Groups Of Breeders Research Articles

PENDAMPINGAN PENGUATAN MANAJEMEN USAHA TERNAK AYAM BROILER PADA KELOMPOK TERNAK DI KELURAHAN KASTELA KECAMATAN PULAU TERNATE

ABSTRACTBroiler chicken cultivation is a potential business and is widely carried out by the community. A group of broiler chicken breeders with the name Makmur Jaya group located in Kastela Village, Ternate City, North Maluku, was formed because of the desire to work together for one goal, namely improving the welfare of its members. However, in the course of business development by the broiler chicken farming group, there were several problems, including a lack of knowledge and skills in raising chickens; livestock management has not been managed well; partner businesses are still traditional; and still use simple equipment in raising chickens. This activity was attended by members of the Makmur Jaya broiler chicken farming group and students of the Agribusiness Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Khairun University. Methods for implementing activities include socialization and FGD, training and mentoring. The aim of this activity is to provide knowledge to the public regarding good feed management in household-scale broiler chicken cultivation. Participants were very enthusiastic about the discussion, especially regarding the maintenance and health management of broiler chickens as well as training in broiler chicken cultivation with direct practice when the new DOC arrived at the service location.Keywords: Broiler chickens; Management; Mentoring; Livestock businessABSTRAKBroiler chicken cultivation is a potential business and is widely carried out by the community. A group of broiler chicken breeders with the name Makmur Jaya group located in Kastela Village, Ternate City, North Maluku, was formed because of the desire to work together for one goal, namely improving the welfare of its members. However, in the course of business development by the broiler chicken farming group, there were several problems, including a lack of knowledge and skills in raising chickens; livestock management has not been managed well; partner businesses are still traditional; and still use simple equipment in raising chickens. This activity was attended by members of the Makmur Jaya broiler chicken farming group and students of the Agribusiness Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Khairun University. Methods for implementing activities include socialization and FGD, training and mentoring. The aim of this activity is to provide knowledge to the public regarding good feed management in household-scale broiler chicken cultivation. Participants were very enthusiastic about the discussion, especially regarding the maintenance and health management of broiler chickens as well as training in broiler chicken cultivation with direct practice when the new DOC arrived at the service location..Kata Kunci: Ayam broiler; Manajemen; Pendampingan; Usahaternak

PENDAMPINGAN KELOMPOK TERNAK AYAM UNTUK PEMBUATAN JAMU HERBAL (CARA FERMENTASI) DI DESA URAUR, KECAMATAN KAIRATU KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

Free-range chicken farming is a business that has the potential to meet family needs, and has a large role in supporting the community's economy. Many of these farms are found in rural areas, generally of a traditional nature. Simple housing and simple feeding such as providing kitchen waste. The rest of the chickens themselves have to try to survive and fulfill their food needs in the yard. The negative impact of maintenance like this is low production and damage to yard plants. The main aim of this activity is to maintain livestock health by making and administering herbal medicine/fermented herbal medicine which is made together in groups (demonstration plots). Apart from that, train and motivate farmers to improve the rearing system so that they can develop free-range chicken farming businesses and become providers of chicken seeds. The target of implementing community service activities is a group of village chicken breeders in Uraur village, Kairatu sub-district, who have the will to implement new innovations to increase production and welfare of their families/community as well as for the chicken breeder community in general. The success of this activity is measured by the farmer's attention to chicken farming. Chickens given herbal medicine have better body resistance to disease and extreme environmental influences.

Gray wolf breeders are more vulnerable to harvest during the breeding season

AbstractIn cooperatively breeding carnivores, breeders are vital to perpetuating the group; the death or removal of an individual breeder can greatly affect group composition, genetic content, and short‐term population growth. Understanding the number of breeders harvested and timing of harvest can increase our knowledge of how mortality affects groups of cooperative breeders. Gray wolves (Canis lupus) in Idaho, USA, are exposed to annual harvest and are an ideal species for studying the effects of harvest on breeder turnover. We combined genotypes from tissue samples of harvested wolves with parentage analyses and cementum annuli ages and estimated when and how many breeding wolves were harvested. We genotyped and aged 229 adults and 203 pups using tissue and tooth samples from wolves harvested between 2014 and 2016. We identified a minimum count of 33 breeders in the harvest and found that they were disproportionately harvested more during the breeding season. We estimated that a minimum of ~14.5% of adult wolves harvested annually, or approximately 1 in 7, were breeders. We posit their behavior during breeding season may increase their vulnerability to harvest. By linking animal life history with vulnerability to human‐caused mortality we show that managers could structure harvest seasons so there is less overlap with wolves’ breeding season if there is concern about the demographic consequences of harvesting breeders.

Typology of Camel Breeding in the Wilaya of El-Oued: Feeding Practices Characterization

Background: Dromedary farming is crucial in El-Oued’s agricultural systems, but challenges such as drought and land expansion are reducing grazing areas and affecting herd management. The research surveyed 102 camel breeders, representing 4592 dromedaries, representing approximately 09% of the total estimated camel herd in this wilaya, regarding herd organization, structure and feeding practices. Three breeder groups were identified: pure pastoral (54.9%), mixed grazing in summer (16.7%) and urban breeders focused on fattening (28.4%). Methods: This study involved a survey of camel breeders from six (06) municipalities in El-Oued to analyze herd organization, structure and feeding practices. Data collection and analysis were aimed at understanding the functioning of camel herders and their integration into the meat market system. Result: The results highlighted significant changes in herd management and operation, showing variable integration of camel production into the meat market system influenced by forage supply variability in Saharan grazing lands. Feeding practices revealed integration with locally produced forage resources, frequent supplementation during grazing and the use of highly energetic concentrated feed as the primary ration for fattening young camels. This study provides valuable insights into camel farming practices in El-Oued, shedding light on the challenges and adaptations of this essential agricultural sector.

Monitoring change: A Behavior‐Centered Theory of Change for effective demand reduction interventions

AbstractBehavior change campaigns are crucial in combatting illegal wildlife trade (IWT) by reducing demand, but assessing their impact requires robust strategies. The Behavior‐Centered Theory of Change (BC‐ToC) integrates Theory of Change frameworks with decision‐making models to design and evaluate interventions using behavioral and progress indicators. We used BC‐ToC to design two behavioral change interventions aimed at reducing demand for two threatened Venezuelan bird species: the Yellow‐shouldered Amazon (YSA) and the Red Siskin (RS). We developed workshops to engage community organizations and conservationists to identify audience groups, evaluate alternative behaviors considering impact and benefits, and define behavior‐based indicators for monitoring change. For YSA, two audience groups with similar demand motivations emerged: “common folks” (women, 20–70 yo, low education) and “young professionals” (20–30 yo, educated). Enjoying parrots through outdoor activities emerged as an alternative. For RS, the main audience segments were the breeder groups “South American node” (Venezuelan and Brazilian) and “Iberian node” (Spaniels and Portuguese). Iberian with wider age range (30–60 yo) and greater education than South American. Adopting responsible sourcing practices surfaced as the alternative behavior. We described behavioral levers, intermediary outputs, and indicators reflecting changes in knowledge, attitudes, norms, and control. We discussed challenges for adoption, emphasizing systemic barriers and the role of regulations, and provided ground‐tailored strategies for effective behavioral interventions.

The effects of human-caused mortality on mammalian cooperative breeders: a synthesis.

Human-caused mortality can be pervasive and even highly selective for individuals in groups of cooperative breeders. Many studies of cooperative breeders, however, do not address human-caused mortality. Similarly, studies focused on the effects of human-caused mortality on wildlife populations often do not consider the ecology of cooperative breeders. We searched the literature and identified 58 studies where human-caused mortality affected a group characteristic, vital rate, or population state of a cooperative breeder. Of studies reporting population growth or decline, 80% reported a link between human-caused mortality and population declines in cooperative breeders. Such studies often did not identify the mechanism behind population declines, but 28% identified concurrent declines in adult survival and another 21% reported concurrent declines in recruitment or reproduction. There was little overlap between the cooperative breeding and human-caused mortality literatures, limiting our ability to accrue knowledge. Future work would be beneficial if it (i) identified the vital rate(s) causing population declines, (ii) leveraged management actions such as lethal removal to ask questions about the ecology of group-living in cooperative breeders, and (iii) used insights from cooperative breeding theory to inform management actions and conservation of group-living species.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Tani Nelayan dan Peternak (Studi pada Dinas Tanaman Pangan Hortikulturan dan Perkebunan Provinsi Papua Barat)

Special Efforts for the Protection and Empowerment of Farmers, Fishermen and Breeders to build local communities to improve welfare and a better standard of living, so that all people participate in all areas of life. The purpose of this paper is to find out how the form of protection and empowerment of Fishermen and Livestock Farmers in West Papua Province. The research method used is qualitative research method, the type of research used is literature research, observation and random approach to farmer groups, fishermen, and breeders in the field. The results of this study indicate that the role of the government in implementing protection and empowerment of farmers, fishermen and breeders as Regulators, Facilitators, and Catalysts. Concretely, the form of protection and empowerment of farmers, fishermen and breeders can be done by forming farmer groups to facilitate the distribution of information through agricultural counseling and training in general to groups of farmers, fishermen and breeders. Forms of protection - Farmer Protection and Empowerment is based on a. sovereignty; b. independence; c. usefulness; d. togetherness; e. integration; f. openness; g. efficiency-justice; and h. sustainability. The protection and empowerment of farmers, fishermen and livestock is the responsibility and obligation of the government must be carried out in a just, trustful, and non-discriminatory manner as a prerequisite for realizing welfare

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH TANAMAN JAGUNG SOLUSI KETERSEDIAAN PAKAN ALTERNATIF BAGI TERNAK SAPI DI DESA URAUR KECAMATAN KAIRATU KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

Silage has proven to be an effective way to extend the availability of forage throughout the year. Silage technology transfer brings great benefits in maximizing the use of existing feed sources, improving livestock nutrition, and reducing the impact of limited feed on livestock productivity. The purpose of this activity is to transfer corn straw silage technology which is expected to overcome feed shortages under certain conditions, improve feed quality and maintain the continuity of cattle feed availability in Uraur village. This activity was carried out in Uraur Village, Kairatu District, with partners of cattle breeder groups and the Participation Institute for the Development and Empowerment of the Maluku Protestant Church (PARPEM-GPM) Uraur. The method of activity used is action review which includes concrete actions to overcome problems, collaboration with partners and action authentication. The result of this activity is an increase in the knowledge and skills of farmers and farmers motivated to introduce corn straw silage technology and the desire to use it as an alternative feed for solutions to improve the quality and continiutas of feed which can further increase the growth and production of cattle optimally.

Reproductive behaviour and fertilized spawns in cultured Solea senegalensis broodstock co-housed with wild breeders during their juvenile stages

The reproductive failure of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) cultured males (reared entirely in captivity from egg through to adult) that do not participate in reproductive behaviours to fertilise spawns, results in a problem to achieve reproductive control in captivity. However, cohabitation with wild males has led to an increase in the involvement of cultured males in reproductive behaviour, although their contribution to fertilised spawning is still lower than that of wild breeders. This study aimed to examine the effect of different social conditions, on the reproductive behaviour and spawning success of cultured breeders over three reproductive seasons. Before starting this study, different social learning opportunities were provided to the breeders from the juvenile to the pubertal stages of the individuals. Behaviour and spawning were evaluated in four experimental groups of cultured breeders: two groups (W1 and W2) that prior to this study were reared during the juvenile stage with wild breeders that fertilized spawns, a Culture breeder group (CB) that was previously reared with cultured breeders that spawned unfertile eggs, and a negative control group (CN) that was reared in isolation from adult fish.During the three reproductive seasons, spawning was obtained from all groups. Generally, the first year had the highest egg production and the third year the lowest. However, fertilised eggs were only obtained from W1 in the first year. A total of eight fertilised spawns were collected with a fertilisation rate of 28.02 ± 13.80 % and a hatching rate of 15.04 ± 10.40 %. The mean number of larvae obtained per spawn was 7,683 ± 5,947 and the total number of larvae from all eight spawns was 61,468. The paternity analysis assigned 64.3 % of larvae to a single couple of breeders, while 34.3 % of larvae were not assigned to any single family, but inconclusively to more than three parents. The highest locomotor activity was observed in W1, while no significant differences were observed in the number of movements within W2, CB and CN. In all groups, during the peak of locomotor activity (19h00-20h00), the main reproductive behaviours observed were Rest the Head and Follow, while the Guardian behaviour was low and Coupled behaviour was only observed in W1. Over time, the reproductive behaviours decreased, except for Follow. The social learning opportunities provided by cohabitation with wild fish during juvenile stages prior to spawning in W1, increased activity and fertilised spawning. However, the number of successful spawns was low and over time stopped in association with a decrease in reproductive behaviour. This suggests that other mechanisms of behavioural learning could be involved in reproductive success, such as reproductive dominance, environmental conditions or hormonal interactions that could affect physiological processes in the reproduction of captive breeders.

Mineral patterns in hair: A decisive factor between reproducible and repeat breeder dairy cows.

Reproduction, especially impregnation, is a critical aspect of dairy cow management that directly influences herd milk productivity. We conducted a noninvasive hair mineral assay to compare the mineral profiles of two dairy cow groups: reproducible and repeat breeder, by investigating the levels of 11 essential minerals (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Se, and P) and 6 toxic elements (Hg, Pb, Cd, Al, As, and Ni) in both groups. We also conducted principal component and correlation matrix analyses to compare hair mineral patterns between the groups. Compared to their reproducible counterparts, repeat breeder cows had lower levels of Na, K, and Se. However, Fe, Cd, Al, and As levels were higher in repeat breeders than in their reproducible counterparts. The correlation matrix showed notable correlation patterns for each group. Ca, K, and Na levels were positively correlated in reproducible cows, whereas repeat breeder cows showed positive correlations only between Ca and K levels. Se showed positive correlations with Zn only in the reproducible cow group. Negative correlations were not found in the reproducible group, whereas the repeat breeder group exhibited 7 negative correlations. Despite the limitations of hair mineral analysis, this study provided useful insights into the reproductive potential of dairy cows. These findings aid in easing the prediction of repeat breeder occurrences in herds and are expected to facilitate timely mineral supplementation and other interventions to improve overall herd reproduction in dairy farms.

Non-Financial Feasibility Analysis on The Utilization of Cattle Livestock Waste as a Biogas

This research aims to analyze the non-financial feasibility of using livestock waste as raw material for biogas. Qualitative data was obtained to provide an overview of the cattle farming business, the implementation of waste processing with a biogas installation, where the final result is biogas which can be utilized by livestock breeder groups and the community around the installation. The feasibility of this activity is determined using the differential semantic scale formula. The results of the non-financial feasibility analysis show that the business of using livestock waste as raw material for biogas is feasible to develop in terms of market aspects, technical aspects, management aspects, as well as social and environmental aspects. The two biogas installations granted by the regional government were able to help the community save energy.

Manajemen Perkandangan dan Biosekuriti Peternakan Radja kambing di Desa Langea, Kecamatan Ranomeeto, Kabupaten Konawe Selatan

Radja Kambing was a farm located in Langgea Village, Ranomeeto District of South Konawe Regency which maintained the Etawa crossbreed goat. The problems experienced by partner group of breeders/ aspiring farm entrepreneur of goat was cage managemen and also application of biosecuryt system that was not up to standard, so the step that needed to be taken was to transferred the technological innovation to breeder group partners. This community service programe was aimed to brought tha changes andimprovements to the maintenance of management system in generally and cage management also biosecurity system application the Radja Kambing in particularly. The method that used were non physical activity method which includes counseling, training and technical guidance as a transferred information media, knowledge and teknologi, also physical activity method for example procurement of materials and tools, demonstrantion of making compost from goat feces. Theprograme results shown that there was a increase in breeders knowledge about good livestock management and biosecurity as well as an increase in knowledge about processing goat fecess become compostKey word: biosecurity, feces, cage, goat, compost

IoT performance analysis on water infrastructure to support optimization of catfish cultivation

In recent years, IoT has become a reliable technology in the agricultural sector to optimize cultivation results. In the Marsudi Luhur breeder group, the harvest results were not optimal because many catfish died and gave off a bad smell. According to several references, to ensure healthy growth of catfish, continuous irrigation of the pond is required even though the flow rate is low. The location of the catfish pond is quite far from residential areas so it is not practical to monitor irrigation performance by frequently visiting the pond area. Therefore, this project aims to create an IoT-based smart farming system using the Blynk application. The system has been successfully implemented to help monitor and control solenoid performance and water flow remotely. The results show that the IoT-based smart system has performed well and has the potential to increase efficiency, comfort and productivity in managing catfish ponds.

Sosialisasi dan Penerapan Digitalisasi Sistem Pengelolan Peternakan Ikan pada Nagari Bomas Koto Baru, Kecamatan Sungai Pagu, Kabupaten Solok Selatan

Modernization of animal husbandry requires technological know-how for efficient use of animal husbandry inputs. In the era of information technology, where information plays a key role in people's lives, animal husbandry is rapidly becoming a highly data-intensive industry where farmers need to collect and evaluate a large amount of information in their business processes to become more efficient in production and communicate appropriate information. in order to become more efficient in production and communicate information accordingly. This relates to a number of factors such as ecological footprint, product safety, labor welfare, nutritional responsibility, plant and animal health and welfare, economic responsibility and local market presence. However, this is often overlooked by farmers due to a lack of literacy towards technology, one of which is the Fish Breeder Group in Nagari Bomas Koto Baru, Sungai Pagu District, South Solok Regency. The main challenge in this village is that farmers have never recorded their fish farming activities. So there are often discrepancies and planning errors. This is very concerned that it can interfere with business operations and sustainability. For this reason, it is necessary for fish farmers in Nagari Bomas Koto Baru, Sungai Pagu District, South Solok Regency to be given technical knowledge and socialization regarding the application of digitization of fish farm management systems

IPTEKS BAGI MASYARAKAT KELOMPOK PETERNAK AYAM KAMPUNG PADA PETERNAKAN DI NEGERI RUTONG KOTA AMBON

Native chicken farms can support the community's economy, there are many in rural areas and are generally traditional. Human intervention in maintenance is limited to ownership, housing and limited feed. The negative impact of maintenance like this is low production. Objectives: 1. Increase chicken production, utilize fisheries and agricultural waste (sago dregs, cassava leaves, lamtoro leaves). 2. Increase the knowledge and skills of breeders on how to process feed ingredients and prepare rations. 3. Train and motivate farmers to improve maintenance systems and develop their livestock business. The target of this activity is a group of native chicken breeders (Dasawisma group). The success of this activity is measured through better farmer attention (80%) to the livestock being kept and better production. Treatment results on IbM livestock rations resulted in egg production and egg quality which were 25-40% better, and DOC weight was quite high compared to the extensive method (conventional feed). Groups can have increased knowledge about feed and applicable hatchery technology

Traditional Herbal Medicine and its Prospects among Goat Breeders of Benin

Introduction: The use of traditional medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases in livestock farming is a common practice in Benin. Various ethnoveterinary studies have documented plants that livestock farmers use to treat animal diseases. However, these studies have been limited mainly to inventorying these plants, without exploring farmers’ perceptions on the use of these plants to promote the sustainable use of medicinal plants. The current study aimed to fill this gap by gathering farmers’ views on the use of traditional herbal medicines. Materials and methods: A structured survey was conducted from February to April 2023 in the southern, central, and northern regions of Benin. This survey targeted 480 goat farmers who actively engage in veterinary phytotherapy practices. Data were collected through random individual interviews with farmers. The interviews focused on the socio-cultural characteristics of the farmers, their motivations for using medicinal plants, the different forms of preparation, the plant efficacy, the difficulties encountered when using them, and prospects for improvement using open-ended, multiple-choice, and yes/no questions. Results: There were three distinct groups of goat farmers based on their opinions on the use of traditional herbal medicines and their socio-demographic characteristics. Group 1 consisted mainly of married and illiterate men. Group 2 was predominantly composed of married and educated men. Group 3 consisted mainly of married men, with a slightly higher illiteracy rate compared to Group 2. Group 1 used plants due to their easy accessibility and knowledge acquired since childhood, while groups 2 and 3 used them due to the high cost of conventional medicines and the perceived effectiveness of herbal medicine. Group 1 mainly used decoctions and powders, group 2 utilized powders, macerations, and trituration, and group 3 used raw preparations, decoctions, and macerations. All three groups agreed on the widely recognized efficacy of medicinal plants. Nevertheless, they encountered difficulties concerning conserving traditional herbal remedies and the imprecision of dosage. All three groups expressed a willingness to explore new forms of traditional herbal medicines, such as suspensions and tablets, prioritizing efficacy, availability, and affordability. Conclusion: The results indicated that all three groups of goat breeders expressed a willingness to use herbal medicines. However, they prefer suspensions and tablets of herbal medicines rather than other forms. In addition, prioritizing efficacy, availability, and affordability are notable for using herbal medicine in current study farmers. These results offer prospects for improving traditional herbal medicines.

Creating Finely Fibred Non-Gossypol Organic Cotton

Data are provided on a group of breeders from the Bukhara Scientific Experimental Station (under the leadership of A. Battalov and others), who bred (in 1975-2019),cotton large-bolls (8-9g), fine-fibered, silver-glossy color. Resistant to extreme conditions, giving high-yielding, high-quality, organic cotton (Bukhara - 9/1-I), in conditions of saline, arid soils, the Republic of Uzbekistan. Their morphophysiological features, economically valuable traits, history of creation, crossing methods, role, significance of the bred new variety for humans, animals, medicine, and environmental ecology are described. Noteworthy are a number of hybrids for creating new varieties that are not available in all organs of the gossypols, about its applicability as a donor, and its use in crosses. The variety is the only one in the world that is environmentally friendly, early ripening, resistant to pests and abiotic stresses, convenient for machine harvesting. Does not contain gossypol in both vegetative and generative organs. Organs and seed kernels can be used to obtain environmentally friendly vegetable oils, protein flour and cotton waste, which can be used to prepare natural, safe, clean products for poultry, livestock and fisheries. In medicine, it is possible to produce various biologically active substances, drugs. With a 45% reduction in costs, profitability increases.

Egg mineral levels, hatching results and bone properties in embryos and chicks obtained from broiler breeders at different ages.

It is inevitable to obtain chicks from breeders of different ages in broiler fattening. However, breeder age has an effect on eggs. There is no detailed study on the changes in mineral levels in eggs and bones of these effects. Therefore, the aim of this study examines how mineral levels of shell, albumen, egg yolk, and bone, embryonic development and bone characteristics change according to the breeder age. A total of 370 fresh hatching eggs were obtained from Ross-308 breeders at 2 different ages (25 to 60-week-old). Egg, embryo, yolk sac and chick characteristics were determined. Morphometric parameters of bones of embryos at 19 days of age and chicks at hatch were examined. Mineral levels of albumen, yolk, shell and bones of embryo and chick were determined. Egg weight, embryo weight, embryo length, chick weight and chick length were higher in old breeder than those of younger one. Femur length, width and Seedor index of tibia, weight, width and Seedor index of metatarsus were found to be high in embryos at 19 days of old breeder than young breeder. There were differences in relative femur weight, tibia length and relative metatarsus weight of chicks at hatch. The mineral levels were high in the femur, tibia and metatarsus of embryos and chicks, in parts of the egg of old breeder. K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe and Mn levels in the eggshell were decreased during incubation. Ca and Mg levels were decreased in the yolk during incubation. K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn and Mn levels were found to be high in chick bones than those of bones of embryos at 19 days of age. The total embryonic death was found to be high in the fertile eggs of younger breeder group. No differences were observed in fertility, hatchability of fertile and set eggs according to the age of breeders. These data may be useful in designing in-ovo injections, formulating diets of broiler breeders and broilers and in preventing bone diseases in broilers.

The Use of Probiotics in the Fermentation Process of Feed (Silage) for Conservation of Timor Deer (Cervus Timorensis) by the Empowerment Group of Timor Deer Breeders (Mammettang) in Cakura Village

Timor Deer (Cervus timorensis) is a rare species of deer that is threatened with extinction. In order to maintain the sustainability of this species, effective conservation measures are necessary. One important aspect of Timor deer conservation is ensuring adequate feed supply in the captive environment. Silage feed has been identified as a potential alternative feed due to its availability and high nutritional value. This research aims to evaluate the effect of silage feed on the conservation of Timor deer and the community empowerment group of Timor deer breeders (Mammettang) in Cakura Village. The research methods used include collecting primary data through direct observation, measuring deer growth, and analyzing the quality of silage feed. Secondary data were also collected from previous studies and official documentation related to Timor deer conservation. The results of the research indicate that the use of silage feed in the captive environment for Timor deer in Cakura Village has a positive impact on the health and growth of the deer. Deer fed with silage showed a significant increase in body weight compared to those fed with conventional feed. Moreover, the quality of silage feed was proven to meet the nutritional requirements of Timor deer, with appropriate levels of crude fiber, protein, and energy. These findings have significant implications for Timor deer conservation efforts and community empowerment in Cakura Village. The use of silage feed can improve feed efficiency, reduce dependency on conventional feed, and provide a more economical and sustainable alternative. Additionally, community involvement in Timor deer breeding can bring about significant social and economic benefits, including increased income and preservation of local culture. In conclusion, the use of silage feed in Timor deer conservation in Cakura Village has a positive impact on the health and growth of the deer. This opens opportunities for further development in implementing silage feed as an effective and sustainable conservation strategy for Timor deer species. Furthermore, community empowerment in Timor deer breeding also provides sustainable social and economic benefits for the local community.

Microbial management as a driver of parental care and family aggregations in carrion feeding insects

Social behaviors and lifestyles have evolved as successful strategies to cope with adverse and challenging living conditions, often by manipulating the immediate environment. These manipulations can extend to the surrounding microbiome, both in terms of combating harmful agents such as pathogens but also by facilitating the growth of beneficial microbes. In contrast to the largely antagonistic role traditionally assigned to microbes in social systems, these host–microbe interactions are receiving increasing attention as potential facilitators of social evolution. Here, we explore this perspective using Nicrophorus burying beetles, a group of insect carrion breeders which offer insights into the evolutionary interactions between sociality and microbial mutualists in a relatively simple family model. Recent studies have demonstrated the constant microbial challenges faced by Nicrophorus nurseries and the costly consequences they entail. Here, we provide an overview of these challenges and then explore the role of microbial mutualists in this social endeavor, focusing on the advantages they confer in terms of development and immunity. Additionally, we discuss how these mutualistic associations may select for committed parental care and more obligate forms of social life by promoting prolonged social associations through vertical transmission. Our review highlights the hypothesis that microbial mutualists not only provide immediate benefits but may also encourage social interactions in their hosts. However, the occurrence, degree, and underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon remain largely theoretical, as do the evolutionary feedbacks on microbes. Empirical evidence in this area is currently limited, emphasizing the need for further research. Nicrophorus burying beetles represent an ideal system to investigate the interplay between microbial mutualists and social evolution, offering a promising avenue for future studies. Overall, this review underscores the importance of understanding the complex interactions between microbial mutualists and social behaviors in challenging environments, and beyond.