Bright Yellow Research Articles

Electrochromic properties of rhodium oxide films prepared by a sol–gel method

Rhodium oxide films prepared by sol–gel method exhibit reversible two-color (bright yellow–olive green) electrochromic behavior. The X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy morphology observation suggest that these films are nanocrystalline materials. A significant difference of transmittance for the films at two different color states was observed. The color efficiency at 700 nm was 29.1 cm 2 C −1. The electrochemical behavior of rhodium oxide electrode was measured by using voltammetry method, and the diffusion coefficient of 3.26×10 −14 cm 2 s −1 was determined. The great transmission difference in the visible region at different potential suggests that this film can be used in electrochromic devices.

The healing process of infarct-related plaques: Insights from 18 months of serial angioscopic follow-up

ObjectivesTo clarify the healing process of disrupted culprit plaques of acute myocardial infarction (MI), we serially observed the culprit plaques for 18 months after the onset of acute MI by angioscopy. BackgroundAlthough it has been reported that disruption of the yellow plaque and subsequent thrombosis cause acute MI and that the thrombogenicity of the plaque lasts for a month, the healing process of the plaque after disruption has not been clarified. MethodsEighty-five patients with acute MI were prospectively and consecutively enrolled. Angioscopic studies were performed immediately and at 1, 6 and 18 months after successful reperfusion. The prevalence of yellow plaques and thrombus was examined. The color grade of the plaque was determined as 0 (white), 1 (light yellow), 2 (yellow) or 3 (bright yellow). ResultsAlthough yellow plaque was present at the culprit lesion in most patients throughout follow-up, its color grade was reduced from one to six months (1.9 ± 0.6 vs. 1.1 ± 0.7, p = 0.0003) after reperfusion, especially in the patients without hyperlipidemia (HL). The incidence of thrombus was 92.5% immediately after reperfusion, which was reduced significantly to 63.8%, 4.8% and 11.8% at 1, 6 and 18 months, respectively. The incidence of thrombus (77.8% vs. 45.0%, p = 0.03) at one month was higher in the patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). ConclusionsThe healing process of yellow plaques at the culprit lesions of MI was detected by angioscopy as reductions of color grade and thrombogenicity at six months and partially at one month after the onset of acute MI. This healing process appears to deteriorate by complicating cases of DM or HL.

Cyclic AMP affinity purification and ESI–QTOF MS–MS identification of cytosolic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and two nucleoside diphosphate kinase isoforms from tobacco BY-2 cells

The soluble protein fraction of tobacco bright yellow 2 cells contained adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-binding activity, detected with both a conventional binding assay and a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. A cAMP-agarose-based affinity purification procedure yielded three proteins which were identified by mass spectrometry as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and two nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPKs). This is the first report describing an interaction between cAMP and these proteins in higher plants. Our findings are discussed in view of the reported role of the interaction of cAMP with GAPDH and NDPK in animals and yeast. In addition, we provide a rapid method to isolate both proteins from higher plants.

Synthesis and luminescence properties of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivatives carrying directly attached carbazole pendants

New organic soluble poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) derivatives (polymers 1 and 2) that carry hole-transporting carbazole pendants were synthesized and their photo- and electro-luminescence properties were studied. The first one is poly[2-(carbazol-9-yl)-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (polymer 1) which has both carbazole and 2-ethylhexyloxy pendant groups. The other one is poly[2-(carbazol-9-yl)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (polymer 2) which has only the carbazole pendant group attached to the main chain phenylene ring. We fabricated single-layer EL devices using indium–tin oxide (ITO) coated glass anodes and aluminium cathodes and investigated their electrical characteristics. The EL device of polymer 2 emits green light (λmax = 490 nm) with the EL efficiency being lower than that of PPV. But the EL device of polymer 1 emits bright yellow–green light (λmax = 530 nm) and its external quantum efficiency was 550 times the efficiency of polymer 2 and 60 times that of a PPV EL device with the same configuration. Especially, the EL device with the configuration ITO coated glass/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-2,4-thienylene)/polymer 1/Ca/Al showed a low turn-on electric field of 0.31 MV cm−1 and a high photometric efficiency of 4.4 cd A−1 with maximum luminance being 30 390 cd m−2 at an electric field of 1.50 MV cm−1. Polymer 1 appears to perform better in EL than MEH-PPV.

Emodin and Dermocybin Natural Anthraquinones as High-Temperature Disperse Dyes for Polyester and Polyamide

Pure natural anthraquinones, emodin and dermocybin, isolated from the fungus Dermocybe sanguinea, are for the first time used as disperse dyes for polyester and polyamide fabrics using a high-temperature dyeing method, accompanied with a reference dyeing with CI Disperse Red 60. The color of each dyed material is investigated in terms of the CIELAB L*, a*, and b* values, and color fastness to light, washing, and rubbing are tested according to the ISO standards. Emodin dyes polyester bright yellow and dermocybin bright reddish-orange, and the fabrics show excellent color-fastness results. Emodin and dermocybin successfully dye polyamide brownish-orange and wine-red, respectively, but the fastness results are only moderate. This study shows that pure natural anthraquinone compounds can produce bright hues and color-fastness properties equivalent to those of synthetic disperse dyes, and thus providing useful alternatives to the synthetics.

ONTOGENETIC CHANGE IN COLORATION AND WEB-BUILDING BEHAVIOR IN THE TROPICAL SPIDER ERIOPHORA FULIGINEA (ARANEAE, ARANEIDAE)

Eriophora fuliginea (Araneae, Araneidae), a tropical orb-weaving spider from Panama, undergoes a dramatic color change in the course of its ontogenesis. The first free instar has an amber opisthosoma, which soon becomes bright yellow, later green. Subadults change to olive, adults are dark brown with a white median stripe. Parallel to this color modification the spider's behavior changes as well. The main activity phase shifts from day to night and web architecture changes from symmetrical horizontal orb-webs on the upper side of leaves with the spider on the hub, to asymmetrical horizontal orb-webs between shrubs with spiders in a rolled leaf nearby.

First Report of Broad Bean Canker Caused by Pestalotiopsis disseminata in India.

A canker disease of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) pods was observed annually from February to April every year since 1995. Disease incidence ranged from 45 to 100% in commercial fields and experimental plots at the Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur. Initial symptoms on young pods appeared as bright yellow, scattered spots 1 to 2 mm in diameter that later became raised, black, and corky within 12 days. As the disease progressed, the lesions coalesced and formed large cankers, which resulted in unmarketable pods. Surface-sterilized symptomatic tissues were plated on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and the fungus that grew out was identified as Pestalotiopsis disseminata. One culture was deposited at the Indian Type Culture Collection, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Pathogenicity of the fungus was determined by pipetting two drops of a 3 × 103 conidia/ml spore suspension on each of five healthy young pods and repeating on each of 10 plants. A similar five pods inoculated with sterile water served as controls. Inoculated broad bean plants were covered with plastic bags for 48 h and placed into the open under shade having a temperature range of 25 to 28°C. Corky lesions similar to those originally observed developed within 16 days on inoculated pods. Symptoms did not appear on control pods. Necrotic tissues from artificially induced broad bean cankers were plated on PDA and consistently yielded P. disseminata. This is the first report of P. disseminata on broad bean in India.

Use of abnormal preprophase bands to decipher division plane determination.

Many premitotic plant cells possess a cortical preprophase band of microtubules and actin filaments that encircles the nucleus. In vacuolated cells, the preprophase band is visibly connected to the nucleus by a cytoplasmic raft of actin filaments and microtubules termed the phragmosome. Typically, the location of the preprophase band and phragmosome corresponds to, and thus is thought to influence, the location of the cell division plane. To better understand the function of the preprophase band and phragmosome in orienting division, we used a green fluorescent protein-based microtubule reporter protein to observe mitosis in living tobacco bright yellow 2 cells possessing unusual preprophase bands. Observations of mitosis in these unusual cells support the involvement of the preprophase band/phragmosome in properly positioning the preprophase nucleus, influencing spindle orientation such that the cytokinetic phragmoplast initially grows in an appropriate direction, and delineating a region in the cell cortex that attracts microtubules and directs later stages of phragmoplast growth. Thus, the preprophase band/phragmosome appears to perform several interrelated functions to orient the division plane. However, functional information associated with the preprophase band is not always used or needed and there appears to be an age or distance-dependent character to the information. Cells treated with the anti-actin drug, latrunculin B, are still able to position the preprophase nucleus suggesting that microtubules may play a dominant role in premitotic positioning. Furthermore, in treated cells, spindle location and phragmoplast insertion are frequently abnormal suggesting that actin plays a significant role in nuclear anchoring and phragmoplast guidance. Thus, the microtubule and actin components of the preprophase band/phragmosome execute complementary activities to ensure proper orientation of the division plane.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Sterically Encumbered Unsymmetrical 9-Borafluorene, Its Pyridine Adduct, and Its Dilithium Salt

The reaction of 2,6-(4-t-BuC6H4)2C6H3Li with BH2Cl·SMe2 in hexane or Et2O solution affords the terphenyl-substituted unsymmetrical 9-borafluorene 1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-7-tert-butyl-9-(bis-2,6-(4-tert-butylphenyl)phenyl)-9-borafluorene (1) in good to moderate yields. Addition of pyridine gives the colorless crystalline adduct 1·py. Compound 1 is readily reduced to the deep red heteroaromatic dianionic (μ2-η5,η5-1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-7-tert-butyl-9-(bis-2,6-(4-tert-butylphenyl)phenyl)-9-borafluorenyl)bis(diethyl ether)dilithium (2) with excess lithium powder in Et2O solution. Reactions of the dianionic 2 with various metal salts leads to reduction of these salts, and bright yellow 1 is recovered in essentially quantitative yields. Compounds 1, 1·py, and 2 were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 11B NMR spectroscopy and compounds 1·py and 2 also by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

First Report of Sugarcane yellow leaf virus in Peru.

Two sugarcane cultivars, H 50-7209 and H 32-8560, have exhibited unusual, severe leaf yellowing for more than 18 years at Agro Industrial Paramonga S.A. (AIPSA) in Peru. In 1999, these varieties occupied about 4,600 ha (74% of the cultivated area), and almost all fields showed these symptoms. Symptoms first appear on the upper third of the leaf blades, which turns light green to light yellow in young canes up to 6 to 8 months of age. Between 10 and 16 months of age, the symptoms are visible on the spindle and first to third visible dewlap leaves. Tips and margins of older leaves become necrotic, and leaves can turn completely necrotic as the necrosis progresses down the leaves. The abaxial surface of leaf midribs is rarely bright yellow, which differs from the characteristic symptom of yellow leaf syndrome caused by the Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (ScYLV) (1). The most severe symptoms occur when the leaves of stalks that flower turn completely yellow and die. Samples from 98 plants exhibiting different types of yellowing were collected from six commercial fields of cultivars H 50-7209 and H 32-8560 and the germ plasm collection (cultivars PCG 59-1609, Trojan, CP 48-103, CP 72-2086, Q 87, and PR 908) at Paramonga. Tissue blot immunoassay was used to detect ScYLV in the midrib of the top visible dewlap leaf using antiserum provided by B. E. L. Lockhart (University of Minnesota) (2). ScYLV was detected in all 49 commercial field samples and in 35 out of 49 germ plasm samples. All six cultivars of the germ plasm collection were found to be infected, but ScYLV was detected in only a few leaves of Trojan and CP 72-2086. Eighteen cuttings from diseased stalks of cultivars H 50-7209 and H 32-8560 were grown in a greenhouse in Montpellier, France. Yellowing of the underside of the midribs and of the leaf tips appeared after 3 months in cultivar H 50-7209 but only after 9 months in cultivar H 32-8560. At 9 months, the top leaf with a visible dewlap and the four leaves immediately below it of cultivar H 50-7209 exhibited severe yellowing. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with specific ScYLV primers, provided by M. S. Irey (U.S. Sugar Corp., Clewiston, FL) were used to detect ScYLV in the top visible dewlap leaf (1), and ScYLV was found in all nine samples taken from 6-month-old plants of the two cultivars. This is the first report of ScYLV in Peru.

Precipitates in a Cr(VI)-Contaminated Concrete

Examination of Cr(VI)-contaminated concrete from a former hard-chrome plating shop revealed the presence of long, thin crystals varying from white to bright yellow. Many of the crystals examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were acicular and 25−100 μm in length and 1−15 μm wide. The composition, determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, morphology, and d spacings, measured by electron diffraction, identifies these crystals as chromate enriched ettringite (Ca6Al2((S,Cr)O4)2(OH)12·26H2O) with the mole fraction of CrO42- in the SO42- position being 0.41 and 0.72. A nearly pure CrO42- -hydrocalumite (3CaO·Al2O3·CaCrO4·nH2O) is also observed. Some of these crystals appear to be pseudomorphs of ettringite. The CrO42--hydrocalumite crystals are coated with smaller acicular crystals that are most likely solid solutions between Si-ettringite (Ca6Al2(SiO3)3(OH)12·26H2O) and CrO42--ettringite. These crystals are bound together by an amorphous appearing SiO2 phase. Ca-silicate-hydrate gel (CSH) has precipitated around ettringite-group crystals containing chromium indicating that some CSH formation occurred after contamination of the concrete.

A New Species of Adenocalymma Martius Ex Meisner (Bignoniaceae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil

A New Species of Adenocalymma Martius Ex Meisner (Bignoniaceae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil

Groundnut rosette disease virus complex: Biology and molecular biology

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the cause of rosette disease of groundnut in which the umbravirus groundnut rosette virus (GRV) depends on groundnut rosette assistor virus (GRAV) for transmission by Aphis craccivora . The GRV/GRAV complex is, especially interesting, because the main cause of rosette disease symptoms in groundnut is a third component, a satellite RNA, which depends on GRV for its replication but on GRAV for its encapsidation and transmission by aphids. There are two major symptom variants, chlorotic rosette and green rosette with considerable variation within each type. Both the chlorotic and green forms of the disease make plants severely stunted, with shortened internodes and reduced leaf size. In chlorotic rosette, the leaves are bright yellow, usually with a few green islands. The biological properties of GRAV, which replicates autonomously in plants, are typical of a luteovirus and GRAV is therefore classified within the family Luteoviridae .

The Structure of Rhythm

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Indomethacin-induced G1/S phase arrest of the plant cell cycle

In animal systems, indomethacin inhibits cAMP production via a prostaglandin-adenylyl cyclase pathway. To examine the possibility that a similar mechanism occurs in plants, the effect of indomethacin on the cell cycle of a tobacco bright yellow 2 (TBY-2) cell suspension was studied. Application of indomethacin during mitosis did not interfere with the M/G1 progression in synchronized BY-2 cells but it inhibited cAMP production at the beginning of the G1 phase and arrested the cell cycle progression at G1/S. These observations are discussed in relation to the putative involvement of cAMP biosynthesis in the cell cycle progression in TBY-2 cells.

Additions and Corrections to the Foliicolous Lichen Flora of Costa Rica. The Family Gyalectaceae

This paper provides a revision of the foliicolous representatives of the Gyalectaceae in Costa Rica. Five species of Coenogonium and 13 of Dimerella are distinguished. Coenogonium interplexum, C. interpositum, C. leprieurii, C. linkii and Dimerella vezdana are ubiquitous as to the choice of their substratum, whereas C. moniliforme and Dimerella lutea are facultatively foliicolous. The remainder are typically foliicolous taxa but may occasionally be found on bark. The following species are for the first time reported as foliicolous from Costa Rica: Coenogonium interplexum, C. interpositum, C. leprieurii, C. moniliforme, Dimerella fallaciosa, D lisowskii, and D. aff. pilifera. Three new species are described: Dimerella isidiifera sp. nov. with disciform isidia, D. subzonatasp. nov. with small, bright yellow, dentate apothecia and a whitish prothallus, and D. siquirrensis sp. nov. with large, orange apothecia and a thin whitish prothallus. A key is presented for neotropical foliicolous Gyalectaceae, and notes on the distribution and ecology of the species are given.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE FOLIICOLOUS LICHEN FLORA OF COSTA RICA. THE FAMILY GYALECTACEAE

Abstract: This paper provides a revision of the foliicolous representatives of theGyalectaceae in Costa Rica. Five species of Coenogonium and 13 of Dimerella are distinguished.Coenogonium interplexum, C. interpositum, C. leprieurii, C. linkii and Dimerella vezdana are ubiquitous as to the choice of their substratum, whereas C. moniliforme and Dimerella lutea are facultatively foliicolous. The remainder are typically foliicolous taxa but may occasionally be found on bark. The following species are for the first time reported as foliicolous from Costa Rica: Coenogonium interplexum, C. interpositum, C. leprieurii, C. moniliforme, Dimerella fallaciosa, D. lisowskii , and D. aff. pilifera . Three new species are described: Dimerella isidiifera sp. nov. with disciform isidia, D. subzonata sp. nov. with small, bright yellow, dentate apothecia and a whitish prothallus, and D. siquirrensis sp. nov. with large, orange apothecia and a thin whitish prothallus. A key is presented for neotropical foliicolous Gyalectaceae , and notes on the distribution and ecology of the species are given.

A Mercurated Azobenzene Complex for Photoswitching between trans and cis Forms

Abstract A pro-mesogenic compound based on an ortho-mercurated derivative of the azobenzene chromophore undergoes reversible trans-cis photoisomerization. By exploiting the spectral features of the orthometalated cis and trans isomers it is possible to produce photostationary states containing 78 and 90% of trans (rod-like, bright yellow) and cis (bent, colourless) isomers, respectively, which may be the basis for an efficient all-optical control of ON/OFF liquid crystalline behaviour.

First Report of Yellow Leaf Syndrome of Sugarcane in Morocco.

Yellow leaf syndrome of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) has been described from a number of cane-growing countries. Symptomatic leaves were collected from the CTCS and other localities of the Gharb region. The first symptoms were observed on cv. CP 66-346 as a reddening of the adaxial leaf surface; in other cultivars, particularly cv. CP 72-1210, the older leaf midribs turned bright yellow, followed by yellowing of the blade starting from the leaf tip and spreading downward. The older leaves dried out and in severe cases the plant died. The disease is widespread in both the Gharb and Loukkos cane-growing regions. Severe symptoms were observed in the spring of 1998 following a 5-month drought and an atypical flowering of the cane (in Morocco cane has not flowered for the past 25 years). Sugarcane yellow leaf phytoplasma was identified by the amplification of a band of the expected size of approximately 1,250 bp following nested PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with universal primers in samples of CP 66-346, LCP 85-384, and clones originated from fuzz, but not in cultivars CP 74-383 and CP 72-1210. This is the first report of yellow leaf syndrome on sugarcane in Morocco.

Pigments of fungi. Part 50.1 Structure, biosynthesis and stereochemistry of new dimeric dihydroanthracenones of the phlegmacin type from Cortinarius sinapicolor Cleland

(3S,3′S,P)-Anhydrophlegmacin-9,10-quinone 8′-O-methyl ether 2 and its (2′S)-hydroxy derivative 3 are isolated from the bright yellow, glutinous fruiting bodies of the Australian toadstool Cortinarius sinapicolor and their structures and absolute stereochemistry are deduced by spectroscopic, chemical and isotopic labelling methods. The biosynthesis of the phlegmacin derivatives 2 and 3 in C. sinapicolor has been studied by feeding experiments using sodium [2-13C]acetate, [Me-13C]methionine and 6-O-[Me-13C]-torosachrysone 8-O-β-D-gentiobioside 5.