Bright Regions Research Articles

A CNN-based novel solution for determining the survival status of heart failure patients with clinical record data: numeric to image

The aim of this study is to effectively evaluate numerical data, which are frequently encountered in the medical field, with popular deep learning-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models. Heart failure is a common disease worldwide and it is very important to identify patients with a high survival rate and whose condition will deteriorate. A heart failure dataset consisting of numerical values only, needs to be converted into image data for analysis using the advantages of CNN. For this, first all raw data are normalized, then each normalized feature is placed in a region in the grid image. Thus, images with different brightness regions are obtained according to the numerical value of each feature. After the data augmentation step, these images are trained with five different CNN models (GoogleNet, MobileNet v2, ResNet18, ResNet50 and ResNet101) and classified. The highest accuracy of 95.13 % is obtained with the ResNet18 model and this accuracy is superior to studies using previous numerical raw data. The success proves the applicability of the proposed method and shows that numerical data in different fields can be easily classified with CNN models.

Solvent mixture formulation for orthogonal inkjet processing and uniform pixel patterning of quantum dot light-emitting diode

Quantum dot light-emitting diode (QLED) can be directly patterned for pixel array by solution processing, while the limitation of resolution and device stability exists unless a proper solvent system and multilayer design are established. With a small-sized nozzle inkjet printing process, solvent formulation effects on the morphology and precision of printing for the quantum dot layer were investigated. Drop formation as well as ink spreading and wetting behavior on the non-crosslinked organic hole-transporting polymer were optimized with a non-erosive solvent formulation composed of octane and cyclohexane. While the ink composition formed low-contact angle droplet on the surface and was not completely ideal for the defectless pixelating process of high-resolution inkjet, its controllability of wetting at a small-scale nozzle, uniform drying, and orthogonal characteristics with an effective hole transport layer resulted in a high-performance green inkjet QLED with 6.13 cd/A at 19,550 nits highly bright region. This amounted to about 50% of efficiency performance compared to an identical device prepared with spin-coating, but one of the best green inkjet QLED properties reported with less than 120-μm sub-pixel pitch.

Calcification detection for intravascular ultrasound image using direct acyclic graph architecture: pre-trained model for 1-channel image

Coronary artery calcification is a calcium buildup within the walls of the arteries. It is considered a predominant marker for coronary artery disease. Thus many approaches have been developed for the automatic detection of calcification. The previous calcification detection was on segmentation of other structures as pre-processing steps or using the fact that the calcification often appears as a bright region. In this paper, an automated system proposed using a deep learning approach to detect the calcification absence and calcification presence in coronary artery IVUS image. A useful advantage of deep learning, compared to other methods is, it uses representations and features directly from the raw data, bypassing the need to manually extract features, a common that required in the traditional machine learning framework. The type of deep learning architecture used is 27 layers of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) using Direct Acyclic Graph. The proposed system used 2175 images and achieved an accuracy of 98.16% for Cartesian coordinate images and 99.08% for Polar Reconstructed Coordinate images.

The Extraordinary Outburst in the Massive Protostellar System NGC 6334 I-MM1: Strong Increase in Mid-Infrared Continuum Emission

Abstract In recent years, dramatic outbursts have been identified toward massive protostars via infrared and millimeter dust continuum and molecular maser emission. The longest lived outburst (>6 yr) persists in NGC 6334 I-MM1, a deeply embedded object with no near-IR counterpart. Using FORCAST and HAWC+ on SOFIA, we have obtained the first mid-IR images of this field since the outburst began. Despite being undetected in pre-outburst ground-based 18 μm images, MM1 is now the brightest region at all three wavelengths (25, 37, and 53 μm), exceeding the UCHII region MM3 (NGC 6334 F). Combining the SOFIA data with ALMA imaging at four wavelengths, we construct a spectral energy distribution of the combination of MM1 and the nearby hot core MM2. The best-fit Robitaille radiative transfer model yields a luminosity of (4.9 ± 0.8) × 104 L ⊙. Accounting for an estimated pre-outburst luminosity ratio MM1:MM2 = 2.1 ± 0.4, the luminosity of MM1 has increased by a factor of 16.3 ± 4.4. The pre-outburst luminosity implies a protostar of mass 6.7 M ⊙, which can produce the ionizing photon rate required to power the pre-outburst HCHII region surrounding the likely outbursting protostar MM1B. The total energy and duration of the outburst exceed the S255IR-NIRS3 outburst by a factor of ≳3, suggesting a different scale of event involving expansion of the protostellar photosphere (to ≳20 R ⊙), thereby supporting a higher accretion rate (≳0.0023 M ⊙ yr−1) and reducing the ionizing photon rate. In the grid of hydrodynamic models of Meyer et al., the combination of outburst luminosity and magnitude (3) places the NGC 6334 I-MM1 event in the region of moderate total accretion (∼0.1–0.3 M ⊙) and hence long duration (∼40–130 yr).

Effect of Micron-scale Photoluminescence Variation on Droop Measurements in InGaN/GaN Quantum Wells

Micro-photoluminescence maps reveal micron-scale spatial variation in intensity, peak emission energy and bandwidth across InGaN/GaN quantum wells. To investigate the effect of this spatial variation on measurements of the dependence of emission efficiency on carrier density, excitation power-dependent emission was collected from a bright and dark region on each of blue-and green emitting samples. The onset of efficiency droop was found to occur at a greater carrier density in the dark regions than in the bright, by factors of 1.2 and 1.8 in the blue and green-emitting samples, respectively. By spatially integrating the emission from progressively larger areas, it is also shown that collection areas greater than ∼50 μm in diameter are required to reduce the intensity variation to less than 10%.

An Old Stellar Population or Diffuse Nebular Continuum Emission Discovered in Green Pea Galaxies

Abstract We use new Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images of nine Green Pea galaxies (GPGs) to study their resolved structure and color. The choice of filters, F555W and F850LP, together with the redshift of the galaxies (z ∼ 0.25), minimizes the contribution of the nebular [O iii] and Hα emission lines to the broadband images. While these galaxies are typically very blue in color, our analysis reveals that it is only the dominant stellar clusters that are blue. Each GPG does clearly show the presence of at least one bright and compact star-forming region, but these are invariably superimposed on a more extended and lower surface brightness emission. Moreover, the colors of the star-forming regions are on average bluer than those of the diffuse emission, reaching up to 0.6 magnitudes bluer. Assuming that the diffuse and compact components have constant and single-burst star formation histories, respectively, the observed colors imply that the diffuse components (possibly the host galaxy of the star formation episode) have, on average, old stellar ages (>1 Gyr), while the star clusters are younger than 500 Myr. While a redder stellar component is perhaps the most plausible explanation for these results, the limitations of our current data set lead us to examine possible alternative mechanisms, particularly recombination emission processes, which are unusually prominent in systems with such strong line emission. With the available data, however, it is not possible to distinguish between these two interpretations. A substantial presence of old stars would indicate that the mechanisms allowing large escape fractions in these local galaxies may be different from those at play during the reionization epoch.

Resonance modes in moiré photonic patterns for twistoptics

Twistronics has been studied for manipulating electronic properties through a twist angle in the formed moiré superlattices of two dimensional layer materials. In this paper, we study twistoptics for manipulating optical properties in twisted moiré photonic patterns without physical rotations. We describe a theoretic approach for the formation of single-layer twisted photonic pattern in square and triangular lattices through an interference of two sets of laser beams arranged in two cone geometries. The moiré period and the size of unit super-cell of moiré patterns are related to the twist angle that is calculated from the wavevector ratio of laser beams. The bright and dark regions in moiré photonic pattern in triangular lattices are reversible. We simulate E-field intensities and their cavity quality factors for resonance modes in moiré photonic pattern in square lattices. Due to the bandgap dislocation between the bright and dark regions, the resonance modes with very high quality-factors appears near bandgap edges for the moiré photonic pattern with a twist angle of 9.5 degrees. At the low frequency range, the resonance modes can be explained as Mie resonances. The cavity quality factor decreases for resonance modes when the twist angle is increased to 22.6 degrees.

Morphological Transformation In Poor Lighting Images For Image Contrast Enhancement

The paper presents a novel algorithm for the computation of the image decomposition using a morphological filter with reconstruction. The target applications are image contrast enhancement especially those with high dynamic content. Both bright and dark regions contrast enhancement were considered. A new hardware efficient implementation of decomposition is presented. Following decomposition in 5 levels of detail a local contrast enhancement is performed. The new reconstruction algorithm and its hardware implementation as proposed is shown to be independent on structural element size and that it results in a predictable time frame operation. A mixed schematic and VHDL/Verilog description of the decomposition filters was synthesized and results show far higher speed performance compared with solutions found in recent literature.
 Image organizing strategies are essentially required to the pictures captured by satellites. The grey levels in the image captured by satellites need to be normalized for improving picture contrast. The pictures captured by satellites are generally poor in quality and the contrast levels are also very less. In this manuscript a differentiation approach dependent on scientific morphology called rotational morphological transformations are proposed using Modified Opening by Reconstruction Method (MORM). This methodology upgrade pictures with poor contrast and unable to recognize the objects in the image. In the images with poor lightening, morphological operations are performed to improve its clarity and contrast. Picture enhancement has been done by applying morphological operations on the satellite images considered. The technique utilizes data from picture by squares, while the morphological methods change the strategy using the contrast enhancement activity, which is utilized to characterize the multi-foundation poor lightening pictures. The total picture handling procedure is implemented utilizing MATLAB reproduction model. The MORM method is compared with the traditional methods and the results show that the proposed method is better in improving the accuracy rate.

Fibrin Quantification on Bio-Scaffold Valve Explant as a Measure of Their Integration

Objective: Critical congenital heart valve disease at birth has limited treatment options and can benefit from valves with regenerative capacities. Following a pilot study of porcine small intestinal submucosa (PSIS) bio scaffold mitral valves implanted in a juvenile baboon model, the explanted valves were subsequently quantified for fibrin content or lack thereof, as a measure of valve integration with the host. Methods: PSIS mitral valves were explanted at 3, 11 and 20 month and histologically stained (Movat’s; Alizée Pathology, Inc., Thurmont, MD) and sectioned. Histological images were individually analyzed (ImageJ, NIH, Bethesda, MD), where all images were normalized with respect to the baboon native mitral valve. Following thresholding, the percentage of fibrin area (bright red regions) was computed. Results: Table 1. % Fibrin area on bio-scaffold mitral valve explants Native 3 Month 11 Month 20 Month Percentage Fibrin area 0% 0.10% 1.25% 1.1% Conclusions: Fibrin did not decrease progressively over time. Sustained presence of fibrin at 20-months post-implantation suggests that complete PSIS mitral valve integration was not achieved. This provides motivation for additional scaffold processing (e.g. with stem cells) prior to implantation, to accelerate valve tissue integration with the host.

TESS unveils the optical phase curve of KELT-1b

We present the detection and analysis of the phase curve of KELT-1b at optical wavelengths, analyzing data taken by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) during cycle 2 and sector 17. With a mass of ~27 MJup, KELT-1b is an example of a low-mass brown dwarf. Due to the high mass and close proximity of its companion, the host star exhibits a TESS light curve that shows clear ellipsoidal variations. We modeled the data with a six-component model: secondary eclipse, phase curve accounting for reflected light and thermal emission, Doppler beaming, ellipsoidal variations, stellar activity, and the primary transit. We determined the secondary eclipse depth in the TESS bandpass to be 304 ± 75 parts-per-million (ppm). In addition, we measured the amplitude of the phase curve to be 128 ± 27 ppm, with a corresponding eastward offset between the region of maximum brightness and the substellar point of 19.2 ± 9.6 degrees, with the latter showing good agreement with Spitzer measurements. We determined a day-side brightness temperature in the TESS bandpass of 3201 ± 147 K that is approximately 200 K higher than the values determined from the Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5 μm data. By combining TESS and Spitzer eclipse depths, we derived a day-side effective temperature of Teff = 3010 ± 78 K. Previously published eclipse depths in the near-infrared suggest a much higher brightness temperature and this discrepancy cannot be explained by spectral models combined with the current data. We attribute those large eclipse depths to unmodeled ellipsoidal variations, which would typically be manifested as a deeper secondary eclipse in observations with insufficient phase coverage. A one-dimensional self-consistent atmospheric model is able to explain the TESS and Spitzer day-side brightness temperatures with thermal emission alone and no reflected light. The difference between the TESS and Spitzer brightness temperatures can be explained via CO absorption due to a non-inverted temperature profile. The night side data fix an upper limit of ~2000 K on the internal temperature of KELT-1 b.

Fast Single-Image Dehazing Algorithm Based on Piecewise Transformation in Optical Model

Single-image dehazing techniques are extensively used in outdoor optical image acquisition equipment. Most existing methods pay attention to use various priors to estimate scene transmission. In this paper, a fast single-image dehazing algorithm is proposed based on a piecewise transformation model between the minimum channels of the hazy image and the haze-free image in optical model. The minimum channel of the haze-free image is obtained by the piecewise transformation, which is a quadratic function model that we establish for the dark region, and a linear transformation model is established for the bright region. Using the minimum channels of the hazy image and the haze-free image, a transmission estimation model is established based on the haze optical model with adjustment variables. To obtain an accurate estimation of atmospheric light, we estimate the atmospheric light twice. Finally, the haze-free image is restored. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has minimal halo artifacts and color distortion in various depths of field, flat areas and sky areas. From the subjective evaluation, objective evaluation and running time analysis, it can be seen that the algorithm in this paper is superior to most existing technologies.

Real-time molecular-level visualization of mass flow during patterned photopolymerization of liquid-crystalline monomers

Single-particle fluorescence imaging is used to monitor dynamic processes that occur during patterned photopolymerization of liquid-crystalline monomers. A spatial gradient of chemical potential can be created at the border of bright and dark regions by structured illumination in the photopolymerization process, leading to mutual diffusion of polymers and monomers. Analysis of the fluorescence from single quantum dots doped into the monomers at minute concentrations enables visualization of highly directional flow from the illuminated region where the photopolymerization proceeds toward a masked unpolymerized region. This directional mass flow causes flow-induced orientation of the polymers that is subsequently fixed by completion of the polymerization reaction, resulting in a mesoscopic aligned area of the polymer film.

High-resolution radiometry of Pluto at 4.2 cm with New Horizons

The radio thermal emission from Pluto was observed from the New Horizons spacecraft at a wavelength of 4.2 cm along two scans across the planetary disk shortly after closest approach to Pluto on 14 July 2015. The measurements were performed as part of the New Horizons Radio Science Experiment (REX) using the 2.1 m High Gain Antenna (HGA) and the spacecraft's X-Band receiver. The HGA boresight first scanned along a diametric chord across the Pluto disk and then reversed direction to traverse a chord that crossed close to Pluto's winter pole. The diametric scan reveals a “hot spot” on the Pluto nightside associated with an optically bright region centered roughly at the planetocentric coordinates 280° E, 55° S, imaged in 2002–03 with the Hubble Space Telescope. The nightside was also found to be warmer than the dayside during the polar scan. The highest emission was not observed at the maximum southern latitude, however, but rather near the outbound Pluto limb at lower latitude. The REX emission profile from the polar scan is qualitatively consistent with a bright U-shaped polar cap observed on Pluto's Charon-facing hemisphere during the recurring Pluto/Charon mutual events in the late 1980's. The REX radiometer measurements show distinct variations in microwave brightness that constrain volatile transport models and provide unique information on the thermal structure and composition on the regions in winter night during the New Horizons encounter at Pluto.

Design of a Pseudo-Wide Dynamic Range CMOS Image Sensor by Using the Bidirectional Gamma Curvature Technique

This brief presents a $640\times 480$ CMOS image sensor (CIS) with in-circuit bidirectional gamma correction for use in computer vision applications. The conventional gamma correction method can saturate the bright region in an image, leading to the loss of bright image information. Using the proposed bidirectional gamma correction method, which can be implemented with a log-exponential counter, both bright and dark regions in an image can be simultaneously corrected. The transfer function of an 8-bit single-slope analog-to-digital converter can be selected considering either linear or bidirectional gamma curves with three different slope-change points to enhance the visibility in the pseudo-dynamic range. From the prototype sensor, we observed that the visibility of dark images was increased with proper bidirectional gamma curvatures. The CIS was fabricated in a 110 nm CIS process, and the full chip area was 5900 $\mu \text{m}\,\,\mathbf {\times }\,\,5240\,\,\mu \text{m}$ . The total power consumption was 6 mW at a rate of 15 frames per second with an analog, pixel, and digital supply voltage of 3.3 V, 3.3 V, and 1.5 V, respectively.

Detection of spectral variations of Anomalous Microwave Emission with QUIJOTE and C-BASS

ABSTRACT Anomalous Microwave Emission (AME) is a significant component of Galactic diffuse emission in the frequency range 10–$60\, \mathrm{GHz}$ and a new window into the properties of sub-nanometre-sized grains in the interstellar medium. We investigate the morphology of AME in the ≈10○ diameter λ Orionis ring by combining intensity data from the QUIJOTE experiment at 11, 13, 17, and $19\, \mathrm{GHz}$ and the C-Band All Sky Survey (C-BASS) at $4.76\, \mathrm{GHz}$, together with 19 ancillary data sets between 1.42 and $3000\, \mathrm{GHz}$. Maps of physical parameters at 1○ resolution are produced through Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) fits of spectral energy distributions (SEDs), approximating the AME component with a lognormal distribution. AME is detected in excess of $20\, \sigma$ at degree-scales around the entirety of the ring along photodissociation regions (PDRs), with three primary bright regions containing dark clouds. A radial decrease is observed in the AME peak frequency from $\approx 35\, \mathrm{GHz}$ near the free–free region to $\approx 21\, \mathrm{GHz}$ in the outer regions of the ring, which is the first detection of AME spectral variations across a single region. A strong correlation between AME peak frequency, emission measure and dust temperature is an indication for the dependence of the AME peak frequency on the local radiation field. The AME amplitude normalized by the optical depth is also strongly correlated with the radiation field, giving an overall picture consistent with spinning dust where the local radiation field plays a key role.

Crystallographic and Judd-Ofelt Parametric investigation into Ca9Bi(VO4)7:Eu3+ nanophosphor for NUV-WLEDs

Judd-Ofelt theoretical approach and Rietveld refinement technique are implemented to gain a profound insight of remarkable structural and optoelectronic aspects of Eu3+-doped Ca9Bi(VO4)7 nanophosphor. The bright red emitting vanadate-based series was developed via an efficient route of solution combustion synthesis (SCS). The Rietveld refinement, been employed upon powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of Ca9Bi(VO4)7 and Ca9Bi0.30Eu0.70(VO4)7 confirmed the purity of phase and structural prototype as trigonal with R3c(161) space group symmetry. The synthesized sample underwent transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) for morphological analysis while elemental composition was determined through energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The experimental value of band gap for host Ca9Bi(VO4)7 was found to be 3.28 eV. The intense emission of bright red region was abided by CIE chromaticity coordinates (x = 0.6403, y = 0.3592). The refractive index value of host is 2.76 and a meticulous study of photoluminescence PL emission spectra was performed to obtain Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters, specifically Ω2 (= 3.429 × 10−20) and Ω4 (= 0.351 × 10−20), quantum efficiencies and radiative rates for 5D0 term. The structural and optoelectronic outcomes present Ca9Bi0.30Eu0.70(VO4)7 phosphor as a strong contender for near UV-WLEDs and potential one for laser devices.

An Improved Method of LIME for a Low-Light Image Containing Bright Regions

An Improved Method of LIME for a Low-Light Image Containing Bright Regions

An optimization-based approach to gamma correction parameter estimation for low-light image enhancement

We propose an efficient low-light image enhancement algorithm based on an optimization-based approach for gamma correction parameter estimation. We first separate an input color image into the luminance and chrominance channels, and then normalize the luminance channel using the logarithmic function to make it consistent with the human perception. Then, we divide the luminance image into dark and bright regions, and estimate the optimal gamma correction parameter for each region independently. Specifically, based on the statistical properties of the input image, we formulate a convex optimization problem that maximizes the image contrast subject to the constraint on the gamma value. By efficiently solving the optimization problems using the convex optimization theories, we obtain the optimal gamma parameter for each region. Finally, we obtain an enhanced image by merging the independently enhanced dark and bright regions with the optimal gamma parameters. Experimental results on real-world images demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can provide higher enhancement performance than state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of both subjective and objective evaluations, while providing a substantial improvement in speed.

Settling of spherical particles in the transitional regime

The settling process and wall impact of large spherical particles in a stagnant, highly viscous fluid has been observed by means of high-speed shadow imaging. The particles included in this study vary in size and material properties: steel, polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE), polyoxymethylen (POM), or rubber. The corresponding terminal Reynolds numbers range from 333 to 4012, covering in principle the transitional and Newton regime for drag forces. However, most particles do not reach the terminal velocity before colliding with the impact object. Therefore, the main focus of this study is set on particle settling and collision in the transitional regime. For collision studies, the Stokes number just before impact is also relevant, and lies in the range 50<St<2250. The settling curves obtained experimentally (characterized by vertical position and vertical velocity component) are compared with numerical and analytical solutions. The latter has been derived on the basis of nominal terminal velocity and relaxation time for the Stokes and Newton regimes. The numerical model takes into account the side walls and the corresponding correction of the drag coefficient.A deviation between experimental results and analytical solution was observed in all cases where the terminal Reynolds number is larger than 300 and smaller than 1100. It appears that, in this flow regime, the settling process of the spheres is already affected at a long distance from the impact object, leading to an early but significant deceleration. Moreover, a reduced settling velocity was observed along the whole trajectory for the PTFE particles with the lowest terminal Reynolds number. All these effects are captured in the numerical model and the corresponding results agree fairly well with the experiments. There is one exception, induced by particle rotation, which is not considered in the current model. In that case, it is not possible to correctly predict the settling process. All processed datasets are available via the Mendeley Data repository Hagemeier (2020).Two additional effects have been observed during this study. First, a bright region was detected around all PTFE spheres. It finally was found to be due to total light reflection around the sphere, but, to the best of our knowledge, this peculiarity has never been reported before. Being purely optical, this does not effect the settling behavior for PTFE. On the other hand, partial absorption of liquid at the particle surface was observed for rubber, leading to a reduced sedimentation velocity. This property, already documented for homogeneous porous particles, is found here for a rubber particle with almost impermeable core.

Generation of high dynamic range for enhancing the panorama environment

This paper presents a methodology for enhancement of panorama images environment by calculating high dynamic range. Panorama is constructing by merge of several photographs that are capturing by traditional cameras at different exposure times. Traditional cameras usually have much lower dynamic range compared to the high dynamic range in the real panorama environment, where the images are captured with traditional cameras will have regions that are too bright or too dark. A more details will be visible in bright regions with a lower exposure time and more details will be visible in dark regions with a higher exposure time. Since the details in both bright and dark regions cannot preserve in the images that are creating using traditional cameras, the proposed system have to calculate one using the images that traditional camera can actually produce. The proposed systems start by get LDR panorama image from multiple LDR images using SIFT features technology and then convert this LDR panorama image to the HDR panorama image using inverted local patterns. The results in this paper explained that the HDR panorama images that resulting from the proposed method is more realistic image and appears as it is a real panorama environment.