Dried Brewers Grains Research Articles

Corn Gluten Meal or Dried Brewers Grains as Partial Replacement for Soybean Meal in the Diet of Holstein Cows

Holstein cows (n = 24, 9 primiparous) were assigned equally to diets based on corn silage and high moisture corn supplemented with soybean meal alone or with either corn gluten meal or dried brewers grains. In diets with two protein sources, the protein quantity from each source was similar. Dietary CP and ADF averaged 16.3 and 18.8%, and undegraded protein as a percentage of CP was 33.6, 41.1, and 41.8% for the respective diets. After parturition. COWS were fed the soybean meal diet for a 3-wk covariant period, an experimental diet for 10 wk, the soybean meal diet for 3 wk, and the experimental diet for another 10 wk. Milk production by cows fed those diets averaged 30.9, 31.7, and 34.9 kg/d; protein averaged .90, .94, and 1.02 kg/d; and DMI averaged 16.8, 18.8, and 18.2 kg/d, respectively, for the two 10-wk periods. No dietary differences occurred for 3.5% FCM, estimated DM digestibility, BW, BW gain, or percentages of milk fat, protein, or SNF. Ruminal isobutyrate and isovalerate differed by diet; isovalerate was highest in the diet containing soybean meal plus corn gluten meal, probably because of the high Leu content of corn gluten meal. Ruminal NH3 N did not differ. The favorable production response by cows fed dried brewers grains can be explained by a more favorably balanced AA profile in the ruminally undegraded protein than in other diets.

Carbohydrate and Aspergillus oryzae Effects on Intake, Digestion, and Milk Production by Dairy Cows

Six multiparous, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows (46 DIM, 584kg of BW) and 6 primiparous Holstein cows (35 DIM, 506kg of BW) were used in two 6 × 6 Latin squares with 21-d periods to examine the effects of level of nonfiber carbohydrate, source of fibrous carbohydrate, and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on intake, digestion, and milk production. Treatments were 42 and 36% nonfiber carbohydrate; shelled corn and soybean meal were replaced partially by beet pulp and dried brewers grains or soy hulls and dried brewers grains in 36% nonfiber carbohydrate diets. These three diets then were supplemented with 0 or 3 g/d of A. oryzae. Milk production and composition and DMI were not significantly affected by level or source of carbohydrate, although intake of NDF was significantly higher for 36% nonfiber carbohydrate diets. Total tract apparent digestibilities of ADF and NDF were higher for 36% nonfiber carbohydrate diets. Supplementation with A. oryzae did not significantly affect DMI, milk production, or total tract apparent digestibilities; however, milk fat content was decreased. Partial replacement of corn with fibrous carbohydrate sources, beet pulp and soy hulls, did not adversely affect intake or milk production in early lactation cows fed alfalfa silage-based diets.

Influence of Cation-Anion Balance on Feed Intake, Body Weight Gain, and Humoral Response of Dairy Calves

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of diets with varying cation-anion balance on performance and humoral responses in young, growing dairy calves, Twenty-eight Holstein and 4 Jersey female calves were blocked at 56 to 70 d after birth according to breed and age and assigned randomly to dietary treatments of 0, 21, 37, and 52 meq(Na + K) − Cl/100g of dietary DM. Diets were based on cracked corn, dried brewers grains, and oats and were fed for 8 wk. Feed intake and average daily gain tended to increase quadratically, being highest for calves fed the +37-meq diet and lowest for those fed the 0-meq diet. Blood and urine pH increased linearly with increasing dietary cation-anion balance. Plasma Ca increased linearly, and Mg and Cl decreased linearly with increasing cation-anion balance. Plasma Na and P were unaffected by dietary treatments. Urinary Ca, Mg, and Cl excretions decreased linearly; urinary P, Na, and K excretion increased linearly with increasing dietary cation-anion balance. Blood pH increased linearly with increasing dietary cation-anion balance. Blood partial pressure of CO2, and HCO3 increased concurrently with increasing dietary cation-anion balance. Results indicate that altering cation-anion balance may impact DMI and average daily gain in the young ruminant.

The Utilization of Brewers' Dried Grains in the Diets of Chinese Ringneck Pheasant-Breeder Hens ,

Two trials were conducted, each one using 240 Chinese Ringneck pheasant-breeder hens (Phasianus colchicus torquatus) to determine the effects of feeding various levels of brewers' dried grains (BDG) on egg production, fertility, hatchability, and feed consumption. The birds were subjected to natural daylight. Data were collected for 16 wk of egg production (April 1 through July 31). Each of four diets containing 0, 15, 30, or 45% BDG was fed to three pens (19 females and 1 male per pen), beginning 1 wk prior to the onset of lay. The eggs were collected twice daily and were stored at 13 C and were set in incubators every 14 days. The eggs were candled on Day 21 of incubation to determine the number of infertile eggs and dead embryos. The hatch was removed on Day 25. The egg production and fertility from BDG-fed hens did not differ from those of the control hens. The hatchability of fertile eggs was higher (P<.05) from hens fed diets containing 30 and 45% BDG than from hens fed the control diet. The inclusion of BDG in the diets of pheasant-breeder hens had a favorable influence on the hatchability of eggs.

Change in amino acid composition of different protein sources after rumen incubation

ABSTRACTThe effective degradability (Dg) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and amino acids (AA) in soya-bean meal (SBM), fish meal (FM), dried brewers' grains (DBG) and ensiled lucerne (EL) was measured using polyester bags suspended in the rumens of six cows given a basal diet of maize silage, hay and concentrate. Rumen outflow rate was measured using chromium-mordanted SBM.AA were grouped into essential (EAA), non-essential (NEAA) or branched chain (BrAA). The AA concentration in DM varied from 88 g/kg DM for EL to 566 g/kg for FM. The proportion of determined AA in crude protein (CP) was similar for SBM, FM and DBG and always higher than 0·85. EL had the lowest A A concentration in CP, partly due to the presence of ammonia N (170 g/kg total N).Methionine always had a higher, and threonine a lower Dg than total AA in all foods. Dg of other AA was generally food dependent.SBM always had the highest EAA, BrAA, NEAA, mean AA and total N degradability, whilst FM always had the lowest Dg for EAA, BrAA, mean AA and total N, and these values were significantly different in comparison with SBM. The effective Dg of BrAA in DBG was significantly lower than in SBM and significantly higher than in FM. In EL, NEAA and mean AA Dg were significantly lower compared with SBM.Effective Dg of total AA in SBM and EL was significantly lower than the CP Dg; this difference was not apparent in DBG or FM.The undegraded fraction of FM and EL had a significantly higher proportion of EAA whilst DBG and EL had a higher proportion of BrAA when compared with the unexposed food. Isoleucine concentration, highest in EL, and lysine and methionine contents, highest in FM, differed significantly between the four protein source residues.The first limiting AA after rumen incubation, in relation to casein and meat, was always methionine. The essential amino acid index of the food residues post incubation, relative to casein and meat, was lower in SBM, DBG and EL but higher in FM.

Effect of Prepartum Energy Intake and Postpartum Protein Source on Plasma Somatotropin and Insulin in Lactating Cows

Forty-two Holstein cows were fed a high or low energy diet during the last third of lactation, then fed soybean meal or dried brewers grains in the subsequent lactation. Responses of plasma somatotropin and insulin to arginine were measured at 6 and 15 wk postpartum.Basal somatotropin, response area, and peak value were greater at 6 versus 15 wk of lactation. Insulation responses were greater at 15 wk of lactation. At 6 wk, basal somatotropin was higher (6.1 versus 4.1ng/ml) in cows fed the low energy diet prepartum. Shape of somatotropin response curves at 6 wk differed between prepartum energy intakes, but response areas were similar.Plasma insulin at 6 wk tended to be higher (1.0 versus .7ng/ml) in cows fed dried brewers grains. At 15 wk, both insulin and somatotropin response areas tended to be smaller for cows fed dried brewers grains, and shape of insulin response curves differed between protein sources. Of the observed hormonal responses to diet, only 6-wk plasma somatotropin was associated with differences in production parameters. Somatotropin secretion during early lactation appears to respond to prepartum changes in the energy status.

Fresh and dried brewers' grains as protein supplements to barley straw diets given to pregnant beef cows

Two experiments were conducted to compare the rumen degradability of the dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) in fresh (FBG) and dried brewers' grains (DBG) and their effects with or without urea on the voluntary intake of straw by pregnant beef cows. In Experiment 1, degradability values of DM and N, calculated from both exponential and linear equations, were similar for the two forms of brewers' grains. In Experiment 2, when pregnant beef cows were given 2.2 kg DM of either FBG or DBG, either unsupplemented or supplemented with 0.1 kg urea to increase the rumen degradable protein from ∼ 300 to ∼ 600 g, the two forms of grains promoted similar intakes of straw. Urea addition did not improve the voluntary intake of straw, but it increased blood ammonia concentrations. Significant increases in rumen ammonia nitrogen ( P < 0.05) and plasma urea ( P < 0.01) were associated with increases in RDP intake. Plasma urea concentrations also increased significantly ( P < 0.001) with increasing rumen ammonia nitrogen concentrations.

Dietary Energy Regulation During Gestation on Subsequent Lactational Response to Soybean Meal or Dried Brewers Grains

Forty-two Holstein cows were paired by body condition and mature equivalent milk production and fed either a high or low energy diet for the last 16 to 18 wk of lactation. Cows fed the high energy diet produced more milk (21.6 versus 17.6 kg/d), gained more body condition, and were heavier after calving (641 versus 591kg) than cows fed the low energy diet. Beginning wk 3 postpartum, half the cows in each prepartum energy group were fed supplemental dried brewers grains or soybean meal. During wk 1 to 15 of lactation, cows from the high energy group produced more 3.5% fat-corrected milk (33.8 versus 31.3 kg/d), consumed less dry matter (23.2 versus 24.4 kg/d), and lost more body weight (−2.7 versus .9 kg/wk) compared with cows from the low energy group. Milk production, feed intake, and body weight change were not affected by protein source. The high amount of bound nitrogen in dried brewers grains resulting in decreased intestinal digestibility of escape protein may have been responsible for the lack of production response to this protein source.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PROTEIN SOLUBILITY IN BICARBONATE-INDUCED CHANGES IN NITROGEN UTILIZATION AND ACID-BASE BALANCE IN LAMBS

Six crossbred wether lambs were fed six isonitrogenous (15% protein) diets according to a 6 × 4 incomplete latin square with four 24-d periods. The diets were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial and contained high moisture ear corn (HMEC), supplemented with either brewer's dried grains (BDG) or linseed meal (LSM), containing 18% and 46% soluble protein, respectively. To each of these diets, sodium (Na) was either not added or added as NaHCO3 (4% of DM) or NaCl (2.8% of DM). Voluntary intake of organic matter (OM) was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased with both NaHCO3 and NaCl supplementation but the response was greater with NaHCO3 than with NaCl. Nitrogen retention tended to be reduced with NaHCO3 supplementation; the reduction was greater with the BDG diet than with the LSM diet. Compared to NaHCO3, NaCl caused a smaller reduction in nitrogen (N) retention when added to the BDG supplemented diet but improved N retention when added to the LSM diet. Blood bicarbonate and base excess (BE) values increased (P &lt; 0.01) with NaHCO3 addition, but the increment in blood bicarbonate and BE tended to be higher with the BDG than the LSM diet. It is concluded that NaHCO3 could impair nitrogen retention by elevating blood bicarbonate in ruminants not suffering acid stress. Key words: Bicarbonate, nitrogen balance, protein solubility, acid-base balance, lambs

Ruminal Degradation of Dried Brewers Grains, Wet Brewers Grains, and Soybean Meal

A series of trials was conducted to determine the ruminal degradation of nitrogenous compounds and dry matter of soybean meal, wet brewers grains, and dried brewers grains. In situ and in vitro estimates of degradation were positively correlated but yielded different absolute values for measures of ruminal degradation. Ruminal digestion of protein, predicted from in situ data, was 42, 73, and 83% for brewers dried grains, brewers wet grains, and soybean meal. Drying of wet grains at either 50 or 150°C increased resistance to ruminal digestion equally. Measurements of flow of dry matter and nitrogen of feed origin to the duodenum were made in vivo for diets containing either brewers dried grains or soybean meal. Negative apparent digestibility of nitrogen in the rumen for a 13% crude protein, brewers dried grains ration indicates the potential for using a nonprotein nitrogen supplement with this ration. Resistance to digestion of nitrogen from brewers dried grains occurred only in the rumen. Amino acid patterns delivered to the small intestine and digestion of duodenal contents were similar for diets containing brewers dried grains or soybean meal.

The Effects of Dietary Sand on the Usage of Diets Containing Brewer’s Dried Grains by Growing Chicks

Abstract The effect of dietary sand on the utilization of brewer’s dried grains (BDG) by growing chickens was studied. In the first experiment that lasted 6 weeks, starter pullets were fed different levels of BDG with or without dietary sand. In the second experiment, the chicks from Experiment 1 were continued on the same levels of BDG and sand for another 8 weeks. The experimental diets consisted of all combinations of five levels of BDG (0, 15, 20, 25, and 30%) with two levels of sand (0 and 4%). The third experiment consisted of feeding combinations of five levels of BDG (0, 25, 30, 35, and 40%) with two levels of sand (0 and 4%) to 6-week-old pullets for a period of 8 weeks. The results show that in Experiment 1, there was a significant interaction between BDG and sand with respect to rate of gain and feed conversion. With the inclusion of sand in the diet, the chicks were able to digest significantly (P For the growers, a higher level of dietary sand may be required for any effect to be noticed on their utilization of higher levels of BDG.

Effects of dietary concentrates on rumen digestion of fibrous feedstuffs

Three mature rumen cannulated steers were given Penniseteum purpureum forage (60–65 days regrowth) ad libitum, with and without a concentrate supplement (1.0 kg maize bran dry matter (DM) per 100 kg live weight). Eight feedstuffs (bagasse, bagasse treated with 8% NaOH, Penniseteum purpureum, Digitaria swasilandensis, dried brewers grains, Canavalia ensiformis hulls and leaf and sweet potato forage) were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen and the disappearance of DM insoluble in 0.15 M NaCl after 0, 8, 16, 24 and 72 h was measured. The half-time ( T 1 2 ) of disappearance of insoluble DM calculated for the first 24 h of incubation in the rumen was increased by dietary concentrates and this increase ( ΔT 1 2 ) was related to the T 1 2 of DM disappearance measured in steers given forage alone ( T 1 2 ) and to the cellulose content of the insoluble DM in each feedstuff. Also, separate linear relationships between ΔT 1 2 T 1 2 and the cellulose content of insoluble DM were observed for the five graminaceous and the three non-graminaceous feedstuffs studied. The experiment showed that concentrate supplementation reduced fibre digestion in the rumen more for graminaceous than non-graminaceous forages and this reduction was positively related to the rate of DM digestion in the absence of concentrates and to the cellulose content of the forage.

Milk Production Response to Diets Supplemented with Dried Brewers Grains, Wet Brewers Grains, or Soybean Meal

Forty four multiparous Holsteins, 114±28 days in milk (32 kg/day, 3.4% fat), were fed a basal diet of 12% crude protein and 20% acid detergent fiber for 10 days, then stratified by milk production into four groups. Cows were randomized to one of nine diets in a 3×3 factorial in which basal was supplemented with dried brewers grains, wet brewers grains, or soybean meal to supply in the diet 14.5, 16.0, and 17.5% crude protein. Eight cows remained on basal during the 50-day trial. Basal contained: 14% alfalfa silage, 27% ensiled ground-corn, 53% corn silage, and 6% vitamin-mineral mix. Milk production (kg/day) for cows fed dried brewers grains (29.4) and wet brewers grains (28.9) was higher than soybean meal (26.2) and basal (23.1). Milk production was different for diets with high (29.6) vs. low (27.8) and medium (27.2) protein. Dry matter intake (as percent of body weight) was 3.7, 3.5, 3.3, and 2.9 for dried brewers, wet brewers, soybean meal, and basal, respectively. Milk protein percent and milk fat percent differed for protein source. Rumen fluid ammonia nitrogen for combined 2, 4, and 6h post-feeding, was (mg/100ml) 10.4 for dried brewers, 14.9 for wet brewers, and 18.0 for soybean meal and increased from 13.2 to 15.4 with increased protein. Plasma urea tended to follow patterns of rumen ammonia. Dried brewers grains had lower apparent nitrogen digestibility but equal nitrogen balance, indicating more efficient metabolic use than soybean meal.

Utilization of brewers dried grains (BDG) in growing-finishing pigs

Utilization of brewers dried grains (BDG) in growing-finishing pigs

Evaluation of brewer's dried grains in the diets of laying hens

Diets containing 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% brewer's dried grains (BDG) were supplied ad libitum to twenty Rhode Island Red laying hens in the seventh month of lay. The experiment lasted 75 days, after which pure brewer's dried grains (90% BDG) were offered to the same hens for two weeks. Diets with up to 45% BDG were isoproteic, but diets with a higher content had a higher level of protein. On a dry-matter basis, the BDG contained 2.27 kcal ME/g and nitrogen digestibility was 75.4%. Diets containing 45% or more BDG showed a significant decrease ( p<0.05) in metabolizable-energy content. No significant differences were observed in either nitrogen digestibility or nitrogen balance. Brewer's dried grains must be considered as a protein supplement. Some productive characteristics (food intake, egg production, feed efficiency, egg weight, egg quality and body-weight gain) were also studied. Diets containing 15 and 30% BDG appeared to be adequate for laying hens; 45% BDG was also acceptable, although the losses of body weight and shell quality suggested that this level should not be used without further research. At 60%, BDG caused a significant decrease in most of the characteristics studied. The use of 90% BDG caused a reduction in food intake, enormous body weight losses and, in the second week of the experimental period, an inhibition of the lay.

Evaluation of brewer's dried grains in the diets of broiler chickens

Isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of brewer's dried grains (BDG) were given ad libitum to 300 chicks. Three separate periods (0–4, 4–8 and 8–12 weeks of age) were considered. Starter diets were used in Period I and finisher diets in Periods II and III. There was a significant decrease in body-weight gain during Periods I and II, when using 20% or more BDG, and Period III, when using 30% or more, but final body weight was lower only in Period I. Feed efficiency followed the same trend. No diet affected either food intake or dressing percentage. Digestive-tract weight significantly increased ( p < 0.01) on using 20% or more BDG in the first period. Abdominal fat-pad weight significantly decreased ( p < 0.01) with the use of BDG, the effect being more intense in Period III. Body composition was significantly affected only in Period I ( p < 0.05); there was a decrease in muscle content and a similar increase in bone content with the use of 20% or more BDG. Muscle composition was significantly modified in Periods II and III on using 10% or more BDG, there being an increase in protein and a decrease in fat. It appears that brewer's dried grains should not be given in excess of 10% (0–8 weeks) or 20% (8–12 weeks).

Metabolisable energy and digestible nutrient contents of brewers grains and glucose for the young Turkey

1. The metabolisable energy (ME) contents of dried brewers grains and of dried brewers grains with yeast were 5.51 +0.69 and 7.20 ±0.69 MJ/kg dry matter or 0.25 + 0.03 and 0.34 + 0.03 of their respective gross energy contents. 2. In these respective ingredients, the apparent digestibility coefficients of protein were, 0.66 + 0.08 and 0.69 + 0.08; of fat, 0.49 + 0.16 and 0.64 + 0.16; of dry matter 0.14 + 0.05 and 0.24 + 0.05, while fibre and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) were not digested. 3. In balanced low‐protein diets formed by adding glucose to a high‐protein diet, the ME content of glucose was 15.12 + 0.44 MJ/kg dry matter or 0.97 ± 0.03 of its gross energy content, while the apparent digestibility coefficient of its NFE was 0–99 + 0–02, and that of its dry matter was 1.02 + 0.04. 4. Imbalancing diets greatly by removing or adding glucose to a balanced diet did not affect the nutrient digestibility or the ME of glucose, indicating that the basic assumption of linearity of these measurements with dietar...

Liver Lipid Deposition in Caged Layers as Influenced by Fermentation By-Products and Level of Dietary Fat

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of 20% brewers dried grains (BDG), 10 to 20% distillers dried grains (DDGS), and 10% distillers dried solubles (DDS) in equicaloric-equifat and isonitrogenous corn-soy diets on hepatic lipid accumulation in caged layers. To assess the effect of dietary fat on liver fat, a low fat (3.3%) diet was compared to the high-fat basal.Experiment 1 was conducted in a controlled environment house for 8 weeks. Inclusion of fermentation by-products reduced (P<.05) relative liver weight (g/kg body weight) and liver lipid. Plasma lipid and cholesterol and performance were not altered by the diets (P>.05). Experiment 2 was conducted in summer in an open-sided house for 9 weeks with the same treatments. The results were similar to the first experiment except that liver hemorrhages were observed in the hens not fed fermentation by-products. Birds fed 20% BDG or DDGS had lower (P≤.05) liver fat than those fed 10% DDGS or DDS. In both experiments dietary fat had no significant effect on liver fat content or performance.The results of the study demonstrate the effectiveness of brewers and distillers fermentation by-products in controlling liver lipid accumulation in caged layers fed equicaloric-equifat and isonitrogenous corn-soy diets. This response is not related to the level of dietary fat and appears to be induced by an intrinsic nutritional property of these by-products.

Evaluation of Brewers Dried Grains and Yeast in Turkey Diets

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate different levels of brewers dried grains (BDG) and brewers dried grains plus yeast (BDGY) in corn-soy diets for starting and growing-finishing turkeys. BDGY was composed of 95% brewers dried grains and 5% brewers dried yeast. One experiment of 16 weeks duration was conducted with turkey breeder hens. Large White turkeys were used in all experiments.Various levels of BDG or BDGY were included in turkey diets at the expense of soybean meal and ground corn. The level of animal fat was increased in BDG or BDGY diets so that all experimental diets in a given trial were approximately isocaloric and isonitrogenous. A 5% level of BDG was well tolerated in turkey starter diets. Growing-finishing turkeys tolerated BDG and BDGY levels of 5 to 15% very well. However, levels of 15 to 20% or greater did depress feed efficiency. Pelleting BDG diets appeared to greatly improve performance in Experiment 3. However, no direct comparison was made between pelleted and unpelleted diets containing the various levels (5, 10 and 15%) of BDG. All BDG treatments without exception significantly (P<.05) increased body weight at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age in this experiment. In addition, all BDG treatments except one (5% BDG, 0–20 weeks) were associated with either statistically (P<.05) or numerically greater body weight at 16 and 20 weeks as compared to the control. Turkey breeder hens receiving diets containing 10, 20, and 30% BDG or BDGY performed as well or slightly better than hens fed the control diet. The metabolizable energy (ME) value of 2513 kcal/kg used for BDG in this study was apparently an overestimate. Depressed feed efficiency of birds receiving the higher levels of BDG and BDGY support this conclusion. When levels of 20% or more of BDG replaced corn and soybean meal in diets for growing-finishing turkeys, lysine supplementation was apparently needed.

Dried Brewers Grains for Mature and Growing Dogs

Beagle bitches were fed 20 or 40% dried brewers grains (DBG) or the same percentages of a mixture of 95% DBG and 5% dried brewers yeast (DBGY) in extruded diets. Seven bitches were fed each diet for 12 months. The diets containing DBG or DBGY were comparable to a control containing no brewery byproducts for maintaining general appearance, health and body weight. The percentages of puppies born alive and puppies born alive that were weaned were likewise comparable. Birth weights were lowest for puppies born to bitches fed the diet containing 40% DBG (P<05) followed by 40% DBGY. Weaning weights were lowest with 40% DBG followed by 40% DBGY but these differences compared to control were not statistically significant. Two replicates of 35 puppies were fed 20 or 40% DBG or DBGY from 6 to 26 weeks of age. None of the differences in growth rates, efficiency of feed utilization or protein efficiency ratios were statistically significant. Growth rates for puppies on all diets were comparable to accepted standards. The apparent digestibility of all dietary components and metabolizable energy values were lower than control for diets containing DBG or DBGY for mature bitches or puppies but the differences were not statistically significant.