Brewer's Grain Research Articles

Surface Modifications of Organic Fillers to Improve the Strength of Paperboard

In a previous study the authors determined that non-woody materials including brewers’ grain (BG) and oil palm frond (OPF) could be alternatives to wood powder as organic fillers. However, they have the disadvantage of deteriorating the strength of paperboard. If the strength of paperboard could be improved, then one would expect more production cost reductions and bulk improvements by increasing the addition of organic fillers. In this study, surface modification of organic fillers was used as a method to improve paperboard strength. The goal was to find the most effective condition for surface modifications. Surface modifications of BG and OPF fillers were carried out using cationic and oxidized starches, and the strengths and reductions in the drying energies of the sheets were measured. The zeta potentials of the modified organic fillers showed that the surface modifications were performed properly. Surface modification with starches improved the bulk and strength of the sheets simultaneously, and modification with the addition of a large amount of cationic starch was more effective in improving the strengths and the reductions in drying energies of the sheets than using cationic and oxidized starches together.

A β-mannanase from Fusarium oxysporum SS-25 via Solid State Fermentation on Brewer's Spent Grain: Medium Optimization by Statistical Tools, Kinetic Characterization and Its Applications

A β-mannanase from Fusarium oxysporum SS-25 via Solid State Fermentation on Brewer's Spent Grain: Medium Optimization by Statistical Tools, Kinetic Characterization and Its Applications

Growth and gliotoxin production by feed-borneAspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto strains under different interacting environmental conditions

In this study the effects of temperature, oxygen tension, water activity (aW), pH, incubation time and their interactions on (1) the lag phase prior to growth, (2) growth rate and (3) gliotoxin production of two feed-borneAspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto strains, isolated from fermented maize silage and brewer's grains, were evaluated on an agar medium based on these substrates. Regardless of oxygen tension, the growth rate of the two strains decreased significantly as temperature and aW decreased (P<0.05). The optimum conditions forA. fumigatus growth were 37 °C, 0.98 aW for both strains at reduced oxygen tension, regardless of pH level (P<0.05). The studiedA. fumigatus strains were able to grow under several incubation conditions, some of them prevalent in stored animal feeds. Some specific interactions that allowed accumulation of gliotoxin at high levels were found. This study showed that gliotoxin production occurred at more restricted conditions than fungal growth. This fact is important, as by maintaining the appropriate conditions in animal feeds,A. fumigatus growth and gliotoxin production can be prevented. In this study, growth rates, lag phases prior to growth and gliotoxin production over a range of environmental conditions provide useful information that can help in predicting the possible fungal contamination of fermented animal feeds. Furthermore, the information is relevant sinceA. fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen found in cereals and fermented animal feeds and represents a high risk of contamination to animals and farm workers who handle them improperly.

POSOUZENÍ KVALITY ČERSTVÉHO A SILÁŽOVANÉHO PIVOVARSKÉHO MLÁTA V PRŮBĚHU SKLADOVÁNÍ

The main objective of this paper is to assess the changes of content of essential organic nutrients, yeasts and moulds and effect of aerobic fermentation when the fresh (untreated) and treated brewers grains (BG) is stored in the stall conditions. Both the fresh brewers grains from Radegast brewery and that treated by mixture of sodium benzoate (22.9%) sodium propionate (8.3%) and following 90 days anaerobic fermentation were mounded in the entrance of stall and tested in two tests, one during the winter period in February, the other one during the summer period in June. Influence of treatment was evident on the process of fermentation, levels of the nitrogen-free extract substances (NFES) and number of forming colony units (FCU) of moulds in the winter period. The fermentation activities in both tested masses were documented, however the decrease of intent of NFES in treated variants was highly conclusive (P < 0.01) lower than that of untreated variants. Stagnation of increase of formol titration in treated BG matches the same tendency. Significant (P < 0.01) limitation of mould growth was noted at treated BG, the number of FCU of moulds stagnated since 1st to 5th to day of testing. On the other hand the number of FCU of moulds in untreated BG was redoubled after 4 days since the start of testing. Treatment influenced monitored parameters above all in the early gout after the start of tes­ting. NFES content in untreated BG in February statistically highly conclusive (P < 0.01) fell from ave­rage values 502.99 ± 8.704 in 1st day of testing on 437.533 ± 18.877 g . kg dry matter in 6th day of testing while at treated BG was fall behind the same period only conclusive (P < 0.05). There was ascertained highly conclusive growth (P < 0.01) of level of formol titration from 0.004 ± 0.001 in 1st day to 0.178 ± 0.038 in 6th day of the same testing at untreated BG, while the level of formol titration stagnated at treated BG. In June content of NFES at untreated BG statistically conclusive (P < 0.05) declined from 455.578 ± 9.515 in 1st day on 432.92 ± 9.515 g . kg dry mater in 5th day of testing. Near NFES content at treated BG statistically conclusive (P < 0.05) declined as late as 7th day. Alike formol titration level at untreated BG surged from 0.008 ± 0.001 in 1st day on 0.087 ± 0.036 in 5th day, on the contrary at treated BG come to statistically highly conclusive (P < 0.01) growth as late as 7th day of testing.Both monitoring demonstrate that the treatment of BG by mixture of sodium benzoate (22.9%) and sodium propionate (8.3%) and its subsequent 90 day anaerobic fermentation will reduce activity of moulds and fall of included NFES and retarded resolution of protein on subsequent manipulation up deliver form silage bag and during a short-period storage in stall.

STANOVENÍ KVALITY FERMENTACE PIVOVARSKÉHO MLÁTA SILÁŽOVANÉHO V KOMBINACI S PŘÍDAVKEM SLADOVÉHO KVĚTU A CHEMICKÉHO SILÁŽNÍHO ADITIVA

The aim of the work was to evaluate the effect of addition of humidity absorbent (malt sprouts) and chemical conservation additive on fermentation process quality of brewer grains’ silage. Chemical conservation additive was based on formic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid and ammonium formate content. In a model experiment the fresh brewer grains were used. A dry matter (DM) content of brewer grains was 187.4 g / kg. Six treatments with three repetitions per treatment were prepared. The treatments A1, A2 and A3 were not supplied by humidity absorbent. Treatment A1 was a control treatment without any additive. The treatments A2 and A3 were supplied by chemical conservation additive in a dose of 3 L per tonne and 6 L per tonne, respectively. The treatments B1, B2 and B3 were supplied by malt sprouts to reach DM content of conserved matter on level 320–350 g / kg. Moreover the treatments B2 and B3 were supplied by chemical additive with its dose 3 and 6 L per tonne. Model silages were evaluated after 8 months of conservation at average laboratory temperature 26–28 °C, from each treatment were the final laboratory samples taken and analyzed. During conservation of treatments B1, B2 and B3 were no drain recognized. From A1 treatment drained 1300 ml of waste fluid that is 145 L per tonne of conserved matter. That was significant (P < 0.01) the malt sprouts addition support the lactic acid production and eliminate acetic acid production. There was no propionic acid or butyric acid detected in silages with malt sprouts event in these silages were analyzed higher (P < 0.01) concentration of ammoniac. Chemical additive supplementation improved (P < 0.01) the pH value and water leach acidity. The results show the malt sprout addition eliminates waste fluid drain and improves fermentation process. The higher concentration of chemical additive (6 l / t) inhibited the fermentation process in our model experiment.

Removal of the Pesticide Pymetrozine from Aqueous Solution by Biochar Produced from Brewer's Spent Grain at Different Pyrolytic Temperatures

Biochar (BC) produced from brewer's spent grain (BSG) via slow pyrolysis at 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 °C was characterized and investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of the pesticide pymetrozine from aqueous solution. Batch BSG BCs adsorption experiments were carried out under various conditions (such as pH, pymetrozine concentration, and BC dosage) to adsorb the pymetrozine. The BSG BCs adsorption pymetrozine capacities were increased by 21.4% to 55.5% under pyrolysis temperatures of 300, 400, 500, and 600 °C compared to 700 °C with a pyrolysis time of 2 h and by 19.0% to 52.1% at 4 h. At solution pH values of 2, 4, 6, and 8, the adsorption capacities were increased by 9.6% to 39.5% compared with that at pH 10. A similar adsorption tendency was found for the different BCs dosage. In the first 60 min, BC absorbed 70% to 80% pymetrozine. The Langmuir and Freundlich model were highly correlated with BC adsorption. The magnitude of free energy decreased by 32.2% to 47.3% with increasing temperature. The value of the enthalpy change showed the adsorption to be endothermic. The BSG BC had high efficiency in adsorbing pymetrozine and had great potential to prevent the water pollution and reuse the waste of the beer factory.

Effect of Lactobacillus mucosae on In vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of Dried Brewers Grain, Methane Production and Bacterial Diversity.

The effects of Lactobacillus mucosae (L. mucosae), a potential direct fed microbial previously isolated from the rumen of Korean native goat, on the rumen fermentation profile of brewers grain were evaluated. Fermentation was conducted in serum bottles each containing 1% dry matter (DM) of the test substrate and either no L. mucosae (control), 1% 24 h broth culture of L. mucosae (T1), or 1% inoculation with the cell-free culture supernatant (T2). Each serum bottle was filled anaerobically with 100 mL of buffered rumen fluid and sealed prior to incubation for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h from which fermentation parameters were monitored and the microbial diversity was evaluated. The results revealed that T1 had higher total gas production (65.00 mL) than the control (61.33 mL) and T2 (62.00 mL) (p<0.05) at 48 h. Consequently, T1 had significantly lower pH values (p<0.05) than the other groups at 48 h. Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), individual and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and acetate:propionate ratio were higher in T1 and T2 than the control, but T1 and T2 were comparable for these parameters. Total methane (CH4) production and carbon dioxide (CO2) were highest in T1. The percent DM and organic matter digestibilities were comparable between all groups at all times of incubation. The total bacterial population was significantly higher in T1 (p<0.05) at 24 h, but then decreased to levels comparable to the control and T2 at 48 h. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile of the total bacterial 16s rRNA showed higher similarity between T1 and T2 at 24 h and between the control and T1 at 48 h. Overall, these results suggest that addition of L. mucosae and cell-free supernatant during the in vitro fermentation of dried brewers grain increases the VFA production, but has no effect on digestibility. The addition of L. mucosae can also increase the total bacterial population, but has no significant effect on the total microbial diversity. However, inoculation of the bacterium may increase CH4 and CO2 in vitro.

Synthesis Technology of Amine Surfactant Modified Brewer's Grains for the Adsorption of Cr(VI)

The modified adsorbent was modified by amine reaction with brewer's grains that using epichlorohydrin as etherfying agent,N,N-Dimethyl formamide as dissolvent, triethylenete tramine as cross-linking agent.The simulation of Cr (VI) wastewater as treatment object, through the optimization of synthesis conditions of Cr (VI), the optimal synthesis process was obtained.The results showed, 4 g brewer's grains, add 15 ml epichlorohydrin and 15 ml N,N-Dimethyl formamide stirring 1h at 85 °C. Then added dropwise to 4mL triethylenete tramine, mixing reaction 1h at 85 °C. The maximal absorption rate got 99.81%.The modified brewer's grains of amine surfactant modified is a promising treatment of chromium wastewater biological materials.

Nutrient content of brewers grains produced at a commercial brewery: Variation in protein/nitrogen, fiber, carbohydrate, fat, and minerals

<h2>ABSTRACT</h2> This study analyzed wet brewers grain samples taken from a large commercial brewery. Samples (n=48) taken over a 1-yr period averaged 33.1% CP (previous reports indicated CP% near or less than 30%). Low lysine concentrations and high RUP concentrations indicate a need for proper RUP and amino acid (AA) formulation. Samples were also divided and composited into low- and high-CP groups; every 3 samples, starting from the least to the greatest CP, were composited to produce 16 samples representative of the range in CP. These samples were analyzed for DM, CP, ammonia N, and AA concentration. The 8 lowest CP composites averaged 32.2% CP and the 8 highest averaged 34.0% CP. A difference was observed in AA concentrations (analyzed from borate-phosphate buffer residues, which contain insoluble true protein and are useful in determining RUP) between the 2 groups (P<0.05), but AA profiles were consistent between the 2 CP composite groups. Fiber (NDF) fractions were analyzed both with and without added sulfite. This yielded different results between methods, as samples without added sulfite yielded NDF values greater than current published values; hence, the use of sulfite is recommended for NDF analysis. Fat, starch, sugar, and mineral concentrations were within ranges already published.

Substrates enriched by the fungus Cunninghamella echinulata: an in vitro study of nutrient composition, sheep rumen fermentation and lipid metabolism.

Enrichment of wheat bran (WB), corn meal (CM) and barley flakes (BF) with the oleaginous fungus Cunninghamella echinulata (CE) might lead to effective use of these by-products in ruminant nutrition. We examined their effects on rumen fermentation and lipid metabolism. WB, CM and BF substrates without or with brewer's grains (WBG, CMG, BFG) and enriched with CE were incubated with meadow hay (MH, 500 : 500, w/w) in rumen fluid in vitro for 24 h. The dry matter of the CE-enriched substrates increased (by 2-4%); however, digestibility decreased (P < 0·01). Adverse effects of CE-enriched substrates on the rumen ciliate population were observed. Little effect on the rumen eubacterial population was detected by the 16S-polymerase chain reaction/denaturizing gradient gel electrophoresis method. The increase in γ-linolenic acid output in the MH + BFGCE diet (800 : 200, w/w) was accompanied by an increase in rumen biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The diet substrates enriched with the fungus CE were less digestible than the untreated cereal substrates; no appreciable positive effect was observed on rumen fermentation patterns or the eubacterial and ciliate populations. The in vitro study showed that adding CE-enriched substrates to ruminant diets is not effective for improving rumen fermentation.

Study on Processing Technology of Brewer's Grains on Acid Dye Brilliant Cresyl Blue Wastewater

Orthogonal experiment optimization of adsorption conditions with the factors of pH value, adsorption time, adsorbent amount of brilliant cresyl blue wastewater by brewer's grains were studied. The results showed that optimum adsorption conditions were as follows: 100 mL brilliant cresyl blue dye solution of 150 mg·L-1,adding 5.0 g·L-1brewer's grains of 60~80 mesh and adsorbed for 2.0 h,extraction temperature 30°C,pH 5.0. Under the optimal conditions, the maximal absorption rate got 95.12%.The brewer's grains is a promising, cheap, efficient, new biological materials of adsorption for brilliant cresyl blue in wastewater.

Response Surface Optimization of Adsorption Conditions of Neutral Red Wastewater by Brewer's Grains

Abstract: Surface response optimization of adsorption conditions of neutral red wastewater by brewer's grains with the factors of pH value, initial concentration,adsorption temperature, adsorption time, adsorbent quantity and the response of adsorption rate were studied. The optimal parameters for adsorption conditions were of adsorbent concentration of 191.24 mg·L-1, adsorbent particle size of 60~80 mesh,pH 4.65, adsorbent amount of 2.56 g·L-1, adsorption time and temperature of 1.92 h and 30°C, respectively. The maximal absorption rate got 99.16%.The brewer's grains is a promising, cheap, efficient, new biological materials of adsorption for neutral red in wastewater.

In-vitro methane production potential and in-sacco degradability of conventional and non-conventional protein supplements

The study was taken up to assess the in-vitro methane and total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) production; in sacco degradability and metabolizable energy (ME) availability from conventional and non conventional protein supplements like mustard cake (MC), deoiled mustard cake (DMC), deoiled groundnut cake (DGNC), soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed cake (CSC), corn gluten meal (CGM), maize oil cake (MOC), tomato pomace (TP) and spent brewers grains (SBG). The CP content varied from 18.2 (TP) to 66% (CGM). TP had the highest EE (11.0%) and lignin (13.5%) content. The net gas production (NGP) varied significantly from 80.7 ml/g DM (CSC) to 236.8 ml/g DM (MOC). The in-vitro methane production (expressed as ml/g DM) was the lowest from CSC and CGM, while the highest was observed from SBM and MOC. But when methane was expressed as per cent of NGP or as ml/g digestible OM at t1/2, the significantly lowest methane production was observed from TP followed by that from CSC, SBG MC and CGM. The protein supplement with high rumen undegradable protein (RUDP) content produced less methane as compared to the ones that had low UDP content. The TVFA production was the lowest from CSC, which may be due to the lowest degradability of OM and NDF. The digestion kinetic parameters for DM and CP revealed that the rate of degradation was significantly lowest in CGM and highest in DGNC (DM) and TP (CP). The effective degradability (ED) was lowest in CGM and highest was observed in SBM (DM) and DGNC (CP). The rumen UDP as per cent of total protein in CGM was significantly higher than all other protein supplements, it was followed by TP and was lowest in DGNC. It was concluded that the protein supplements with high rumen RUDP value like tomato pomace, cotton seed cake, spent brewer’s grains and corn gluten meal had low methane production potential.

Effects of Replacing Pork Back Fat with Brewer's Spent Grain Dietary Fiber on Quality Characteristics of Reduced-fat Chicken Sausages.

The effects of replacing pork back fat with brewer's spent grain (BSG) pre-emulsion for physicochemical, textural properties, and sensory evaluations of reduced-fat chicken sausages are evaluated. Control was prepared with 15% pork back fat, and three reduced-fat chicken sausages were formulated with the replacement of 20, 25, and 30% pork back fat with BSG pre-emulsion. The pH level of reduced-fat sausages formulated with BSG pre-emulsion is lower than that of the control (p<0.05). The redness, yellowness, and apparent viscosity of reduced-fat chicken sausages increase proportionally with increasing BSG pre-emulsion (p<0.05). With increasing BSG pre-emulsion concentration, the fat contents and energy values are decreased in reduced-fat chicken sausages (p<0.05). The BSG pre-emulsion improves the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of reduced-fat chicken sausages (p<0.05), and the reduction in fat and the addition of BSG pre-emulsion had no influence on the cohesiveness of the chicken sausage. And there is no significant difference in the overall acceptability among control, T1 (chicken sausage with 20% of BSG pre-emulsion, 10% of fat addition), and T2 (chicken sausage with 25% of BSG pre-emulsion, 5% of fat addition) (p>0.05). Therefore, our results indicate that BSG is effective dietary fiber source for manufacturing of reduced-fat meat product and suggest that 20-25% of BSG pre-emulsion is suitable for pork back fat in chicken sausages.

Effects of Storage Duration and Temperature on the Chemical Composition, Microorganism Density, and In vitro Rumen Fermentation of Wet Brewers Grains.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of storage duration and temperature on the characteristics of wet brewers grains (WBG) as feeds for ruminant animals. Four storage temperatures (5°C, 15°C, 25°C, and 35°C) and four durations (0, 1, 2, and 3 d) were arranged in a 4×4 factorial design. Surface spoilage, chemical composition and microorganism density were analyzed. An in vitro gas test was also conducted to determine the pH, ammonia-nitrogen and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations after 24 h incubation. Surface spoilage was apparent at higher temperatures such as 25°C and 35°C. Nutrients contents decreased concomitantly with prolonged storage times (p<0.01) and increasing temperatures (p<0.01). The amount of yeast and mold increased (p<0.05) with increasing storage times and temperatures. As storage temperature increased, gas production, in vitro disappearance of organic matter, pH, ammonia nitrogen and total VFA from the WBG in the rumen decreased (p<0.01). Our results indicate that lower storage temperature promotes longer beneficial use period. However, when storage temperature exceeds 35°C, WBG should be used within a day to prevent impairment of rumen fermentation in the subtropics such as Southeast China, where the temperature is typically above 35°C during summer.

버섯폐배지와 맥주박 첨가 섬유질발효사료 급여가 흑염소의 생산성, 사료섭취량 및 영양소 소화율에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted to investigate the feeding effects of total mixed fermentations (TMF) with spent mushroom (Flammuliua velutipes) and wet brewer's grain on estimating the productivity and nutrient utilization of Korean black goats. Four experimental groups were set up with each of the 5 animals for a 30-day feeding trial on growth performance. 12 black goats with regard to nutrient digestibility were allocated to 4 groups of 3 animals each by a latin-square design control group (offered concentrate and rice straw) and 3 treatment groups (TMF with 15% spent mushroom and 25% wet brewer’s grain (T1), 10, 30%(T2) and 5, 35% (T3)). The average daily gain (ADG) of the control and T1 treatment groups was higher than that of the T3 treatment group (p<0.05). Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intake (kg/head) for T1 and T2 treatment groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (p<0.05). The digestibility of DM and OM for the control group(62.39~63.39%) and the T1 treatment group (65.02™Y 65.25%) were significantly higher than those of the T3 treatment group(56.39, 59.01%) (p<0.05). Further, nitrogen retention was significantly higher in the T1 treatment group (p<0.05). Thus, these results conveyed that productivity and nutrient utilization were similar between TMF with spent mushroom and wet brewer's grain and commercial feeds. However, this study also suggested that feed must contain 25~30% spent mushroom due to the fact that the productivity of Korean black goats was decreased by increasing the content of spent mushroom.(Key words :TMF, Brewer’s grain, Spent mushroom, Feed intake, Nutrient digestibility, Goat)

Incidence of lactic acid bacteria and Aspergillus flavus in brewer's grains and evaluation of potential antifungal activity of these bacteria

Feed destined for animal production as brewer's grains can be contaminated by Aspergillus section Flavi species. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play a defining role in the preservation and microbial safety of fermented foods. The objective of this study was to study the incidence of lactic acid bacteria, Aspergillus section Flavi and AFB1 in brewer's grains and the preliminary antifungal activity of native LAB in vitro. LAB and aflatoxigenic Aspergillus were found in high counts in brewer's grains used as raw material for pig feedstuff. However, AFB1 had low AFB1 natural incidence in samples. In vitro antifungal activity of LAB isolated showed that all bacteria tested inhibited two Aspergillus flavus strains assayed. The high incidence of LAB could be inhibiting the AFB1 production in by-products obtained from the beer industry. LAB strains with excellent antimicrobial activity were also found in this substrate.

Laboratory and pilot-scale bioremediation of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) contaminated soil

PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate), a munitions constituent, is commonly encountered in munitions-contaminated soils, and pose a serious threat to aquatic organisms. This study investigated anaerobic remediation of PETN-contaminated soil at a site near Denver Colorado. Both granular iron and organic carbon amendments were used in both laboratory and pilot-scale tests. The laboratory results showed that, with various organic carbon amendments, PETN at initial concentrations of between 4500 and 5000mg/kg was effectively removed within 84 days. In the field trial, after a test period of 446 days, PETN mass removal of up to 53,071mg/kg of PETN (80%) was achieved with an organic carbon amendment (DARAMEND) of 4% by weight. In previous laboratory studies, granular iron has shown to be highly effective in degrading PETN. However, for both the laboratory and pilot-scale tests, granular iron was proven to be ineffective. This was a consequence of passivation of the iron surfaces caused by the very high concentrations of nitrate in the contaminated soil. This study indicated that low concentration of organic carbon was a key factor limiting bioremediation of PETN in the contaminated soil. Furthermore, the addition of organic carbon amendments such as the DARAMEND materials or brewers grain, proved to be highly effective in stimulating the biodegradation of PETN and could provide the basis for full-scale remediation of PETN-contaminated sites.

An assessment of differences in the ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of crude protein in brewer's grains and maize draff

The submitted thesis aims to assess the differences between the ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of crude protein contained in brewer’s grains (BG) and maize draff (AMG). The effectiveness of ruminal degradability was tested using the “in sacco” method on 3 dry Holstain cows fitted with rumen cannulas. The dynamics of ruminal degradability of crude protein (CP) was detected after 0, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours of samples incubation in the rumen. The intestinal digestibility of crude protein undegradable in the rumen was determined using the “mobile bag” method on 3 dry Holstain cows fitted with duodenal cannulas. The crude protein degradability of BG was detected in the above-mentioned hours (%): 4.06; 18.16; 32.40; 38.56, and 50.70; crude protein degradability of AMG: 42.04; 63.56; 84.47; 85.16, and 87.19. The effectiveness of rumen degradability of BG crude protein at the rate of passage of rumen content 6 % per hour was calculated at 35.33 % and that of AMG, at 76.29 %. Intestinal digestibility of BG crude protein and dry matter at the rate of passage of intestinal content 6 % per hour was calculated at 79.41 % and 22.84 %, respectively, and that of AMG, at 57.01 % and 11.33 %, respectively. The differences between the indicators of both feedstuffs were significant (P &lt; 0.05). The results show that BG are mostly a source of crude protein with higher intestinal digestibility than AMG.

Response Surface Optimization of Adsorption Conditions of Cr (VI) from Wastewater by Modified Brewer's Grains

Surface response optimization of Adsorption Conditions of Cr(VI) wastewater by modified brewer's grains with the factors of pH value, adsorption temperature, adsorption time, amount of adsorbent and the response of adsorption rate were studied. The optimal parameters for Adsorption Conditions were of adsorbent concentration of 60 mg·L-1, adsorbent particle size of 60~80 mesh, pH 2.23, adsorbent amount of 3.64 g·L-1, adsorption time and temperature of 1.13 h and 30 °C, respectively. The maximal absorption rate got 97.45%.The modified brewer's grains is a promising, cheap, efficient, new biological materials of adsorption for Cr (VI) in wastewater.