Brewer's Grain Research Articles

Vagococcus silagei sp. nov., isolated from brewer's grain used to make silage in Taiwan.

A Gram-stain-positive, coccus- or oval-shaped, non-motile, haemolytic, asporogenous, catalase- and oxidase-negative, and facultatively anaerobic strain, 2B-2T, was isolated from a brewer's grain used to make silage in Taiwan. Comparative analyses of 16S rRNA, hsp60 and pheS gene sequences demonstrated that strain 2B-2T was a member of the genus Vagococcus. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the type strains of Vagococcus teuberi (98.4 % similarity), Vagococcus carniphilus (98.4 %), Vagococcus martis (98.2 %), Vagococcus penaei (98.2 %) and Vagococcus fluvialis (98.0 %) were the closest neighbours to this novel strain. The similarity levels of concatenated housekeeping gene sequences (hsp60 and pheS) between strain 2B-2T and these closely related species ranged from 84.5 to 88.0 %. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain 2B-2T and its closest relatives were lower than 72.9 and 21.6 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content was 34.7 mol%. Phenotypic and genotypic features demonstrated that strain 2B-2T represents a novel species of the genus Vagococcus, for which the name Vagococcus silagei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2B-2T (=BCRC 81132T=NBRC 113536T).

ВЛИЯНИЕ НОВЫХ РЕЦЕПТОВ КОРМОВЫХ ДОБАВОК ИЗ МЕСТНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ НА БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ КРОВИ У ДОЙНЫХ КОРОВ СИММЕНТАЛЬСКОЙ ПОРОДЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЯКУТИИ

The purpose of our study is the influence of new recipes for feed additives made on the basis of local resources on the biochemical parameters of the blood of dairy cows of the Simmental breed in the conditions of Yakutia. Research objectives: 1) study the chemical composition of new recipes for feed additives produced from local resources; 2) determination of the influence of the new formulation of feed additives from local resources on the biochemical parameters of blood in dairy cows of the Simmental breed. The scientific and economic experience lasted 238 days: from February 4 to September 29, 2019. Were formed 3 samples of dairy cows, 10 heads each on the principle of analogues in breed, age and average live weight. The keeping of animals in each of the groups of the three samples was identical; in the winter season, the keeping was carried out in a milk reproducer on a tethered housing. The animals were fed twice a day. During the entire scientific and economic experience in the stall period, the experimental animals of all groups received a balanced diet in accordance with a detailed feeding system. The ration of the animals consisted of 10.0 kg of mixed grass hay, 18.0 kg of oat silage, and 2 kg of mixed feed. The difference in feeding consisted in the fact that the cows of the 1st experimental group with the economic ration received recipe No. 1, consisting of: barley "Tammy" - 27%, oats "Pokrovsky" - 35%, dry brewer's grain - 32%, zeolite - hongurin - 2%, probiotic drug "Hongurinobact" - 2%, mineral premix "Megamix" - 1%, lysine - 1%. The cows of the 2nd experimental group received recipe No. 2, consisting of: from barley "Tammi" - 31%, oats "Pokrovsky" - 25%, brewer's grains - 38%, zeolite-hongurin - 2%, probiotic preparation "Khongurinobakt" - 2%, mineral premix "Megamix" - 1%, lysine - 1%. It is important to note that an increase in the composition of amino acids was observed in the cows of the II-experimental group. At the initial stage of the experiment, the blood lysine content increased by 5.22 mg /% compared to the control and by 5.79 mg /% with the II-experimental group, methionine by 19.67 mg /% and by 10.02 mg /% respectively. The same tendency was observed for the rest of the composition of amino acids and at the final stage of the experiment. The listed indicators confirm the fact of optimizing the feed rations of Simmental cows in terms of the content of vitamins of groups A and C through the use of the formulation of protein-vitamin-mineral feed additives, which has a positive effect on the hematopoietic function of animals. Thus, the content of vitamins A and C at the beginning of the experiment was lower. At the stage of completion of the experiment, these indicators reached the norm. A similar picture was observed for the content of phosphorus, magnesium, iron, chlorine, potassium and sodium. There was no significant difference in the content of magnesium, chlorine, potassium, sodium and iron in the blood serum of the compared groups of experimental animals. The latter statement corresponds to the physiological norm for a given species and age of animals.

Phenolic Acids, Antioxidant Capacity, and Estimated Glycemic Index of Cookies Added with Brewer's Spent Grain.

Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is the major by-product of the brewing industry, with great potential as a functional ingredient due to its bioactive compounds. Thus, BSG could be suitable for improving the low nutritional quality of wheat-based snacks highly consumed by young people. The objective of this study was to substitute wheat flour with BSG (0, 10, 20, and 30%) for cookies elaboration, and evaluate the dough rheology, phenolic acids, antioxidant capacity, arabinoxylans content and proximate composition of the cookies Protein content and bioactive compounds (ferulic and p-coumaric acids, water unextractable arabinoxylans) of cookies significantly (p < 0.05) increased with the substitution level. In comparison to the wheat-alone cookies, the 20% BSG-containing cookies showed a lower hydrolysis and glycemic index (GI), and less total starch. The low cost, protein-rich BSG with antioxidant capacity improves the nutritional quality of cookies and may confer health benefits beyond basic nutrition.

A Mini-Review on Brewer's Spent Grain Protein: Isolation, Physicochemical Properties, Application of Protein, and Functional Properties of Hydrolysates.

There is a growing demand in reusing agro-industrial waste to enrich food proteins and develop new protein-related products. Brewer's spent grain (BSG), the byproducts generated from the processing of beer-brewing industry, is rich in abundant protein (26 to 30%) with good physicochemical properties and nutritional benefits. BSG is mainly composed of four proteins including hordein, gluten, globulin, and albumin. The methods for extracting protein from BSG mainly include alkali extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and organic solvent extraction, among others. However, little researches have described the functional properties of Brewer's spent grain protein (BSGP) and how it can be improved by enzymatic modification. Additionally, BSG protein hydrolysates (BSGPHs) have good bioactivities, mainly including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory activities, among others. Based on the above situation, this review provides a comprehensive overview about the isolation, physicochemical features, application of the BSGP. In addition, the functional properties and biological activities of BSGPHs are also emphasized. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date summary of BSGP research, and to broaden the market potential of this emerging protein in food industry. Besides, this review provides a reference to study the use of BSGP or hydrolysates for a variety of purposes in-depth, including pharmaceutical, food, and industrial applications.

Effects of storage of wet brewers grains treated with salt or a commercially available preservative on the prevention of spoilage, in vitro and in situ dry matter digestibility, and intestinal protein digestibility

ABSTRACT Objective Two experiments aimed to evaluate the effects of storage of wet brewers grains (WBG) treated with salt or a commercial preservative (PRES) on (1) yeast and mold growth and IVDMD and (2) in situ DM and protein digestibility. Materials and Methods In Exp. 1, control (0%), PRES (0.05, 0.10, 0.15%), or salt (1.4, 2.6, 3.8%) treatments were allocated randomly in duplicate to 14 plastic tubs containing of 48.5 kg of fresh WBG. The tubs were left inside a room with temperature varying from 12.8 to 14.4°C for 28 d. Samples were collected every 2 d and analyzed for yeast and mold concentrations. Subsamples collected on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 were subjected to IVDMD in a batch culture fermenter. In Exp. 2, 3 cannulated cows were used twice in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to determine the DM, NDF, ADF, and protein digestibility of WBG preserved for 1 wk with 0 or 0.10% PRES or 2.6% salt. Results and Discussion In Exp. 1, WBG treated with PRES had the least yeast counts. The WBG treated with salt (3.8%) and PRES (0.15%) had the least mold counts. Greater IVDMD was observed in WBG treated with salt. In Exp. 2, treatment with 2.6% salt resulted in greater in situ DM and protein digestibility. Implications and Applications Salt and PRES prevent spoilage of WBG, as indicated by yeast and mold counts, but salt has an advantage of improving DM and protein digestibility.

Effects of sporadic wet brewers grain inclusion on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing cattle

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sporadic inclusion of wet brewers grains (WBG) in cattle finishing diets on the growth and carcass performance of finishing cattle. Forty-two (n = 42) crossbred steer calves were blocked by BW and fed 1 of 2 finishing diets in a randomized complete block design with 7 replications of each treatment. Treatments included a corn silage and whole shelled corn finishing diet (control) and control + 7.2% WBG (DM basis). Calves were weighed on 2 consecutive days at 1300 h every 28 d. Average weights were used to calculate ADG, DMI, and G:F. Cattle were transported 160 km in 2 groups for processing under USDA-Food Safety and Inspection Service inspection. Carcass measurements including hot carcass weight, LM area, 12th-rib fat thickness, KPH, marbling scores, and USDA QG were collected. Statistical analysis was modeled in a 2-way fixed ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS. Calves fed WBG had lower final BW ( P = 0.04) and gained less ( P = 0.02) than control calves. No differences ( P > 0.05) were observed in carcass characteristics between diets except that carcasses from WBG-fed calves had smaller ( P = 0.01) LM areas than carcasses from control-fed calves. These results indicate that WBG may be included sporadically at low levels in cattle finishing diets with minimal effect on growth and carcass performance.

Aeration challenge in high BSG suspended fermentation: Impact of stirred-tank bioreactor scale

The high loading of lignocellulosic substrates could merge the advantages of solid-state and submerged fermentations. However, high solid loading in bioreactors could result in oxygen mass transfer complications and caused extra waste of inlet air. In this work, the effects of Brewer's Spent Grain (BSG) loading on enzyme production, oxygen transfer rate (OTR) and carbon dioxide evolution rate (CER) were investigated at 50, 75 and 100 g L−1 BSG in a 2.5-L stirred tank bioreactor. However, in small-scale bioreactor, the short contact time and inadequate mixing of bubbles in liquids affected the OTR and gas holdup negatively. Therefore, xylanase production in a 14-L vessel with 100 g L−1 BSG has been studied. In a larger bioreactor, a remarkable improvement in OTR and a significant reduction in total air consumption were recorded. Furthermore, the enzyme production per 1 L of consumed air was four times greater than 2.5-L vessels. As a result, the energy consumption for aeration was less in the larger bioreactor with high solid loading. Additionally, the residual xylan content monitoring during enzyme production has revealed that the BSG's xylan content decreased in the first 12 h of cultivation and then it remained approximately constant that probably means further xylanase induction is influenced by the concentration of BSG's hydrolysis products. Concisely, it seems that initial higher solid loading could be used as a practical alternative to solid substrate feeding during the fermentation. These findings would be useful for the fermentation of high loading lignocellulosic material in the industrial-scale bioreactor.

Assessing availability of amino acids from various feedstuffs in dairy cattle using a stable isotope-based approach

Nitrogen efficiency in dairy cows can be improved by more precisely supplying essential amino acids (EAA) relative to animal needs, which requires accurate estimates of the availability of individual EAA from feedstuffs. The objective of this study was to determine EAA availability for 7 feed ingredients. Seven heifers (258 ± 28 kg BW) were randomly chosen and assigned to 8 treatment sequences in a 7 × 8 incomplete Latin square design. Treatments were a basal diet (BD), and 10% (on a dry matter basis) of BD replaced by corn silage (CS), grass hay (GH), alfalfa hay (AH), dried distillers grain (DDGS), soybean hulls (SH), wet brewers grain (BG), or corn grain (CG). Total plasma AA entry rates were estimated for each EAA within each diet by fitting a 4-pool dynamic model to observed plasma, 13C AA enrichment resulting from a 2-h constant infusion of a 13C algal AA mixture. Individual EAA availability from each test ingredient was determined by regression of entry rates for that AA on crude protein intake for each ingredient. The derived plasma total EAA entry rates for corn silage, grass hay, alfalfa hay, dried distillers grain, soyhulls, brewers grain, and corn grain were 30.6 ± 3.4, 27.4 ± 3.2, 31.3 ± 3.4, 37.2 ± 3.2, 26.4 ± 3.2, 37.8 ± 3.2, and 33.5 ± 3.2% (±standard error) of EAA from each ingredient, respectively. Using the previous estimate of 8.27% EAA utilization by splanchnic tissues during first pass, total rumen-undegradable protein EAA absorbed from the gut lumen was 33.4, 29.9, 34.1, 40.6, 28.8, 41.2, and 36.5% of the EAA in each ingredient respectively.

The Efficiency of Using Functional Feed Additives in Combined Feeds for Broiler Chickens

The research was aimed at studying the efficiency of using functional feed additives based on fermented brewer's grains with vegetative filler and an adsorbent in combined feeds for broiler chickens. The use of the developed biological product resulted in increasing the live weight in the second group of chickens by 8.0 %, the average daily live weight gain – by 8.2 %, while reducing the feed used per unit of the product by 8.0 %. The results of analyzing the contents of the microflora of the caeca in the intestine showed a reduction of the common microbial number in the experimental group of chickens from 2x109 to 3x107 and an increase in the number of lactobacilli from 1x106 to 6x107. Therefore, the efficiency of the composite biological product in feeding broiler chickens has been proven.

Blood Bio-Markers, Growth Traits, Carcass Characteristics and Income Over Feed Cost of Broiler Birds Fed Enzyme Fortified Dried Brewer’s Grain

Blood Bio-Markers, Growth Traits, Carcass Characteristics and Income Over Feed Cost of Broiler Birds Fed Enzyme Fortified Dried Brewer’s Grain

Biosourced Disposable Trays Made of Brewer's Spent Grain and Potato Starch.

Single-use plastic items made of non-biodegradable and fossil-based materials have been identified as a major environmental problem in modern society. Food packaging materials represent an important fraction of these, and replacement with biosourced, sustainable and low-cost alternatives, is a key priority. In the present work, and for the first time, trays suitable for some food packaging applications were produced by the hot-pressing of brewer’s spent grains (BSG, a low added-value byproduct of the beer industry), bound with potato starch. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) trays were used as reference, since this material has been widely used in food packaging trays. The results demonstrated that all trays produced with varying proportions of BSG and potato starch have appropriate flexural strength, with values ranging between 1.51 ± 0.32 MPa, for 80% BSG content, and 2.62 ± 0.46 MPa, for 40% BSG content, which is higher than for EPS, 0.64 ± 0.50 MPa. Regardless of BSG content, flexural strength and modulus decreased significantly after contact with water, due to starch plasticization, attaining values below EPS. Trays produced with 60% BSG, and also with the addition of chitosan and glyoxal presented the highest flexural strength, both before and after contact with water, 3.75 ± 0.52 MPa and 0.44 ± 0.11 MPa, respectively. The latter is reasonably close to the reference value obtained for EPS.

Natural Red Pigment Production by Monascus Purpureus in Submerged Fermentation Systems Using a Food Industry Waste: Brewer's Spent Grain.

This paper studies the production of natural red pigments by Monascus purpureus CMU001 in the submerged fermentation system using a brewery waste hydrolysate, brewer’s spent grain (BSG). The chemical, structural and elemental characterization of the BSG was performed with Van-Soest method, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The lignocellulosic structure of BSG was hydrolyzed with a dilute sulfuric acid solution (2% (w/v)) followed by detoxification with Ca(OH)2. Maximum red pigment production (22.25 UA500) was achieved with the following conditions: 350 rpm shake speed, 50 mL fermentation volume, initial pH of 6.5, inoculation ratio of 2% (v/v), and monosodium glutamate (MSG) as the most effective nitrogen source. Plackett–Burman design was used to assess the significance of the fermentation medium components, and MSG and ZnSO4·7H2O were found to be the significant medium variables. This study is the first study showing the compatibility of BSG hydrolysate to red pigment production by Monascus purpureus in a submerged fermentation system.

Nutrient digestibility and ruminal parameters of cattle fed dried brewers grains and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on nutrient intake and digestibility, the protozoan population and ruminal fermentation kinetics of cattle fed diets containing brewers grains. Four ruminally cannulated crossbreed steers were distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square. The treatments were in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: with or without the inclusion of brewers grains x with or without the addition of S. cerevisiae. Dried brewers grains were included at 11.7% of the dry matter (DM) of the diet. Yeast (S. cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 containing 1.0 × 109 CFU/g) was supplied at 15 g/day. The use of brewers grains and the addition of yeast did not influence the ingestion of DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber or total digestible nutrients. Steers fed with brewers grains ingested lower concentrations of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) (P < 0.01). The addition of yeast did not alter DM or nutrient digestibility, but the inclusion of brewers grains reduced DM (P < 0.05) and NFC digestibility (P < 0.01). The use of brewers grains reduced the protozoa populations of the genera Entodinium (P < 0.05) and Isotricha (P < 0.01). Ruminal pH values were not influenced by brewers grains or yeast. There was an interaction between time and the inclusion of brewers grains (P < 0.05) for ammoniacal nitrogen, wherein two hours after feeding, cattle that consumed this by-product had lower concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen, compared to those that did not consume brewers grains. The addition of live yeast did not influence the proportion of volatile fatty acids (VFA) or total VFA concentration, but the inclusion of brewers grains reduced the VFA concentration and the percentage of isovalerate (P < 0.05). Thus, the use of S. cerevisiae in the bovine diet did not improve fiber digestibility or ruminal fermentation parameters, and the inclusion of 11.7% dried brewers grains did not compromise the total digestible nutrient intake, ruminal pH or the concentrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate.

EFFECTIVENESS OF FEEDING DRY BREWERS GRAINS TO REPAIR HEIFERS OF THE JERSEY BREED

Introduction. An important reserve for increasing the profitability and competitiveness of livestock production would be solving the problem of feed protein deficiency in animal feeding. Significant contribution to the solution of this problem can be made by using high-protein waste of oil extraction (meal, cake), alcohol (bard), brewing (brewers grains) industries for feeding purposes.&#x0D; Since the liquid brewers grains is poorly preserved and easily spoiled, especially during the summer, and its transportation over long distances requires large costs, in this regard, there is a current problem of drying the liquid brewers grains and its usage as a high-protein fodder for feeding animals in dry form as part of animal mixed fodder.&#x0D; The purpose of our research is to study the effectiveness of feeding dry brewers grains to repair heifers of the Jersey breed.&#x0D; Research materials and methods. Research on the feeding dry brewers grains effectiveness was carried out on repair heifers of the Jersey breed at the age from 2 to 12 months on the basis of the farm SE “Dan-milk” in Cherniakhiv district of Zhytomyr region. Dry brewers grains produced by private joint-stock company (PJSC) “Obolon” were used for the research.&#x0D; Research result. The content of crude protein in 1 kg of dry brewers grains, which was used in scientific and economic research, was 24.46%, or 244.6 g per 1 kg of dry brewers grains.&#x0D; In order to study the effectiveness of feeding dry brewers grains, three groups of repair heifers of the Jersey breed were formed for the research, 8 heads each, according to the following scheme: one control group of repair heifers, and the other two were research groups.&#x0D; According to the research scheme, the control group of repair heifers received a standard grain mixture without dry brewers grains. The difference in the feeding of repair heifers of research groups consisted in different levels of feeding dry brewers grains, which was included in the grain mix of the II research group in the amount of 15%, and the III research group - in the amount of 20%.&#x0D; As a result of the research, there was an increase in the average daily gains of the II research group heifers, which ration included 15% of dry brewers grains in the mixture composition: for the period from 2 until 6 months – up to 0.811 kg against 0.786 kg, for a period from 6 until 12 months – up to 0.671 kg against 0.657 kg, for a period from 2 until 12 months – up to 0.727 kg against 0.709 kg in the control group.&#x0D; At the age from 9 and 12 months of cultivation of repair heifers of the II research group, which grain mixture included 15% of dry brewers grains, there was a tendency of the main body measurements increase: height at the withers, chest girth and oblique torso length, compared with the repair heifers of the control group. In heifers of the III research group, which ration included 20% of dry brewers grains of the grain mixture, the main body measurements were lower than in heifers of the control and II research groups.&#x0D; While studding main hematological indicators of the repair heifers of the control and research groups at the age of 6 and 12 months of cultivation, it was found that the inclusion of 15% of dry brewers grains in the grain mixture of the ration of the repair heifers of the II research group improved their passage of biosynthetic processes and the use of nitrogen, which indicates a tendency to increase in their blood total protein content compared to the control group primarily due to globulins, which indicates an improvement of immune-protective properties in the heifers of this group. The increase in the content of total protein and globulins against the control group in the heifers of the III research group, grain mixture for which included 20% of dry brewers grains, was manifested to a lesser degree.&#x0D; Summary. The inclusion of dry brewers grains in the grain mixture of the rations of repair heifers of the Jersey breed of the II research group in the amount of 15% of the total weight of the grain mixture, provided an increase in their average daily gains compared to the repair heifers of the control group and amounted to for the period from 2 until 6 months – 3.2%, for the period from 6 until 12 months – 2.1%, for the period from 2 until 12 months –2.6% with a tendency to increase the main measurements at the age of 9 months: height at the withers up to 104.0 cm against 103.5 cm, chest girth – 142.8 cm against 141.4 cm, oblique torso length – 131.8 cm against 131.4 cm in the control group.

Effect of total mixed ration silage containing agricultural by-products with the fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria on rumen fermentation and nitrogen balance in ewes.

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of the fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) on the quality of total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing agricultural by-products, its digestibility, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen balance in ewes. TMR was prepared from rice straw, corn stover silage, brewer grain, tofu waste, steam-flaked corn, and a mineral mixture. The treatments consisted of silage additives added to TMR: CON (no silage additive), FJLB, COM (commercial additive), and MIX (FJLB + COM). Four cannulated ewes were assigned to the 4 × 4 Latin square design. The MIX treatment produced a lower (P < 0.01) pH than did the CON and FJLB treatments and a higher (P < 0.01) lactic acid concentration than did the other treatments. The fiber content in the COM treatment was lower (P < 0.05) than that in the other treatments. The FJLB treatment had similar fermentation quality and chemical composition to those of the CON and COM treatments in all parameters observed. Although the silage quality index (Fleig point) was higher in the MIX and COM treatments than in the CON treatment, all silages had good quality. No silage additives affected intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, or nitrogen balance. In conclusion, the TMR silage prepared from agricultural by-products mixed with wet-type food by-products with or without FJLB added resulted in well-preserved fermentation, and this product might be used as a ruminant feed.

Effects of acute and chronic heat stress on feed sorting behaviour of lactating dairy cows

Nutritional strategies to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on animal welfare and productivity often involve changes in ration formulation. However, cattle commonly sort their ration in favour of certain components, and it is not clear how feed sorting responds to heat stress. This study investigated the association between heat stress and feed sorting behaviour. Lactating Holstein dairy cows (n = 32; parity = 2.8±1.2; mean±SD) were housed in a free stall barn and milked 3×/day. Cows were fed individually using the Calan Broadbent Feeding System and offered ad libitum access to a total mixed ration (containing on a dry matter basis: 3.3% ryegrass hay, 16.5% ryegrass baleage, 24.7% corn silage, 11.1% brewers grains, 19.7% ground corn, 19.8% concentrate and 4.9% protein/mineral supplement), provided 1×/day. Beginning at 186±60 days in milk, cows were exposed to either: heat stress conditions (HT; n = 15) (average temperature–humidity index: 77.6), or evaporative cooling (CL; n = 17), consisting of misters and fans over the freestall and feed bunks. Data were collected during a 4-day baseline period, and two 4-day experimental periods: starting at 10 days after implementing treatments (defined as acute heat stress for HT cows), and at 62 days after implementing treatments (defined as chronic heat stress for HT cows). Daily feed intake and physiological responses to heat stress (body temperature, respiration rate) were recorded. Samples of fresh and refused feed were collected daily from individual cows for particle size analysis. The particle size separator had three screens (19, 8 and 1.18 mm) and a bottom pan, resulting in 4 fractions (long, medium, short and fine particles). Feed sorting was calculated as the actual intake of each particle size fraction expressed as a percentage of the predicted intake of that fraction. During both heat stress periods, HT cows sorted for long particles more than CL cows (105.0% v. 100.6%; SE = 1.1). During acute heat stress, HT cows sorted to a greater extent than CL cows against medium and short particles, whereas sorting of these fractions did not differ during chronic heat stress. Body temperature and respiration rate were associated across treatments with the extent of sorting for long particles and against short particles during acute heat stress. These results suggest that feed sorting is particularly influenced during acute heat stress, and that sorting for longer particles may increase in heat stress.

Farklı Düzeylerde Laktik Asit Bakterileri ile Enzim İlavesinin Yaş Bira Posası Silajlarında Fermantasyon, Aerobik Stabilite ve in vitro Sindirim Üzerine Etkileri

Bu çalışma, laktik asit bakteri+enzim (LAB+E) karışımı inokulantın yaş bira posası silajlarının fermantasyon ve aerobik stabilite özellikleri ile in vitro organik madde sindirilebilirliği (IVOMS) üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla düzenlenmiştir. İnokulant olarak, Lactobacillus plantarum ve Enterococcus faecium bakterileri ile birlikte selülaz, pentozanaz ve amilaz enzimlerini içeren SILAID (Global Nutritech Biotechnology LLC, Richmond, VA) kullanılmıştır. İnokulant silajlara 5x105, 1x106 ve 5x106 kob g-1 düzeylerinde ilave edilmiştir. Yaş bira posaları yalnızca gaz çıkışına izin veren 1 litrelik cam kavanozlara silolanmışlardır. Altmış günlük silolanma süresi sonrasında açılan silajlarda kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik analizler yapılmış ve silajlar 5 gün süreyle aerobik stabilite testine tabi tutulmuştur. Ayrıca, silajların enzimatik yöntem ile IVOMS saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, LAB+E inokulantı ilavesi silajların pH, amonyak azotu ve asetik asit içeriklerini düşerken, laktik asit içeriklerini ve lactobacilli sayısını artırmıştır (P&amp;lt;0.05). Ayrıca LAB+E ilavesi silajların nötr deterjanda çözünmeyen lif, asit deterjanda çözünmeyen lif ve selüloz içeriğini azaltmıştır (P&amp;lt;0.05), bunlara karşın IVOMS etkilememiştir (P&amp;gt;0.05).

Hypocholesterolemic Effect of the Lignin-Rich Insoluble Residue of Brewer's Spent Grain in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.

Insoluble residue (INS) is a lignin-rich fraction of brewer's spent grain (BSG) that also contains β-glucan and arabinoxylan, the major constituents of dietary fiber. We investigated the effects of INS in diet-induced obese mice in terms of lipid metabolism and metabolic diseases. Male mice (C57bl6) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), a HFD + 20% INS, a HFD + 20% cellulose (CEL), a HFD with a combination of 20% INS-CEL (1:1), or a control diet for 14 weeks. Insulin and glucose tolerance tests were performed after 12 weeks. Fasting plasma lipids, bile acid, and fecal bile acid were measured after 14 weeks of feeding, and tissues were collected for gene expression analysis. Body weight gain was significantly reduced with all fibers, but only INS and INS-CEL decreased fasting plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol compared to HFD. CEL and INS-CEL significantly improved insulin resistance. Fecal bile acids were significantly increased by all fibers, but there was no change in plasma bile acid. Clostridium leptum was increased with all fibers, but universal bacterial diversity was only with INS and INS-CEL. In addition, INS significantly increased the abundance of Bacteriodes, while CEL decreased Atopobium and Lactobacillus. INS feeding significantly upregulated various genes of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, such as Srebp2, Hmgcr, Ldlr, Cyp7a1, Pparα, Fxr, and Pxr, in the liver. INS, INS-CEL, and CEL significantly attenuated liver steatosis. Our results suggest that INS from BSG induced beneficial systemic changes in mice via gut microbiota, bile acids, and gene expression in the liver.

Optimization of Vitamin a Nutrition of Calves Fattened on Wastes of Food Industry

The most important sources of fodder resources are wastes of food industry: pulp, distiller's grains, brewer's grains, malt sprouts, etc., which are widely used for cattle fattening.The research was aimed at determining the optimal dosages of vitamin A in the diet of calves fattened on pulp, distiller's grains, brewer's grains, and malt sprouts.

Dry matter loss, fermentation profile, and aerobic stability of wet brewers grains ensiled with various amounts of dry ground corn

ABSTRACT Storage of wet brewers grain (WBG) for longer periods is challenging, and alternative techniques are required. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the fermentation profile, dry matter loss, and aerobic stability of WBG ensiled alone or with various concentrations of dry ground corn (DGC). Samples of DGC and WBG were weighed separately and mixed forming 3 treatments: WBG alone (23% DM), a mixture of 25% DGC and 75% WBG (as-fed basis) to achieve a DM concentration of 35%, and a mixture of 46% DGC and 54% WBG (as-fed basis) to achieve 50% of DM. Samples were allowed to ferment for 0, 14, or 28 d in triplicate laboratory silos (3.78 L per bucket). Concentration (DM basis) of CP decreased (P = 0.001) with both the inclusion and the level of inclusion of DGC in the mixture. Concentration (DM basis) of water-soluble carbohydrates decreased (P = 0.001) with the inclusion of DGC in the mixture. A treatment × storage length interaction was observed (P = 0.001) for pH, but the change in patterns differed among treatments. Both, the inclusion (P = 0.01) and greater amounts of inclusion of DGC to the mixture (P = 0.001) decreased lactic acid concentration. Mixing WBG with DGC increased (P = 0.02) acetic acid concentration. Aerobic stability tended (P = 0.08) to be 12 h longer for both mixtures of WBG and DGC. Under the conditions of the present study, averaged across storage lengths, mixing WBG with DGC did not significantly speed acidification, decrease the final pH, or prolong aerobic stability of WBG.