Bright Regions Research Articles

A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE)

We study the IB(s)m galaxy IC 3476 observed in the context of the Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE), a blind narrow-band Hα+[NII] imaging survey of the Virgo cluster carried out with MegaCam at the CFHT. The deep narrow-band image reveals a very pertubed ionised gas distribution that is characterised by a prominent banana-shaped structure in the front of the galaxy formed of giant HII regions crossing the stellar disc. Star-forming structures, at ∼8 kpc from the edges of the stellar disc, are also detected in a deep far-ultraviolet ASTROSAT/UVIT image. This particular morphology indicates that the galaxy is undergoing an almost edge-on ram pressure stripping event. The same Hα+[NII] image also shows that the star formation activity is totally quenched in the leading edge of the disc, where the gas has been removed during the interaction with the surrounding medium. The spectral energy distribution fitting analysis of the multi-frequency data indicates that this quenching episode is very recent (∼50 Myr), and roughly corresponds to an increase of the star formation activity by a factor of ∼161% in the inner regions with respect to that expected for secular evolution. The analysis of these data, whose angular resolution enables the study of the induced effects of the perturbation down to the scale of individual HII regions (req ≃ 40 pc), also suggests that the increase of star formation activity is due to the compression of the gas along the stellar disc of the galaxy, which is able to increase its mean electron density and boost the star formation process producing bright HII regions with luminosities up to L(Hα) ≃ 1038 erg s−1. The combined analysis of the VESTIGE data with deep IFU spectroscopy gathered with MUSE and with high spectral resolution Fabry Perot data also indicates that the hydrodynamic interaction has deeply perturbed the velocity field of the ionised gas component while leaving that of the stellar disc unaffected. The comparison of the data with tuned high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations accounting for the different gas phases (atomic, molecular, ionised) consistently indicates that the perturbing event is very recent (50–150 Myr), once again confirming that ram pressure stripping is a violent phenomenon that is able to perturb the evolution of galaxies in rich environments on short timescales.

Filigree in the Surroundings of Polar Crown and High-Latitude Filaments

High-resolution observations of polar crown and high-latitude filaments are scarce. We present a unique sample of such filaments observed in high-resolution H$\alpha$ narrow-band filtergrams and broad-band images, which were obtained with a new fast camera system at the Vacuum Tower Telescope (VTT), Tenerife, Spain. The Chromospheric Telescope (ChroTel) provided full-disk context observations in H$\alpha$, Ca II K, and He I 10830 A. The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) provided line-of-sight magnetograms and ultraviolet (UV) 1700 A filtergrams, respectively. We study filigree in the vicinity of polar crown and high-latitude filaments and relate their locations to magnetic concentrations at the filaments' footpoints. Bright points are a well studied phenomenon in the photosphere at low latitudes, but they were not yet studied in the quiet network close to the poles. We examine size, area, and eccentricity of bright points and find that their morphology is very similar to their counterparts at lower latitudes, but their sizes and areas are larger. Bright points at the footpoints of polar crown filaments are preferentially located at stronger magnetic flux concentrations, which are related to bright regions at the border of supergranules as observed in UV filtergrams. Examining the evolution of bright points on three consecutive days reveals that their amount increases while the filament decays, which indicates they impact the equilibrium of the cool plasma contained in filaments.

Characterizing spatially varying optical emissions in a steady-state dipole plasma: inversion based experiments and modeling

This study characterizes spatially varying optical emissions in a compact dipole plasma device driven at steady-state by continuous mode microwaves. The study is motivated by visual observations, which indicate a distinct pattern of alternate bright and less bright regions (bearing structural resemblance to the two particle radiation belts found in the Earth's magnetosphere). The investigation is performed in two experimental systems of cylindrical and spherical geometries, and boundary effects in the optical emissivity are observed in the smaller cylindrical system. Two optical diagnostic techniques are employed, namely, a simplistic linear inversion method, and the standard Abel inversion method, to invert the measured intensities and determine the local (spatially varying) emissivities in the equatorial plane of the dipole plasma. The study involves the design and development of the two optical probes, specifically, a telescopic probe capable of motion along a radial line (for linear inversion), and a mechanical gear-operated probe capable of bidirectional motion to obtain chord integrated intensities (for Abel inversion). Finally, the transition specific photon emission rates are determined by the application of a modified corona model, and the emission rates are compared with the experimental results. The existence of two bright belts separated by a darker band in the dipole plasma is confirmed by both the experimental and modeling results.

Structure-property and bioimaging application of the difunctional polyarylene ether nitrile with AIEE feature and carboxyl group

A series of AIEE and carboxyl difunctional polyarylene ether nitrile (PEN) were synthesized via stepwise polymerization. Their structure-property and bioimaging application were studied. The synthesized PEN exhibited excellent thermal resistance with thermal decomposition temperature beyond 380 °C and glass transition temperature over 192 °C. Incorporation of AIEgen imparted PEN with a higher quantum yield (36%), and emission peak redshift from weak blue to bright cyan region under solid state. The soluble polymer also can be processed into flexible films by casting method with good mechanical property and strong fluorescent emitting. Under the synergistic action of difunctional segments, PEN was endowed with the assembled fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles (FPNs) though the coordination effect between metal ions and carboxyl group with much higher emission efficiently. Finally, based on the well biocompatible and hydrophilia of difunctional PEN, the obtained FPNs revealed the cellular bioimaging application. The current work lays the foundation for PEN perform as a high-performance engineering polymer with fluorescent perform in the development of optical applications.

Detail-Preserving Multi-Exposure Fusion With Edge-Preserving Structural Patch Decomposition

The multi-exposure fusion (MEF) methods have received much attention in recent years due to the importance of constructing high dynamic range images. Among most of the existing studies, multi-scale structural-patch-decomposition-based MEF (MSPD-MEF) has achieved state-of-the-art fusion quality and the fastest running time. However, this method still suffers from detail loss in the fused images. To tackle this issue, we first incorporate the edge-preserving factors into this method to preserve the details in the fused images in a single-scale setting. Then, we develop the novel and flexible bell curve function, which can further preserve the details in both bright and dark regions. After that, we also show that our method can seamlessly plug in to this multi-scale framework. Extensive experimental results indicate that the proposed method can produce pleasing fusion results with little artifacts and low computational cost in both static and dynamic scenes.

2D Analysis for Computing Supersonic and Subsonic Flow Field by Using Schlieren Light.(Dept.M)

A new 2D analysis of light for computing the Mach number distribution in a flow field from Schlieren images taken across the shock wave and expansion zone is proposed and verified by a 2D numerical computation Specially, inserting experimental measuring sensors inside shock wave zone and associated flow field is difficult. Across the shock wave, the pressure and density of the fluid change at extremely high rates, which affect the light refraction. The intensity of the Schlieren light is a function of the medium density, which is a function of the light ray path position. The contrast of each pixel is determined by analyzing the image. The equations of Schlieren intensity light are derivated to be a function of Mach number. These functions are applied on an image of shockwave around hemisphere-cylinder at M=1.96. To verify the results two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and conservation of energy equation are used to model the flow field and determine Mach number distribution around a hemisphere-cylinder of the supersonic flow, shock waves and associated flow field at the same previous conditions. The governing equations are discretized on a structured grid using an upwind difference scheme. The computational and experimental results show that there is a good matching in the iso-contour of the Mach number with difference less than 3%. The new proposed technique successfully represents the upstream region, the shock wave region, the subsonic region and the expansion fan region. This difference may be due to the noise in the image. This noise can be eliminated if Schlieren light received directly on a CCD camera. The results show that this analysis can be applied for both bright and dark regions of the Schlieren image with correcting the phase shift in the dark area. This optical technique has the advantages of optical measurements. This optical technique has all the advantages of optical measurements as does not disturb the flow and the high sensitivity to capture rapid variation.

Calathus: A sample-return mission to Ceres

Ceres, as revealed by NASA's Dawn spacecraft, is an ancient, crater-saturated body dominated by low-albedo clays. Yet, localised sites display a bright, carbonate mineralogy that may be as young as 2 Myr. The largest of these bright regions (faculae) are found in the 92 km Occator Crater, and would have formed by the eruption of alkaline brines from a subsurface reservoir of fluids. The internal structure and surface chemistry suggest that Ceres is an extant host for a number of the known prerequisites for terrestrial biota, and as such, represents an accessible insight into a potentially habitable “ocean world”. In this paper, the case and the means for a return mission to Ceres are outlined, presenting the Calathus mission to return to Earth a sample of the Occator Crater faculae for high-precision laboratory analyses. Calathus consists of an orbiter and a lander with an ascent module: the orbiter is equipped with a high-resolution camera, a thermal imager, and a radar; the lander contains a sampling arm, a camera, and an on-board gas chromatograph mass spectrometer; and the ascent module contains vessels for four cerean samples, collectively amounting to a maximum 40 g. Upon return to Earth, the samples would be characterised via high-precision analyses to understand the salt and organic composition of the Occator faculae, and from there to assess both the habitability and the evolution of a relict ocean world from the dawn of the Solar System.

No-reference quality assessment of tone-mapped image using clustering perception and salient regions detection

In order to display a high dynamic range (HDR) image on a standard display device, we need to compress an HDR image into a tone-mapped image (TMI) using the tone-mapped operator (TMO). In order to evaluate the performance of different TMOs, a blind quality evaluation method of TMI is proposed. First, the TMI is divided into bright, dark and middle regions by clustering algorithm, and the Y channel is extracted in these three regions respectively to calculate the goodness of Gaussian fitness of the histogram. Second, the TMI is decomposed by tucker decomposition, and the texture features are extracted on the first sub-band. After that, the non-negative matrix is applied to calculate the salient regions of TMI, and features in the salient regions are extracted. Then, for the sake of comprehensive evaluation the quality of TMI, the naturalness feature is extracted in the gray scale domain and colorfulness features are extracted in HSI color space. Finally, the final score quality is predicted using support vector regression model training. Experimental results on TMID and ESPL-LIVE HDR database proved the proposed method is very effective and superior to the existing blind TMI quality assessment methods.

HDR Image Reconstruction Using Segmented Image Learning

Converting a low dynamic range (LDR) image into a high dynamic range (HDR) image produces an image that closely depicts the real world without requiring expensive devices. Recent deep learning developments can produce highly realistic and sophisticated HDR images. This paper proposes a deep learning method to segment the bright and dark regions from an input LDR image and reconstruct the corresponding HDR image with similar dynamic ranges in the real world. The proposed multi-stage deep learning network brightens bright regions and darkens dark regions, and features with extended brightness range are combined to form the HDR image. Dividing the LDR image into the bright and dark regions effectively implements information on lost over-exposed and under-exposed areas, reconstructing a natural HDR image with color and appearance that is similar to reality. Experimental results confirm that the proposed method achieves an 8.52% higher HDR visual difference predictor (HDR-VDP) and a 41.2% higher log exposure range than current methods. Qualitative evaluation also verifies that the proposed method generates images that are close in quality to the ground truth.

Optimal Bezier Curve Modification Function for Contrast Degraded Images

Contrast enhancement plays a vital role in image processing and computer vision applications. However, the existing work inevitably introduces some unwanted artifacts and often fails in revealing image details when enhancing the invisible images. This article presents a novel Bezier curve modification scheme to improve the visual quality of contrast degraded imperceptible images. First, a salp swarm algorithm is incorporated to compute an optimal threshold value using weighted cumulative distribution function for adjusting the transformation in bright and dark areas separately. Then, an optimized Bezier curve uses a novel regularization parameter to improve the fine details of bright and dark regions, respectively. The experiential results are provided to demonstrate that the proposed method yields better quantitative results compared with the existing methods. Extensive experiments on different data sets demonstrate that the proposed method produces an enhanced image with superior visual quality for all five levels of contrast distorted images.

Effects of Eu2+ substitution on structural and optical properties with blue light emission in pollucite CsAlSi2O6 phosphor

A series of Eu2+ substituted pollucite [(Cs1-xEu1-2x)AlSi2O6 (CASO:xEu) (x = 0.001–0.08)] phosphors were synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state reaction method in a reducing atmosphere and characterized by X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence (PL), and PL excitation (PLE) measurements. Under excitation at 275 nm, CASO:xEu phosphors exhibit an emission band that shifts from the bright blue region with color coordinates of (0.159, 0.247) to the bright blue-green region with color coordinates of (0.225, 0.421) with increasing x. Such tunable luminescence color was attributed to the crystal field splitting effect of Eu2+ ions because the substitution of Eu2+ created vacancies at Cs sites, and fluctuations occurred at the positions occupied by the Eu2+ ions. Studies on the temperature dependence of luminescence for x = 0.01, 0.03 0.05, and 0.07 in CASO:xEu reveal that 92.5%, 85.3%, 74.9%, and 79.8% of the initial value of the luminescence intensity at 300 K are retained at 400 K, respectively. Tuning the emission spectra was possible by varying the value of x while maintaining a high thermal stability.

The Interaction of Age and Anatomical Region Influenced Skin Biophysical Characteristics of Chinese Women.

BackgroundAgeing is an inevitable physiology process of humans, and skin biophysical parameters change owing to genetic and environmental factors in different ethnic populations.AimTo gain comprehensive data on the skin biophysical parameters of different anatomical regions and to explore the change trend of the skin characteristics associated with age for the indicated regions by generalized additive model.MethodsWe measured various skin biophysical parameters on forehead, cheek, chin and inner forearm of 178 Chinese women aged between 20 and 64 years living in Beijing. These parameters comprised skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum content, erythema index (EI), melanin index (MI), L*a*b* values, individual typology angle (ITA) and pH, which were quantified by non-invasive instruments.ResultsComparing the skin parameters among the four test areas, we observed that the hydration, TEWL, EI and a* values were significantly higher for the face than for the forearm, but the L* and ITA values were just the opposite. The cheek was the lightest and brightest region with lowest sebum content, while the chin was much darker and the forehead was yellowish. Considering the change of the skin parameters with age, TEWL, sebum content and melanin and erythema indices had a linear relationship with age, whereas skin hydration, L, a, b, ITA and pH values exhibited a non-monotonic relationship. The turning points of these curves appeared almost at the thirties, showing the lightest and evenest skin color and more hydration, with lower pH values.ConclusionThis study indicates that the skin biophysical characteristics of Chinese women were significantly affected by age and body regions.

ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy

Aims. We study ten molecular transitions obtained from an unbiased 3 mm molecular line survey using the IRAM 30 m telescope toward 409 compact dust clumps identified by the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL) to better understand the photodissociation regions (PDRs) associated with these clumps. The main goal of this study is to investigate whether the abundances of the selected molecules show any variations resulting from the PDR chemistry in different clump environments. Methods. We selected HCO, HOC+, C2H, c-C3H2, CN, H13CN, HC15N, and HN13C as PDR tracers, and H13CO+ and C18O as dense gas tracers. By using estimated optical depths of C2H and H13CN and assuming optically thin emission for other molecular transitions, we derived the column densities of those molecules and their abundances. To assess the influence of the presence and strength of ultra-violet radiation, we compare abundances of three groups of the clumps: HII regions, infrared bright non-HII regions, and infrared dark non-HII regions. Results. We detected C18O, H13CO+, C2H, c-C3H2, CN, and HN13C toward most of the observed dust clumps (detection rate >94%), and H13CN is also detected with a detection rate of 75%. On the other hand, HCO and HC15N show detection rates of 32 and 39%, respectively, toward the clumps, which are mostly associated with HII region sources: detection rates of HCO and HC15N toward the HII regions are 66 and 79%. We find that the abundances of HCO, CN, C2H, and c-C3H2 decrease as the H2 column density increases, indicating high visual extinction, while those of high-density tracers (i.e., H13CO+ and HC15N) are constant. In addition, N(HCO)/N(H13CO+) ratios significantly decrease as H2 column density increases, and, in particular, 82 clumps have X(HCO) ≳ 10−10 and N(HCO)/N(H13CO+) ≳ 1, which are indications of far-ultraviolet (FUV) chemistry. This suggests the observed HCO abundances are likely associated with FUV radiation illuminating the PDRs. We also find that high N(c-C3H2)/N(C2H) ratios found for HII regions that have high HCO abundances (≳10−10) are associated with more evolved clumps with high Lbol/Mclump. This trend might be associated with grain-surface processes, which determine the initial abundances of these molecules, and time-dependent effects in the clumps corresponding to the envelopes around dense PDRs and HII regions. In addition, some fraction of the measured abundances of the small hydrocarbons of the HII sources may be the result of the photodissociation of PAH molecules.

Gas Absorption in Package Using Au/Pt/Ti Bonding Layer

Vacuum packaging is required for the successful long-term operation of various kinds of micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) devices. The following points are important to complete and maintain encapsulated internal vacuum conditions: Degassing MEMS assemblies before packagingPackaging MEMS devices without leakageAbsorbing residual gases after packaging Our research group has developed a simplified MEMS packaging process using a Au/Ti layer (from top to bottom) as a bonding and gettering layer[1]. The assemblies were firstly metalized with thin Au/Ti films. The Au surfaces formed direct bonding without leakage even at room temperature. Moreover, when the packaged structure was annealed at 200 °C, the Ti atoms diffused to the inner surface of the package and absorbed residual gas molecules. This approach allows the simplification of the MEMS packaging process as the bonding and gettering layers can be simultaneously fabricated.However, we found that the Au/Ti film cannot form bonding after degas annealing at 200 °C because Ti oxides were formed on the surface. The annealing at 200 °C effectively removes the water molecules physi and chemi-sorbed on the MEMS assemblies, which deteriorate the packaged environment. The purpose of this study is to develop a metal multilayer that enables both the packaging after degassing at 200 °C and the absorption of residual gas at higher temperatures. The diffusion of Ti atoms can be controlled by fabricating a Pt barrier layer between the Au and Ti layers. A thick Pt layer enables bonding after degassing by preventing the diffusion of Ti during degassing. However, the gas absorption process requires a moderate thickness of the Pt layer because the Ti atoms should reach the surface at high temperatures. In this study, the packaging using thin Au/Pt/Ti multilayers were performed for the advanced MEMS packaging process.For the fabrication of packaged environments, a Si substrate with cavities was bonded with a flat Si substrate using the Au/Pt/Ti layers, as illustrated in Fig. 1. They were thermally oxidized before the bonding procedures. Firstly, the substrates were metalized with Au/Pt/Ti layers of 3/5/40 nm in thickness. The substrates were annealed at 200 °C under vacuum conditions for degassing. Immediately after degassing, the Au surfaces were brought in contact and pressed for the bond formation. Figure 2 shows the mapping of the interfacial gaps observed using a scanning acoustic microscope. Ultrasonic waves reflected in the bright areas, indicating the presence of unbonded areas at the interface. The bright square-shaped regions were due to the packaged areas. While particles on the surface were observed as tiny round voids, there was no leak path for the packages.For the absorption of residual gas molecules, the bonded specimens were annealed at 450 °C for 180 min. Figure 3 depicts the X-ray photoelectron spectra obtained from the inner surface of the annealed package. While the Ti atoms were absent on the surface before the high-temperature annealing step, Ti compounds were present after the high-temperature annealing. This is indicated that the Ti diffused through the Au and Pt layers and reacted with the residual gas molecules on the surface.These results suggested that the 3/5/40-nm-thick Au/Pt/Ti layers can form direct bonding after degassing and also absorb residual gas molecules in the package. We expect that this packaging technique would contribute to future MEMS manufacturing because high-vacuum sealing can be obtained by the simple metal multilayer structure.[1]. Y. Kurashima et al., 45th International Conference on Micro and Nano Engineering, 2019. Figure 1

Ravishing blue emission from Ce3+ activated lithium borate glasses for photonic applications

Lithium borate glasses activated with specific concentrations of Ce3+ ions have been processed by melt quenching technique. X-ray diffraction and SEM with EDAX carried out structural and surface morphology with elemental confirmation respectively. The nebulous nature of glassy matrices have been affirmatively confirmed by XRD and it was corroborated with SEM analysis. A distinguished absorption band is noticed in the ultraviolet region and the photoluminescence spectra displays a broad and intense blue emission band in the region from 395 nm to 570 nm which is centered at 447 nm (5d→4f) by exciting with 350 nm in Ce3+: LBZ glassy matrices. The dazzling blue emission intensity was significantly ameliorated by improving the addition of Ce3+ ion concentration in the glass matrix. The blue emission intensity has been found to be decreased at higher concentrations due to concentration quenching and the optimal concentration of Ce3+ ions is estimated to be 0.5 mol%. The fluorescence decay time has been evaluated as 0.86 ms from the decay profile of 0.5 mol% Ce3+: LBZ glass. Chromaticity coordinates were determined from the luminescence spectra, which are found to be falls in the bright blue region. The obtained blue emission CIE coordinates are close to standard EBU and NTSC coordinates for blue illumination. In view of these spectral features, 0.5 mol% Ce3+: LBZ glass could be recommended as promising candidate for the applications of blue emissive photonic devices.

Intrinsic layer based automatic specular reflection detection in endoscopic images

Endoscopic images are used to observe the internal structure of the human body. Specular reflection (SR) images are mostly a consequence of the strong light and bright regions appearing on endoscopic images, which affects the performance of minimally invasive surgery. In this study, we propose a novel method for automatic SR detection based on intrinsic image layer separation (IILS). The proposed method consists of three steps. Initially, it involves the normalization of the image followed by the extraction of high gradient area, and the separation of SR is done on the basis of the color model. The image melding technique is utilized to reconstruct the reflected pixels. The experiments were conducted on 912 endoscopic images from CVC-EndoSceneStill. The results of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, Jaccard index, Dice coefficient, standard deviation, and pixel count difference show that the detection performance of the proposed method outperforms that of other state-of-the-art methods. The evaluation of the proposed IILS-based SR detection demonstrates that our method obtains better qualitative and quantitative assessments compared with other methods, which can be used as a promising preprocessing step for further analysis of endoscopic images.

Influence of quintessence dark energy on the shadow of black hole

We investigate the effects of quintessence dark energy on the shadows of black hole, surrounded by various profiles of accretions. For the thin-disk accretion, the images of the black hole comprises the dark region and bright region, including direct emission, lensing rings and photon rings. Although their details depend on the form of the emission, generically, direct emission plays a major role for the observed brightness of the black hole, while the lensing ring makes a small contribution and the photon ring makes a negligible contribution. The existence of a cosmological horizon also plays an important role in the shadows, since the observer in the domain of outer communications is near the cosmological horizon. For spherically symmetric accretion, static and infalling matters are considered. We find that the positions of photon spheres are the same for both static and infalling accretions. However, the observed specific intensity of the image for infalling accretion is darker than for static accretion, due to the Doppler effect of the infalling motion.

Oxygen Adsorption, Subsurface Oxygen Layer Formation and Reaction with Hydrogen on Surfaces of a Pt\u2013Rh Alloy Nanocrystal

The oxygen adsorption and its catalytic reaction with hydrogen on Pt–Rh single crystals were studied at the nanoscale by Field Emission Microscopy (FEM) and Field Ion Microscopy (FIM) techniques at 700 K. Both FEM and FIM use samples prepared as sharp tips, apexes of which mimic a single nanoparticle of catalyst considering their similar size and morphology. Oxygen adsorption on Pt-17.4 at.%Rh samples leads to the formation of subsurface oxygen, which is manifested in the field emission (FE) patterns: for O2 exposure of ~3 Langmuir (L), {113} planes appear bright in the emission pattern, while for higher oxygen doses, i.e. 84 L, the bright regions correspond to the high index planes between the {012} and {011} planes. Formation of subsurface oxygen is probably accompanied by a surface reconstruction of the nanocrystal. The subsurface oxygen can be effectively reacted off by subsequent exposure of the sample to hydrogen gas at 700 K. The hydrogenation reaction was observed as a sudden, eruptive change of the brightness seen on the FE pattern. This reaction resulted in the recovery of the initial field emission pattern characteristic of a clean tip, with {012} facets being the most visible. It was shown that the oxygen accumulation-reduction process is completely reversible. The obtained results indicate that the presence of subsurface species must be considered in the description of reactive processes on Pt–Rh catalysts.

Stable and Highly Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiency Approaching 20% by Elastic Grain Boundary Encapsulation

Here, we show that flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with high operational stability and power conversion efficiency (PCE) approaching 20% were achieved by elastic grain boundary (GB) encapsul...

Detection, differentiation and mapping of different states of blue mold disease of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis G.) using a biospeckle technique

In the present paper we have used a non-contact and non-destructive laser biospeckle technique for detection, differentiation and mapping of non-infected region of a fresh Indian gooseberry and bright yellow and blue regions of a blue mold disease infected Indian gooseberry (Emblica Officinalis G.) for the first time to the best of our knowledge. Existing image processing algorithms such as Co-occurrence Matrix, Inertia Moment, Absolute Value of Differences, Fujii, Inverse Fujii, Alternative Fujii, Parameterized Fujii, Generalized Difference (GD), Parameterized GD, Alternative GD (AGD), and three newly proposed algorithms namely Cubic Absolute Difference (CAD), qFujii, Parameterized Geometrical Mean of Temporal Difference (PGMTD), have been used for this purpose. It is concluded that for detection and differentiation, CAD provides the highest value of bioactivity difference between non-infected & bright yellow (3463.81), non-infected & blue (4250.29) and bright yellow & blue (786.48) regions where as qFujii and Fujii give better results for mapping apart from detection and differentiation of the different regions. PGMTD, Alternative Fujii, Parameterized Fujii and AGD also provide quite acceptable results for detection, differentiation and mapping of the three regions. In addition, it is also found that bioactivity decreases when Indian gooseberry is infected with the pathogen and the infected blue region has lowest bioactivity compared to the infected bright yellow region.