design. The compounds were studied by UV–visible absorption and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy in 1:1 (v/v) methanol/water. Brilliant colour changes are observed between pH 2 and 4 due to an internal charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. Fluorescence turn-on enhancements range from 10–37 fold; however, the maximum fluorescence quantum yield in the presence of acid is <0.004, which is below naked eye detection. Hence, from the viewpoint of a human observer, these chemosensors function as colorimetric YES logic gates, and fluorimetric PASS 0 logic gates.

Bio-Inspired Highly Brilliant Structural Colors and Derived Photonic Superstructures for Information Encryption and Fluorescence Enhancement.

Inspired by the brilliant and tunable structural colors based on the large refractive index contrast (Δn) and non-close-packing structures of chameleon skins, ZnS-silica photonic crystals (PCs) with highly saturated and adjustable colors are fabricated. Due to the large Δn and non-close-packing structure, ZnS-silica PCs show 1) intense reflectance (maximal: 90%), wide photonic bandgaps, and large peak areas, 2.6-7.6, 1.6, and 4.0 times higher than those of silica PCs, respectively; 2) tunable colors by simply adjusting the volume fraction of particles with the same size, more convenient than the conventional way of altering particle sizes; and 3) a relatively low threshold of PC's thickness (57 µm) possessing maximal reflectance compared to that (>200 µm) of the silica PCs. Benefiting from the core-shell structure of the particles, various derived photonic superstructures are fabricated by co-assembling ZnS-silica and silica particles into PCs or by selectively etching silica or ZnS of ZnS-silica/silica and ZnS-silica PCs. A new information encryption technique is developed based on the unique reversible "disorder-order" switch of water-responsive photonic superstructures. Additionally, ZnS-silica PCs are ideal candidates for enhancing fluorescence (approximately tenfold), approximately six times higher than that of silica PC.

Community-sourced sightings of atypical birds can be used to understand the evolution of plumage color and pattern

AbstractBirds are known for their brilliant colors and extraordinary patterns. Sightings of individuals with atypical plumage often cause considerable excitement in the birding public, but receive little attention beyond reporting one-off sightings by the scientific community. In this Perspective, we argue that sightings of individuals with atypical plumage submitted to community science platforms hold the potential to further our understanding of the evolution of plumage color and patterning in birds. As a demonstration, we outline two examples using sightings of leucistic individuals—those that lack melanin across the body or in certain feather patches. First, we discuss the potential for understanding carotenoid pigmentation with these sightings. Leucism influences melanins, but not carotenoids, and so the extent and distribution of carotenoids across the body are unmasked. In a leucistic individual, carotenoids may or may not be more extensive than what is typically visible and this could help to understand the energetic costs and constraints involved in obtaining, processing, and depositing carotenoids in different species. Second, we discuss how partial leucism could provide insights into plumage pattern evolution. We demonstrate that one can use the many observations present on community science platforms to identify repeated patterns in different partially leucistic individuals of the same species, and match these to patches present in related species. These patterns could be the result of shared underlying genetic variation that controls plumage patterning in birds over long evolutionary timescales. With these examples, we outline a few potential lines of inquiry possible with atypical sightings submitted to community science platforms and note that other plumage aberrations provide additional opportunities. We encourage researchers to take full advantage of these chance sightings when they occur and database managers to make it possible to more easily tag photos of individuals with atypical plumage or other traits.

Ink-Jet Printing of Colored Latex Inks with a “Soft” Core–“Hard” Shell Structure

Colored latex particles (CLPs) as a novel colorant have been widely applied to salt-free dyeing and printing due to their adjustable composition, brilliant colors, excellent durability, and small particle size. In this paper, the effects of glass-transition temperatures (Tg) on the filterability of CLP inks were first studied, and the results showed that the CLP inks can be successfully filtered and ejected when the Tg’s of CLP inks exceeded 48 °C. Based on our previous research, CLP (Tg = 25 °C)-printed fabrics had excellent color fastness and a soft hand feel, while a stiff hand feel occurred with the increase of the Tg. Herein, the CLPs with a core–shell structure (CLP@PS) were designed using CLPs (Tg = 25 °C) as a “soft” core for ensuring the color fastness of printed fabrics and PS as a “hard” core for ensuring excellent filterability of inks. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering indicated that the prepared particles had an obvious core–shell structure, and the particle size was 96 nm. To balance the filterability of inks and color fastness of printed fabrics, the encapsulated thickness was optimized at 20 nm by adjusting the amounts of styrene (St) and 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AIBA). The flow rate and filtration time of CLP@PS inks were 8.9 mL/s, and 11 s, respectively. Finally, the CLP@PS inks were applied to ink-jet printing of cotton fabric. Compared with pigment ink-jet printing, CLP@PS-printed fabrics had a softer hand feel and better rubbing and washing fastness.

Chameleon-Inspired Mechanochromic Photonic Elastomer with Brilliant Structural Color and Stable Optical Response for Human Motion Visualization.

Flexible and stretchable electronic devices are indispensable parts of wearable devices. However, these electronics employ electrical transducing modes and lack the ability to visually respond to external stimuli, restricting their versatile application in the visualized human-machine interaction. Inspired by the color variation of chameleons' skin, we developed a series of novel mechanochromic photonic elastomers (PEs) with brilliant structural colors and a stable optical response. Typically, these PEs with a sandwich structure were prepared by embedding PS@SiO2 photonic crystals (PCs)within the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer. Benefiting from this structure, these PEs exhibit not only bright structural colors, but also superior structural integrity. Notably, they possess excellent mechanochromism through lattice spacing regulation, and their optical responses are stably maintained even when suffering from 100 stretching-releasing cycles, showing superior stability and reliability and excellent durability. Moreover, a variety of patterned PEs were successfully obtained through a facile mask method, which provides great inspiration to create intelligent patterns and displays. Based on these merits, such PEs can be utilized as visualized wearable devices for detecting various human joint movements in real time. This work offers a new strategy for realizing visualized interactions based on PEs, showing huge application prospects in photonic skins, soft robotics, and human-machine interactions.

Design of the Mogao Caves Caisson and Its Application to Modern Interior Design

Dunhuang Grottoes is one of the treasures of ancient Chinese art, famous for its exquisite murals and sculptures. The decorative patterns in the grottoes are rich and varied with brilliant colors, demonstrating the fusion of the cultures of the Central Plains and the Western Regions. The caisson motifs, in particular, are grand in scale and rich in variety, leaving a deep impression on people. These motifs complement the architectural structure of the grottoes, and together, they form a beautiful and harmonious artistic landscape. After China entered a fully industrialized society, the national culture of modern design in architecture became stronger and stronger, and caisson motifs are constantly being re-explored and applied to interior design. This study uses observational and case study methods to explore the relationship between traditional decorative motifs and modern design by examining the application of caisson motifs from the Mogao Grottoes in interior design. It is found that combining traditional caisson patterns with modern design is a feasible path, and the combination of traditional decorative elements and modern design, on the one hand, breaks the limitations of the current design, improves the aesthetic value and humanistic value of modern design works; on the other hand, it enriches the personality and emotion of the design works, enriches the expression of modern design, improves the overall image of modern design, and gives a new vitality.

Process maximization of salt free reactive dyeing on cotton using Taguchi approach

This study optimized the salt free reactive dyeing process using the Taguchi approach. Dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes is popular because of its bright and brilliant color in various shade ranges. Cationization with ALBAFIX-WFF and the dyeing process on cotton fabric was carried out using the exhaust method. To determine the optimum process conditions, two types of multiple characteristic parameters, including the single characteristic value conversion method and the process maximization method, were used on the basis of color strength (K/S) and wash fastness. The single characteristic value conversion method confirmed that the optimum process condition was a cationization temperature of 40 °C and a dyeing pH of 11. Most importantly, the optimal conditions were confirmed by the process maximization method as a concentration of ALBAFIX-WFF 30 g/L, cationization temperature at 80 °C, dyeing pH 12, and material-to-liquor ratio (M:L) of 1:5. More suitable dyeing properties are also achieved by the process maximization method.

Orderly-assembled photothermal photonic crystals with multiple structural colors for high-performance interfacial solar desalination

The microstructure of photothermal materials plays a central role in interfacial solar evaporation, which is vital to solar absorption, thermal management, water and vapor transportation. Ordered structures constructed on cross-scale in a controllable fashion are potentially important for high-performance photothermic vaporization, and may provide fundamental insight into the correlation between microstructure and evaporation efficiency. Herein, the ordered photothermal materials featuring brilliant structural colors and spectral and thermal management are cross-scale assembled using unique colloidal photonic crystals (PCs) as the building block. Multidimensional ordered PC photothermal materials including PC layered nanofilms, microbeads and three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds are facially constructed by Langmuir-Blodgett, microfluidics and 3D printing techniques, respectively, exhibiting excellent internal light reflection and water wettability. As a result, the corresponding solar vaporization rates of 2.23, 2.14 and 2.0 kg m-2h−1 are achieved under 1 sun, greatly surpassing that in disordered PC films. Notably, the structural color originated from periodic-arranged PC structure shows a regulable and colorful appearance, in contrast to the monotonous black color in conventional broadband photothermal materials. The controllable methodology for ordered architecture construction inspires more novel nanostructured and multifunctional photothermal materials for solar evaporation materials.

Polyphenol‐Mediated Synthesis of Superparamagnetic Magnetite Nanoclusters for Highly Stable Magnetically Responsive Photonic Crystals

AbstractAchieving high stability and excellent optical performance in complex environments is crucial for practical applications of magnetically responsive photonic crystals (MRPCs). It, however, remains a great challenge. This study demonstrates a polyphenol‐mediated strategy for synthesizing size‐controllable superparamagnetic magnetite (Fe3O4) colloid nanocrystal clusters (CNCs) that can be stably dispersed in various polar solvents to form MRPCs with brilliant structural colors for a long term. As tannic acid (TA) functions as a linker to robustly bind polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) chains to Fe3O4 surfaces, the MRPCs can maintain nearly constant diffraction wavelength and high reflectance for up to 4 years. The strong coordination between TA and Fe3+ inhibits crystal growth, ensuring the small primary crystal size and superparamagnetism of Fe3O4@TA‐PVP CNCs. Partial oxidation of TA accelerates the crystal nucleation and growth, reducing the overall CNC particle size, which can be utilized for controlling the particle size. Additionally, enhancing the dissolution of PVP before the solvothermal reaction improves the size monodispersity of the products, making the as‐constructed MRPCs ideal for practical applications in color display, sensors, anti‐counterfeiting, and camouflage. The Fe3O4@TA‐PVP CNCs with high stability and versatility for surface‐functionalization are also promising for magnetic resonance imaging, targeting drug delivery, recyclable catalysis, and magnetic nanomotors.

Efficient preparation of single-sided structural color fabrics with asymmetric wettability, angle-dependence and patternability based on liquid photonic crystals

Liquid photonic crystals (LPCs) with structural colors have become the most promising materials for preparing structural color fabrics, which have received extensive attention in textile printing and dyeing. However, the tedious and uncontrollable preparation process for LPCs and its expensive equipment for structural color fabrics with asymmetric wettability limit the practical application of structural color materials. Herein, inspired by the Janus wettability of the unidirectional moisture transport fabric, a simple and efficient approach is reported to fabricate single-sided structural color fabrics (SSCFs) with asymmetric wettability and angle dependence. To obtain asymmetrically wetted substrate fabrics, a low-cost, high-temperature assisted spraying strategy is used to build a hydrophobic layer on one side of the fabric. The ready-to-use LPCs with target mass fraction are accurately prepared by re-dispersing the dry poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid) (P(St-MMA-AA)) microsphere powder and are uniformly scraped onto the hydrophilic side of the fabric to prepare SSCFs. The as-prepared samples show a brilliant and iridescent structural color, and their color is adjusted by varying the size of the P(St-MMA-AA) microspheres. The water contact angle of the front side (with structural colors) of SSCFs treated by sintering and water bath is 37°, which facilitates further encapsulation to improve the color fastness of SSCFs. Meanwhile, the photonic crystals on the fabric remain ordered. This work provides an alternative, low-cost and practical preparation scheme for the structural coloring of textiles based on LPCs.

Valuable pigments from microalgae: phycobiliproteins, primary carotenoids, and fucoxanthin.

Phycobiliproteins, carotenoids and fucoxanthin are photosynthetic pigments extracted from microalgae and cyanobacteria with great potential biotechnological applications, as healthy food colorants and cosmetics. Phycocyanin possesses a brilliant blue color, with fluorescent properties making it useful as a reagent for immunological essays. The most important source of phycocyanin is the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis, however, recently, the Rhodophyta Galdieria sulphuraria has also been identified as such. The main obstacle to the commercialization of phycocyanin is represented by its chemical instability, strongly reducing its shelf-life. Moreover, the high level of purity needed for pharmaceutical applications requires several steps which increase both the production time and cost. Microalgae (Chlorella, Dunaliella, Nannochloropsis, Scenedesmus) produce several light harvesting carotenoids, and are able to manage with oxidative stress, due to their free radical scavenging properties, which makes them suitable for use as source of natural antioxidants. Many studies focused on the selection of the most promising strains producing valuable carotenoids and on their extraction and purification. Among carotenoids produced by marine microalgae, fucoxanthin is the most abundant, representing more than 10% of total carotenoids. Despite the abundance and diversity of fucoxanthin producing microalgae only a few species have been studied for commercial production, the most relevant being Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Due to its antioxidant activity, fucoxanthin can bring various potential benefits to the prevention and treatment of lifestyle-related diseases. In this review, we update the main results achieved in the production, extraction, purification, and commercialization of these important pigments, motivating the cultivation of microalgae as a source of natural pigments.

Construction of cellulose structural-color pigments with tunable colors and iridescence/non-iridescence

Structural colorations have been recognized as a significant way to replace conventional organic dyes for paints, inks, packaging, and cosmetics because of brilliant colors, high stability, and eco-friendliness. However, most current structural-color pigments present an iridescent appearance, and it remains difficult to mitigate a trade-off between lowering the iridescence effect and maintaining the color saturation and brightness. Here, we demonstrate a universal yet economical approach to prepare cellulose structural-color pigments with different sizes. A combined ultrasonication and grinding treatment is explored to adjust the pigment colors as well as control the iridescence-to-non-iridescence transition that depends on the pigment size. The cellulose pigments can be applied on irregular and curved surfaces, having high water-, chemical-, and mechanical-resistances. With humidity-sensing behaviors, the pigments can be further integrated into monitoring systems for environmental management. Such a preparation strategy overcomes the limitation of controlling iridescent and non-iridescent structural colors without sacrificing color properties, which may bring more opportunities to develop new eco-friendly pigments for wide applications.

Synergetic Lithium and Hydrogen Bonds Endow Liquid-Free Photonic Ionic Elastomer with Mechanical Robustness and Electrical/Optical Dual-Output.

Photonic ionic elastomers (PIEs) capable of multiple signal outputs are intriguing in flexible interactive electronics. However, fabricating PIEs with simultaneous mechanical robustness, good ionic conductivity, and brilliant structure color still remains challenging. Here, the limitations are broken through introducing the synergistic effect of lithium and hydrogen bonds into an elastomer. In virtue of lithium bonding between lithium ions and carbonyl groups in the polymer matrix as well as hydrogen bonding between silanol on the surface of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) and ether groups along polymer chains, the PIEs demonstrate mechanical strength up to 4.3MPa and toughness up to 8.6MJm-3 . Meanwhile, the synchronous electrical and optical output under mechanical strains can be achieved in the PIEs with the presence of dissociated ions contributed by lithium bond and non-close-packed SiNPs stabilized by the hydrogen bond. Moreover, due to their liquid-free nature, the PIEs exhibit extraordinary stability and durability, which can withstand extreme conditions including both high and low temperatures as well as high humidity. This work provides a promising molecular engineering route to construct high-performance photonic ionic conductors toward advanced ionotronic applications.

Construction of Cu2O single crystal nanospheres coating with brilliant structural color and excellent antibacterial properties

Structural coloration as a novel eco-friendly coloring method without using chemical dyes or pigments has been extensively studied for textile coloring. However, structural colors in creatures not only endow them with vivid colors, but also give them special functions. Therefore, the development of functional structural colored textiles with brilliant colors and special functions will have more practical application values. In this study, the structural colored and functional textiles were prepared by one-step spray coating cuprous oxide (Cu2O) single crystal nanospheres on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric. Cu2O single crystal nanospheres with five different diameters were prepared to obtain purple, blue, green, yellow-green and orange noniridescent structural colors due to the Mie scattering of Cu2O nanospheres. Cu2O structural colored fabric showed excellent washing, rubbing and bending colorfastness due to the strong adhesion of polyacrylate (PA). Cu2O structural colored fabric showed excellent antibacterial properties for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial rates of Cu2O structural colored fabric after treatment with 60 min for E. coli and S. aureus were close to 100%. Therefore, this research provides the experimental basis for the development of functional structural colored fabrics with brilliant color and excellent antibacterial properties.

Magnetic photonic crystals for biomedical applications.

Magnetic photonic crystals (PhCs), as a representative responsive structural color material, have attracted increasing research focus due to merits such as brilliant refraction colors, instant responsiveness, and excellent manipuility, thus having been widely applied for color displaying, three-dimensional printing, sensing, and so on. Featured with traits such as contactless manner, flexible orientations, and adjustable intensity of external magnetism, magnetic PhCs have shown great superiority especially in the field of biomedical applications such as bioimaging and auxiliary clinical diagnosis. In this review, we summarize the current advancements of magnetic PhCs. We first introduce the fundamental principles and typical characteristics of PhCs. Afterward, we present several typical self-assembly strategies with their frontiers in practical applications. Finally, we analyze the current situations of magnetic PhCs and put forward the prospective challenges and future development directions.

Sensitive Stretchable and Pressable Mechanochromic Photonic Crystals for Dynamic Displays and Visual Sensing

AbstractMechanochromic photonic crystals (MPCs) have shown wide applications in visual sensing, displays, anti‐counterfeiting, etc. However, most reported MPCs can only sense stretching or pressure and exhibit poor sensitivity, which greatly limits their applications. Here, sensitive MPCs with brilliant structural colors capable of sensing both stretching and pressures are fabricated by combining self‐assembly and photo‐polymerization processes. The non‐closely packed structures and high reflectance enable MPCs with outstanding mechanochormic performances. The photo‐initiator concentration and thickness have a dramatic influence on the reflectance, wavelength, and even color uniformity. Interestingly, the same MPC shows diverse sensitivity values under stretching or pressing, and the sensitivity of the MPC by pressing is much higher than that by stretching due to their different deformations along three‐dimensional directions. These results are helpful for gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanochromic mechanism and sensitivity. In addition, dynamic patterns with tailorable color contrasts based on pressure and visual sensing based on stretching in practical applications are realized by taking the above advantages of MPCs. This study offers new insight into understanding mechanochromic behavior and will advance their applications in sensing, printing, and information encryption.

Nanostructure-free crescent-shaped microparticles as full-color reflective pigments

Structural colors provide a promising visualization with high color saturation, iridescent characteristics, and fade resistance. However, pragmatic uses are frequently impeded by complex manufacturing processes for sophisticated nanostructures. Here, we report a facile emulsion-templating strategy to produce crescent-shaped microparticles as structural color pigments. The micro-crescents exhibit brilliant colors under directional light originating from total internal reflections and optical interferences in the absence of periodic nanostructures while being transparent under ambient light. The colors are finely tunable by adjusting the size of the micro-crescents, which can be further mixed to enrich the variety. Importantly, the pre-defined convex surface secures high stability of colors and enables structural coloration on target surfaces through direct deposition as inks. We anticipate this class of nanostructure-free structural colorants is pragmatic as invisible inks in particular for anti-counterfeiting patches and color cosmetics with distinctive impressions due to low-cost, scalable manufacturing, unique optical properties, and versatility.

Scalable Structural Coloration of Carbon Nanotube Fibers via a Facile Silica Photonic Crystal Self-Assembly Strategy

The coloration of carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers (CNTFs) is a long-lasting challenge because of the intrinsic black color and chemically inert surfaces of CNTs, which cannot satisfy the aesthetic and fashion requirements and thus significantly restrict their performance in many cutting-edge fields. Recently, a structural coloration method of CNTFs was developed by our group using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology. However, the ALD-based structural coloration method of CNTFs is expensive, time-consuming, and not suitable for the large-scale production of colorful CNTFs. Herein, we developed a very simple and scalable liquid-phase method to realize the structural coloration of CNTFs. A SiO2/ethanol dispersion containing SiO2 nanospheres with controllable sizes was synthesized. The SiO2 nanospheres could self-assemble into photonic crystal layers on the surface of CNTFs and exhibited brilliant colors. The colors of SiO2 nanoparticle-coated CNTFs could be easily changed by tuning the sizes of SiO2 nanospheres. This method provides a simple, effective, and promising way for the large-scale production of colorful CNTFs.