Number Of Breeders Research Articles

Patterns of reproductive success among reintroduced Atlantic salmon in two Lake Champlain tributaries

Reintroduction programs are increasingly implemented to regenerate self-sustaining salmon populations. The extent to which returning adults successfully produce surviving offspring is useful for informing reintroduction efforts but is often unknown, as is the genetic makeup of those offspring. We investigated the patterns of reproductive success (RS) among returning Atlantic salmon reintroduced as juveniles in two tributaries of Lake Champlain, by combining extensive river surveys and a molecular parentage analysis. Tissue samples collected from returning adults and their young-of-the-year (YOY) offspring produced in the wild were genotyped using microsatellite loci. Our results suggest that a low proportion of returning adults produced the small numbers of YOY detected in either tributary (range 9.9–13.7%, or 17 of 124 and 8 of 81 returning adults, respectively) and that 81.6% and 1.2% of YOY assigned to a pair of sampled returning adults. These results demonstrate that adults (of different life history strategies) can successfully reproduce in both of the studied tributaries (Winooski and Boquet Rivers) and that unsampled individuals could have recolonized a given tributary. Nevertheless, a larger number of breeders would need to produce surviving offspring in subsequent years to demographically augment the reintroduced population whilst avoiding short-term issues associated with low genetic diversity and inbreeding. Our results also point to underlying ecological problems that may have reduced RS and potential genetic issues within the hatchery-reared population being used for supplementation. Further adaptive management will be needed to ensure self-sustaining populations in this system.

Foraging ecology and diet of Eurasian spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia) in the German Wadden Sea

Eurasian spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia) were first recorded breeding in the German Wadden Sea in 1995. Since then, the breeding numbers have been increasing. However, the foraging habitats and diet of spoonbills in this area remain largely unknown. We therefore analysed the foraging ecology of spoonbills from three colonies in this area using GPS telemetry and examined their diet based on regurgitates and stable isotope analysis. GPS logger data (2014–2016) implied that tidal creeks near the mainland coast are used as the main foraging hotspots in the breeding season. Regurgitates (n = 77) and blood samples (n = 78) collected from spoonbill chicks in 2014 and 2016 showed slight variations in diet compositions between years and among colonies. Regurgitates (reflecting the diet during the day prior to sampling) included prey items ranging from ragworms and shrimps to fish, indicating an opportunistic foraging strategy. Smelts (31.9%) (Osmerus eperlanus), sticklebacks (22.6%) (Gasterosteus aculeatus), and gobies (13.3%) (Pomatoschistus minutus) were the dominant prey organisms by mass. Analyses of δ15N and δ13C values in blood serum of spoonbill chicks (reflecting the diet 1 week before sampling) showed a diverse diet composition, with flatfish, smelts, gobies, and sticklebacks as the main prey species at the end of May. In contrast, values in red blood cells (reflecting the diet up to 3 weeks prior to sampling) demonstrated that sticklebacks and flatfish were the main dietary components of spoonbills in the German Wadden Sea in early May. The combination of different diet analyses determined the diet choice of spoonbills in the German Wadden Sea on different time scales. Telemetry data enabled the study of fine-scale habitat use.

Tracking ice phenology by migratory waterbirds: settling phenology and breeding success of species with divergent population trends

Dependence on climate‐driven environmental cues in the initiation of life cycle stages is a critical attribute when assessing vulnerability of species to climate change impacts. This study focused on spring ice phenology as a cue to the settling of migratory waterbirds, asking whether there is an asynchrony between ice phenology and settling phenology that could affect breeding success of six species with divergent population trends. In the 37 study lakes in southeastern Finland, the ice‐out date not only varied considerably between years, but became progressively earlier during the study period, 1991–2018. Settling phenology of all species tracked inter‐annual variation in ice phenology. However, the degree of asynchrony between ice phenology and settling phenology varied between species, allowing discrimination between early and late settlers. Considerable inter‐annual variation also occurred within species, but in only one species did the degree of asynchrony correlate with the ice‐out date: for the horned grebe Podiceps auritus an earlier ice‐out date meant greater asynchrony between settling phenology and ice phenology. The degree of asynchrony between settling phenology and ice phenology did not affect breeding success in any species. However, ice phenology per se affected breeding success of horned grebes: earlier ice‐out was associated with lower annual breeding success. Breeding numbers of horned grebe showed a long‐term decline. Results suggest that short‐distance migratory birds are able to respond to climate change‐driven phenological changes in their breeding environments, and that this ability may not depend on the relative timing of breeding.

Pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam meningkatkan produktivitas sapi pesisir di Nagari Taratak - Sutera Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan

Sapi Pesisir merupakan sapi lokal Sumatera Barat yang mempunyai keunggulan tahan terhadap penyakit dan dapat bertahan hidup dengan mengkonsumsi makanan yang tidak unggul. Kecamatan Sutera adalah salah satu sentra peternakan sapi pesisir di Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Sumatera Barat. Keberadaan sapi pesisir ini mulai menurun karena banyaknya betina bunting yang dipotong serta banyaknya peternak yang meninggalkan usaha beternak sapi ini. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah pemelihaharaan sapi yang tidak efektif dengan pola makan yang tidak bagus mengakibatkan performa dan produktivitasnya rendah padahal kalau ditingkatkan manajemen pemeliharaannya seperti disediakan ransum yang baik tentu produktivitas sapi tersebut dapat ditingkatkan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut perlu dilakukan pemberdayaan pada masyarakat untuk memelihara ternak dengan menyediakan ransum yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan sehingga produktivitas sapi dapat ditingkatkan. Tujuan dari KKN–PPM tematik ini adalah diharapkan mahasiswa mampu memotivasi dan memberdayakan masyarakat disana. Metode yang digunakan dalam pencapaian tersebut adalah metode penyuluhan dan dilanjutkan dengan demonstrasi dan terjun langsung ke lapangan. Kegiatan yang dilakukan adalah alih teknologi dalam penyediaan ransum untuk sapi pesisir, membuat formulasi ransum sapi pesisir sesuai kebutuhan. Hasil yang didapatkan terbukanya wawasan masyarakat untuk memelihara ternak dengan semi intensif dengan cara dikandangkan dan ransumnya disediakan sesuai dengan formulasi ransum sapi pesisir yang dibuat. Ransum yang disediakan untuk sapi pesisir adalah dalam bentuk silase ransum komplit dengan memanfaatkan sumber bahan baku pakan yang banyak tersedia disana yaitu rumput lapang, jerami padi, dedak padi dan sumber pakan lainnya. Dengan silase ransum komplit tersebut membantu peternak lebih efektif dalam penyediaan ransum dan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas sapi pesisir.

Diversionary feeding of red fox in spring increased productivity of forest grouse in southeast Norway

In Eurasia, forest grouse have been declining throughout most of their geographical ranges. Presumably, poor recruitment due to high predation of nests and chicks is one important causal factor. In a southeastern Norwegian forested landscape (Fjella), we provided diversionary food to predators – directed mainly at the red fox Vulpes vulpes – during the nesting and early brood season of capercaillie Tetrao urogallus and black grouse T. tetrix in three nearby areas. In Eidsberg, where populations were censused during 33 years (1985–2017), food was provided during the last 22 years. In two other areas, a six-year experimental program was conducted (2003–2008) by providing food in one area for three years, then switching feeding to the other area for three years. During May and June, 10 kg of food – mainly moose offal and ungulate carcasses – was deposited at feeding stations once a week. In Eidsberg, black grouse breeding success increased by 43% after feeding was initiated, mainly due to larger brood sizes. In capercaillie, overall breeding success tended to increase, solely due to more females successfully rearing chicks. In the experimental areas, feeding increased breeding success an estimated 57% in black grouse. In capercaillie there was also a tendency for a positive effect, but sample sizes were too small for statistical inference. No increases were detected in adult birds. However, in capercaillie, increased breeding success after feeding led to a significant skew in sex ratio favouring males. A similar tendency in black grouse suggested source–sink dynamics and a net loss of young females during natal dispersal. We conclude that diversionary feeding of foxes in spring and early summer might be a feasible management tool to increase the reproductive output in local grouse populations, but that it needs to be implemented on a larger scale in order to improve breeding numbers.

Rooting by Tibetan pigs diminishes carbon stocks in alpine meadows by decreasing soil moisture

Carbon stocks in alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are being threatened by increases in livestock herding practices. However, the extent to which current fast-growing disturbance by Tibetan pig rooting alters carbon stocks in these meadows and the underlying processes are still unclear. We conducted a 3-year study in meadows with three different plant communities on the southeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to explore the effects of rooting by Tibetan pigs on carbon stocks. Rooting by Tibetan pigs decreased plant biomass carbon (PBC), soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and ecosystem carbon (EC) by 91.25%, 30.57%, 28.94%, and 40.47%, respectively. Soil moisture (SM) was the most significant factor negatively associated with PBC, SOC, and EC. Additionally, a decreased SM by rooting also exerted an indirect effect on MBC by directly reducing plant biomass. Rooting by Tibetan pigs diminishes carbon stocks by decreasing SM, threatening carbon stocks stored in alpine meadows. Thus, caging or reducing the breeding number of Tibetan pigs combined with restoring soil water levels would be effective ways to recover and maintain carbon stocks in alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Demographic and population responses of an apex predator to climate and its prey: a long‐term study of South Polar Skuas

AbstractEcologists widely acknowledge that a complex interplay of endogenous (density‐dependent) and exogenous (density‐independent) factors impact demographic processes. Individuals respond differently to those forces, ultimately shaping the dynamics of wild populations. Most comprehensive studies disentangling simultaneously the effects of density dependence, climate, and prey abundance while taking into account age structure were conducted in terrestrial ecosystems. However, studies on marine populations are lacking. Here we provide insight into the mechanisms affecting four vital rates of an apex Antarctic marine predator population, the South Polar SkuaCatharacta maccormicki, by combining a nearly half‐century longitudinal time series of individual life histories and abundance data, with climatic and prey abundance covariates. Using multistate capture–mark–recapture models, we estimated age classes effects on survival, breeding, successful breeding with one or two chicks and successful breeding with two chicks probabilities, and assessed the different effects of population size, climate, and prey abundance on each age‐specific demographic parameter. We found evidence for strong age effects in the four vital rates studied. Vital rates at younger ages were lower than those of older age classes for all parameters. Results clearly evidenced direct and indirect influences of local climate (summer sea ice concentration), of available prey resources (penguins), and of intrinsic factors (size of the breeding population). More covariate effects were found on reproductive rates than on survival, and younger age classes were more sensitive than the older ones. Results from a deterministic age‐structured density‐dependent matrix population model indicated greater effects of prey abundance and sea ice concentration on the total population size than on the breeding population size. Both total population size and the number of breeders were strongly affected by low values of sea ice concentration. Overall, our results highlight the greater sensitivity of reproductive traits and of younger age classes to prey abundance, climate variability, and density dependence in a marine apex predator, with important consequences on the total population size but with limited effects on the breeding population size. We discuss the mechanisms by which climate variability, prey abundance, and population size may affect differentially age‐specific vital rates, and the potential population consequences of future environmental changes.

Breeding populations of Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius and Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula in the United Kingdom in 2007

ABSTRACTCapsule: The 2007 national survey of the UK breeding population of Little Ringed Plovers shows a further spread into Scotland and Wales since the previous survey in 1984. In contrast, there has been a significant decrease in the Ringed Plover breeding population.Aims: To provide new breeding population estimates in the UK and Great Britain for Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius and Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula in 2007 and investigate changes in breeding distribution and habitat use since 1984.Methods: Breeding population estimates were made by combining counts of pairs from ‘key sites’ (2 × 2 km tetrads known to be occupied in/since 1984) and estimates of the numbers of pairs away from these sites based on stratified sampling. Survey periods for Little Ringed Plover: 15 April to 15 July, three visits; Ringed Plover: 15 April to 30 June, two visits.Results: Population estimates, for 2007, of 1239 (95% confidence intervals: 1175–1311) pairs of Little Ringed Plover and 5291 (5106–5478) pairs of Ringed Plovers were calculated for Great Britain, with 5438 (5257–5622) pairs of Ringed Plover estimated in the UK. Counts of Ringed Plover at inland and coastal sites, covered in both 1984 and 2007, decreased by 83% and 53%, respectively. The Little Ringed Plover population has expanded in range northward and westward since 1984. Main habitats used in 2007 by Little Ringed Plover were inland gravel and sand (25.9%) and river shingle (17.8%); and, for Ringed Plover, coastal shingle and sand (38.5% and 13.7%, respectively) and machair plus associated habitats (23.8%) in the Outer Hebrides.Conclusions: Between 1984 and 2007, the Little Ringed Plover breeding population in the UK increased considerably, expanding northward and westward, with increased use of river shingle habitats. During the same period Ringed Plover breeding numbers in the UK declined considerably in both coast and inland habitats, likely to be due to human disturbance and habitat change, respectively.

Involvement of dual serotypes during a severe dengue outbreak in Wadi area, Nagpur district, Maharashtra 2017.

An outbreak of dengue-like illness was reported from Wadi area within the Nagpur Municipal Corporation during September-October 2017 with five deaths. Major symptoms reported were high fever (103-106 oF), acute joint pains, myalgia, drowsiness, breathlessness, etc. An investigation was conducted to confirm the etiological agent, its characterization and the vectors involved in the outbreak. Serological analysis was conducted to detect dengue (DEN)/chikungunya IgM antibodies in 158 sera samples. Nested-PCR was carried out to serotype eight ELISA positive samples. Adult and larval mosquito collections were conducted in the affected areas to determine species composition and mosquito density. Dengue IgM antibodies were detected in 44 sera samples. Molecular typing revealed involvement of DEN-2 and DEN-3 serotypes. Dengue hemorrhagic fever symptoms were observed in two patients. Aedes aegypti breeding was found rampant with Breteu index and house index ranging from 23 to 70 and 17 to 56, respectively. Major breeding habitats encountered were, used tyres, cement tanks and refrigerator trays. Clinical symptoms, detection of anti-DEN IgM antibodies in high number of samples and heavy breeding of Ae. aegypti confirmed it was a dengue outbreak.

Sowing qualities of sugar beet seeds, obtained apozygotically in the conditions of dustless mode

Purpose. Determine the sowing qualities of sugar beet seeds obtained apozygically and identify the best breeding numbers to create the starting materials for sugar beet breeding.Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical.Results. The dynamics of seed germination depending on the cultivation period for inbred and hybrid materials were investigated. It was found that in all breeding materials seedlings from seeds obtained under the conditions of pollenless emergence already appeared on the second day of cultivation, and on the fourth number of seedlings increased sharply to 95.7 % (in lines) and 92.0 % (in the group origin of simple sterile hybrids), reaching respectively 98.6 and 96.3 % on the tenth day of cultivation. The study of the influence of genotypic factors on the germination energy of seeds showed that a significant proportion accounted for the genotype (52.7 % – in MS lines) and (78.2 % – in simple sterile hybrids).Conclusions. Apogotic materials, regardless of their origin, are characterized by high seed quality: germination energy (92.0…95.7 %). The predominant part of influencing these traits was genotype. In the FM group of lines, it was lower in germination energy than in the group originating from simple sterile hybrids and was 52.7 versus 78.2 %, in terms of seed germination – 65.4 and 73.6 %, respectively. Three apozygotic progeny of 4652-8-31-7-7ChS, 4652-12-12-3-8ChS and 138ChS were identified with high stable germination energy (94.9… 96.2 %) and seed similarity (98.0…99,2 %). Stably high unicorn was characteristic of apozygotic lines 4652-12-13-3-8HF, 198 HR and 197HF (94.1…96.7 %).

Assessment of soft winter wheat breeding numbers adaptability by the number of grains in the spike

Assessment of soft winter wheat breeding numbers adaptability by the number of grains in the spike

Collapse of a protector species drives secondary endangerment in waterbird communities

Interactions and dependence between species can transmit the effects of species declines within and between trophic levels, resulting in secondary endangerments and, in some cases, extinctions. Many mixed-species avian breeding aggregations commonly have a protector species whose aggressive nest defense is used by other species to defend their nests. Disappearance of the protector species may have population demographic consequences on the dependent species. Aggressive nest defense behavior of small colonial gulls, such as the black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), is used by many waterbird species to gain protection against predators. We used data from 15 local waterbird communities in Finland to study long-term changes and dynamics of breeding numbers of other waterbirds as a response to long-term changes and dynamics of black-headed gull colonies. We found that breeding numbers of many species tracked long-term changes in the size of black-headed gull colonies. This was true even after controlling for a common trend in the size of the black-headed gull colony and the breeding numbers of the other species. The trend-controlled positive temporal association with black-headed gull was relatively stronger in species that nest in similar habitats of a lake as the black-headed gull, and in species that have a more critical conservation status due to drastic population decline. Our results suggest that the overall decline of black-headed gull colonies has resulted in secondary endangerment of many other species in waterbird communities.

Application of breeders to technical recommendations in the field of raising and caring for sheep in some villages of Behira Governorate

The research aimed to identifying the level of application of the breeders to the technical recommendations in the field of raising and caring sheep in the Behira Governorate. The largest center in the field of sheep breeding and caring was selected in Wadi al-Natroun. The center contains four main villages; the number of breeders in the four villages was 690. The data were collected using the personal interview and used frequencies, percentages, means, and alpha coefficient .The main results were: About 68.16% of the respondents were medium application of technical recommendations in the field of sheep breeding and caring. Respondents resort to eleven sources to obtain information about sheep breeding and caring and there are four sources that have an advanced ranking were personal experience (90.6%), other breeders (76.1%), neighbors and relatives (73.9%) and the veterinary unit (70.3%). There were 16 obstacles faced by sheep breeders, the main obstacles facing them were the increase in the prices of concentrated feeds (73.2%), the increase in the rental value of agricultural land (69.6%) and the high costs of veterinary treatment (64.5%). Respondents need some extension services and the most needed services are the regular follow-up of sheep (82.6%), providing cheap feed concentrates (81.9%), and continuing awareness of the most important recommendations in the field of sheep breeding (75.4%).

Testing of potato breeding material for resistance to Globodera rostochiensis (Ro1)

The results of laboratory and field estimate of stability of newly created potato breeding material against Globodera rostochiensis (Ro1) are presented. During 2016—2018, 640 breeding samples sent by the leading breeding institutions of the state, namely: the Institute for Potato Research of the NAAS of Ukraine, the Polessky research department the Institute for Potato Research of the NAAS, CJSC NGO “Chernihivelitkartoplya” and the Institute of agriculture of the Carpathian region were tested in laboratory conditions. Among the potato material we studied, most of the samples belonged to the Polessky research department the Institute for Potato Research of the NAAS — 305 (47.7% of the total), where 172 samples (56.4%) of the sent hybrids of the first and second year of the testing were resistance. A higher percent of the resistance of the breeding material was in the potato material of the Institute for Potato Research of the NAAS, which was 68.0% (115 breeding numbers). In laboratory conditions, most of the samples — 57.7% showed resistance to golden potato cyst nematode (GPCN), 16.2% of the samples were weakly resistant and the rest samples — 26.1% of potato hybrids were classified as susceptible. During the field testing, 32 samples were tested, of which 28 were classified as resistance, 2 selective samples were weakly resistant and 2 were susceptible. The majority of resistance selection material on the high-invasive background showed high nematode cleanse ability and good yield, which exceeded control in 1.5—2 times. All resistant forms are a valuable material for introducing into the breeding process for the production of nematode resistant potato varieties, which will keep the crop in the infected areas and will have the ability to clear the soil from golden nematode potatoes.

Flash in the pan: how grassland renewal affects reproduction of Northern Lapwings Vanellus vanellus

ABSTRACTCapsule: Grassland renewal is associated with short-term beneficial effects on density and reproduction of Northern Lapwings Vanellus vanellus followed by long-lasting reduced breeding numbers after sward establishment.Aims: To assess short- and long-term effects of grassland renewal on the reproduction of Northern Lapwings.Methods: In the years 1999–2011 we counted breeding Northern Lapwings on 18 reseeded grassland plots in a chronosequence ranging from one year before until 3 years after reseeding. We also monitored nesting dispersion and hatching success in different habitats, particularly tillage, permanent grasslands and reseeded grasslands during sward establishment.Results: Grassland that underwent reseeding possessed several-fold more Northern Lapwings during the phase of sward establishment than before. In the subsequent years, breeding numbers significantly declined and remained low throughout the study period. In recently reseeded grassland, Northern Lapwings tended to breed in larger colonies. Although habitat-specific differences in hatching success were not significant, we found significantly higher nest predation rates in agriculturally improved grasslands than in tillage and reseeded grasslands during sward establishment.Conclusions: Due to its long-term adverse effects on density and reproduction of Northern Lapwings, grassland renewal should not be practised in areas with conservation responsibilities for grassland-breeding waders.

Does a recent surge in Socotra Cormorant Phalacrocorax nigrogularis nesting population and establishment of new breeding colonies ensure long term conservation? Pragmatic assessment of recent augmentation in Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE

SummaryUnited Arab Emirates is an important range country for the ‘Vulnerable’ Socotra Cormorant Phalacrocorax nigrogularis and Abu Dhabi Emirate holds most of the remaining breeding colonies. Emirate-wide monitoring of all breeding colonies was undertaken annually for 11 breeding seasons from 2006–2007 to 2016–2017 to monitor the status of breeding colonies and estimate the nesting population. Breeding was recorded in 10 colonies that were used intermittently with an average of four (± 1.3 SD) colonies active each year. The highest number of eight active colonies was recorded in 2016–2017. Establishment of two new breeding colonies on Butinah and Digala in 2016–2017 and recolonisation of three previously inactive colonies during the monitoring period emphasised the ability of the species to relocate and colonise suitable sites. Continued threats at some breeding colonies caused abandonment and subsequent relocation, resulting in a gradual shift of breeding colonies to safer areas. Presently, most of the breeding sites (62%) with an increased number of breeding birds are found in colonies with restricted access. The Emirate-wide nesting population witnessed a 10-fold increase in the last decade; after an initial decline in 2006–2007 it increased from about 5,000 pairs in 2007–2008 to nearly 52,000 nesting pairs in 2016–2017. Combined with the nesting population from the Siniya colony, the overall UAE nesting population is estimated at 60,000 to 70,000 pairs, nearly half of the global breeding population. Further augmentation of the current breeding numbers is possible if breeding colonies remain safe from human disturbance and invasive predators. For long-term conservation of Socotra Cormorant, protection of all remaining colony sites, including inactive ones, is important in addition to minimising disturbance along with widespread public awareness to change the people’s perception of the species as a competitor to commercial fisheries.

Assessment of Broodstock Management Practices in Nigeria

Genetic management of African catfish broodstock is important to ensure the quality of seed. This study was conducted to identify and critically evaluate current broodstock management practises in African catfish hatcheries in Nigeria. A questionnaire was presented in 44 hatcheries in three main aquaculture regions in Nigeria and 34 responded. The results indicated that more than 50% of hatcheries keep fewer than 40 broodfish, with a higher ratio of females than males. This causes the effective breeding number to be under the recommended minimum value in many hatcheries and can result in genetic drift or inbreeding depression. However, the common practice of optioning broodfish regularly from different sources may reduce the risk of inbreeding depression. Only 6% of the hatcheries use broodstock raised on their farms only and this group is predisposed to problems due to poor genetic management. Most hatcheries use females that are 1-1.5 kg as broodfish. However, the results of the present study suggest that seed quality, quantity and survival could be increased significantly by using larger females. The results of the study were used to produce recommendations to improve broodstock management in Nigeria.

Numbers and distribution of grassland waders in Polissian part of Sluch and Goryn valleys: analysis by modeling in Maxent

Location of breeding colonies and numbers of Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), Redshank (Tringa totanus) and Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) in valleys of Sluch and Goryn rivers (Rivne region, Ukraine) were analyzed, making emphasis on modeling approach in Maxent. Using open GIS data and satellite imagery as background layers distribution models for all three species were built. According to the results of ROC statistics, we achieved models with AUC in the range from 0,837 to 0,913 on test data. Analysis of the contribution of individual predictors into models shows that most important were layers of forest and shrub coverage, arable lands, MNDWI and NDVI indices, elevation and distance to rivers. It was shown, that using only data in open access it is possible to build good distribution models for Lapwing, Redshank and Black-tailed Godwit in circumstances of Polissia.

Increased Revenues in Beef Cattle Business in Hamlet I Kelambir V Village in Hamparan Perak Sub-District Deli Serdang Regency

This community service aims to introduce revenue analytics in beef cattle business to breeders in order to know the amount of their income in every scale of livestock ownership level in Hamlet I, Kelambir Village, Hamparan Perak Sub-District, Deli Serdang Regency. This activity was expected to improve the ability and increase the knowledge of beef cattle breeders to do self-analysis on how to separate accepted and cost components to be incurred in one period of care. Thus, it would be easier for the breeders to calculate the total income in one period of beef cattle breeding which will improve their welfare. The impact brought from this program was that a number of breeders have understood about revenue analytics and started to calculate the total income they have had. Therefore, they can learn to make the production cost of their business efficient which leads to an increased revenues.

Portrait of Hatchery Management Profile on Rainbow Fish Melanotaenia boesemani (Allen & Cross, 1980) Cultivation in Jakarta Area

Hatchery managers and maintaining genetic diversity and fitness population in endangered and threatened species in pond is a important and difficult thing to do. But is must to do for conservation biology. Fitness and structure population depends on effective breeding number (Ne) and population connectivity between each other. The second most important thing is gene flow and genetic drift. Ne is major role in the maintenance of genetic diversity as indicator for inbreeding depresion and genetic drift. We sampled 6 hatchery in Jakarta and Bekasi Indonesia region and used 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci to quantify population genetic structure. Result in this study are, each farm have different methode. The old farmers is bapak Gusi and bapak Hasan (+30 years). Ne in bapak Hasan and bapak Gusi hatchery is 66,667 and F value is 0,00749 and loosing allele (P) is 0,26183. Compared with younger farmers bapak Yahya (5 years) have Ne = 133,333, F = 0,00375 and P = 0,06855. Even though hatchery bapak Hasan and bapak Gusi have the same value Ne, F and P but the result in population structure they are different founder populations. Hatchery bapak Hasan have unique structure and alleles composition compared with other hatchery.Keywords: breeding, management, Melanotaenia boesemani, hatchery, population.