Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Tani Nelayan dan Peternak (Studi pada Dinas Tanaman Pangan Hortikulturan dan Perkebunan Provinsi Papua Barat)

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>The research is as follows: (1) The role of the farmer group in its function as a place of learning, a place of production, and a place for cooperation and member business, (2) the empowerment of beef cattle farmers, and (3) the relationship between the role of the group and the empowerment of beef cattle farmers in Cirebon Regency.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>I conducted this research from July to August 2021. The research method was survey and field observation—data analysis using SPSS 26 Spearman rank correlation test. The number of respondents using the Snowball sampling formula is 60 respondents from 5 livestock farmer groups in Cirebon Regency.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>The empowerment of farmers in this study measures two aspects: farmers' ability to maintain and have high-value entrepreneurship. The correlation coefficient of the relationship between the part of the group and the empowerment of beef cattle farmers is 0.674. In conclusion, the relationship is quite strong between the two variables. The role of the group is not optimal either as a place of learning, a place of business, or a place to work together, which requires the involvement of the Cirebon Regency agriculture office, educational institutions, and private institutions to be involved in developing the role of groups in Cirebon Regency.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The empowerment of farmers in this study measures aspects, namely, 1) the role of the group is not optimal, while 2) the ability of farmers to maintain entrepreneurship is of high value. The correlation coefficient of the relationship between the role of the group and the empowerment of beef cattle farmers is 0.674. It indicated that the relationship is quite strong between the two variables.</p>

Most fishermen and fish breeders live in poverty, are poorly educated and live in an atmosphere of business uncertainty. As part of citizens, they are constitutionally entitled to the protection and empowerment of the state. Therefore, the Republic of Indonesia Law No. 7 of 2016 concerning the Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Farmers, and Salt Farmers was born. Two problem statements are raised, namely first; Legis ratio of protection and empowerment of fishermen, and secondly; a form of protection and empowerment of fishers and fish breedersThe research method used is a normative juridical research method because it uses primary and secondary legal materials with a qualitative analysis approach.Based on the results of the study can be concluded first; Legis ratio of protection and empowerment of fishermen and fish cultivators because fishermen and fish breeders are generally categorized as poor, low-educated, and powerless. As part of citizens who are entitled to fair legal recognition, guarantee, protection and certainty, and equal treatment before the law. Philosophically protect fishermen and fish breeders in conducting their business so that they are free or avoiding various problems and subsequently increase capacity in various aspects that benefit them.Both forms of protection for fishermen and fish farmers in the form of providing infrastructure and means of production of business activities, in the form of fishing gear, ships and/or ports, land and water ponds, and irrigation channels, provide guarantees of business certainty, guarantees of risk of catching and cultivating fish and elimination of high-cost economic practices. While the empowerment of fishermen and fish farmers is done by increasing the capacity of fishermen and fish farmers through education and training, fostering a spirit of self-sufficiency through counseling and mentoring, providing opportunities and opportunities for marketing, capital, increasing human resources, providing financing and capital facilities. Keywords; Protection, Empowerment, Fishermen and Fish breeders

The purpose of this research is to determine the role of extension workers, the empowerment of dairy farmers, and the relationship between the role of extension workers and the empowerment of dairy farmers in TPK Cipanas. The research was conducted in December at TPK Cipanas, Margamukti Village, Pangalengan District, Bandung Regency. The research method involved a survey of 40 respondents using proportional random sampling. The data obtained were analyzed using Spearman's Rank Correlation. The research results indicated that 1) the role of extension workers was in the moderate category (38.4%) and 2) the empowerment of farmers was in the moderate category (34.8%). Furthermore, there was a positive and moderately strong relationship between the role of extension workers and the empowerment of farmers with a Spearman's Rank Correlation value (???????? = 0.607).

The research objective was to analyze the problem of fisherwomen empowerment and gender equality based on legal reviews in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal studies. The results of the study found that there are discriminatory implications in Law Number 7 of 2016 concerning the Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Farmers, and Salt Farmers or commonly referred to as the PEF Act (Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen) which is not in line with the empowerment of fisherwomen and is in conflict with gender equality. The findings make it clear that fisherwomen, unlike other economic actors in the fishing industry, are the most overlooked group rooted in socio-cultural prejudice. The PEF Act does not specifically recognize or even mandate any form of affirmative action for fisherwomen to gain equal access to protection and empowerment programs. This causes fisherwomen who have been culturally forcibly placed in households and away from the fishing industry. But instead, the PEF Act dwarfed the position of women as a mere secondary role in fishery households instead of the main breadwinner. Therefore, this study suggests that the government should make a strict amendment to the PEF Act. Namely recognizing gender equality in the role of fisherwomen and followed by reforming gender mainstreaming in the fisheries bureaucracy to accommodate fisherwomen's rights to access community empowerment programs for fishing communities.

The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) is a new survey-based index designed to measure the empowerment, agency, and inclusion of women in the agricultural sector. The WEAI was initially developed as a tool to reflect women’s empowerment that may result from the United States government’s Feed the Future Initiative, which commissioned the development of the WEAI. The WEAI can also be used more generally to assess the state of empowerment and gender parity in agriculture, to identify key areas in which empowerment needs to be strengthened, and to track progress over time. The WEAI is an aggregate index, reported at the country or regional level, based on individual-level data collected by interviewing men and women within the same households. The WEAI comprises two subindexes. The first assesses the degree to which women are empowered in five domains of empowerment (5DE) in agriculture. It reflects the percentage of women who are empowered and, among those who are not, the percentage of domains in which women enjoy adequate achievements. These domains are (1) decisions about agricultural production, (2) access to and decisionmaking power about productive resources, (3) control of use of income, (4) leadership in the community, and (5) time allocation. The second subindex (the Gender Parity Index [GPI]) measures gender parity. The GPI reflects the percentage of women who are empowered or whose achievements are at least as high as the men in their households. For those households that have not achieved gender parity, the GPI shows the empowerment gap that needs to be closed for women to reach the same level of empowerment as men. This technical paper documents the development of the WEAI and presents pilot data from Bangladesh, Guatemala, and Uganda, so that researchers and practitioners seeking to use the index in their own work would understand how the survey questionnaires were developed and piloted, how the qualitative case studies were undertaken, how the index was constructed, how various indicators were validated, and how it can be used in other settings.

Agricultural development, specifically cocoa agribusiness, is largely determined by the human resource. When human resources possess high motivation, creativity, and the ability to develop innovation, agricultural development is significantly improved. This phenomenon shows the necessity to strive for empowerment of farmer for capacity improvement. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) describe the level of empowerment of individual farmer and their groups, and (2) analyze influence of individual characteristics of farmer, groups, and the role of counseling in empowerment of groups member. The analysis was carried out in Soppeng Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, using a combined quantitative and qualitative design. A total of 70 respondents and 12 informants were included, consisting of farmer groups administrator, extension workers, and heads of estate services. Data collection was carried out through surveys and in-depth interviews. Meanwhile, data processing and analysis for this study used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Partial Least Square (PLS). The results showed that both farmer and groups empowerment were mostly in the medium category. Furthermore, characteristics of individuals, farmer groups, and the role of counseling significantly affected empowerment of members, including groups. Empowerment of farmer groups also influenced the success of cocoa agribusiness. These results showed that the development of cocoa agribusiness required high empowerment of individual farmer and groups as farmer institutions.

This study aims to determine the conditions of farming and institutional in supporting the empowerment of coffee farmers and to formulate strategies for the empowerment of coffee farmers in the Pasrujambe Village, Pasrujambe Subdistrict, Lumajang through institutional reinforcement. This study uses a qualitative approach as the type of descriptive study by using observations and interviews to assess the institutional development of community empowerment efforts. The results show that the conditions of farming community of coffee farmers have three limitations: the ability to enhance the quality and production; the lack of venture capital and the low skill. These three limitations affect the condition of existing institutional farmers' groups and eventually impact on low institutional performance. In order to overcome the limitations, Institutional development strategy is drafted in the empowerment of farmers, expected to be a reference to increasing the ability of independent community of coffee farmers, namely: human resource development strategy in the group of farmers, development of production quality, and reinforcement of capital sources.

This research explores the issue of the legal entity for fisher-women. Feminists Legal Theory is the main foundation. This theory seeks to criticise and dismantle the law by questioning the existence of laws that bring injustice to women's groups. In the Indonesian context, where the influence of patriarchal ideology and legal positivism theory is still active, the view that the law is believed to be neutral and objective has resulted in many things that discriminate and marginalise women's groups. This research presents the criticism of Law Number 7 of 2016 concerning the Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Cultivators and Salt Cultivators for the recognition of the legal entity of fisher-women. This research is theoretical with the type of literature study focusing on ideas using a feminist perspective research approach. The results of the study indicates the that Law Number 7 of 2016 concerning the Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Cultivators and Salt Farmers contains many weaknesses. There is a prejudice towards the work of fishers, there is a problem defining fishers because women are excluded from defining fishers, the absence of recognition of fisher-women affects the law and becomes indirect discrimination because of gender blindness and does not take into account in terms of women's experience or interests.

Little is known about the relation between the women empowerment in agriculture index, and health and nutrition outcomes among under-five children in Ethiopia. The study's objective was to examine women's empowerment in agriculture and its association with the nutritional status of children (6-59 months) in rural, cash crop producing, and resource-limited settings of Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted employing 422 households; having women of reproductive age group and children under-five. Stratified simple random sampling was used to identify households; a simple random sampling was used to select villages and households. Women empowerment in agriculture was measured by the abbreviated women empowerment in agriculture index. Even if the overall multi-dimensional five domains of empowerment index (5DE) was not a significant predictor of nutritional status in children (P > 0⋅05), sub-indicators had a pivotal role in child nutritional status. Disempowerment in decisions about input into production [AOR = 8⋅85], empowerment on control of income [AOR = 0⋅35] and availability of livestock [AOR = 0⋅38] were predictors of child stunting, whereas women's disempowerment in production decisions seems beneficiary for wasting, disempowered women have 84 % less likely to have wasted child than empowered women [AOR = 0⋅16]. Dietary and agricultural diversity [particularly livestock farming], and women's empowerment in production decisions were predictors of better nutritional outcomes in children. Therefore, a concentrated effort is needed towards strengthening the multi-dimensional empowerment of women in agriculture emphasising women's input into production decisions, dietary and agricultural diversification, mainly livestock farming.

Farmer empowerment is expected to have an impact on increasing the role of wet-rice farmer groups, thereby encouraging the welfare of farmers and their families. The objective of this study is to ascertain the extent of farmer empowerment and the role of paddy rice farmer groups in Baruga Subdistrict, as well as to examine the relationship between the two. The study population consisted of all wet-rice farmers (N = 197) who were members of 13 wet-rice farmer groups. The sample size was calculated using the Slovin formula with an error rate of 15%, resulting in a sample size of 30 respondents for the study. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and document analysis with the assistance of questionnaires, which were administered via the media. The variables under investigation in this study are farmer empowerment and the role of farmer groups. The data were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively using the interval formula and the Spearman rank correlation formula. The results demonstrated that the empowerment of wet-rice farmers in Baruga Subdistrict has been effectively implemented. This is evidenced by the elevated levels of awareness and aspiration, the enhanced capacity to overcome challenges, and the elevated levels of ability to collaborate in farmer empowerment activities. The role of farmer groups in paddy rice farming has been fulfilled effectively, as evidenced by the fulfillment of each role of farmer groups, namely the role as a vehicle for learning, a vehicle for cooperation, and a production unit. The relationship between farmer empowerment and the role of paddy rice farmer groups is statistically significant, with a correlation coefficient value of 0.007. This indicates that as farmer empowerment improves, the role of paddy rice farmer groups in Baruga Village also improves.

Empowerment of farmers is an activity that involves the participation and leadership of farmer groups. This empowerment is shown to improve the quality and creativity of farmers to create reliable and independent farmers who can have innovations for their own farmers. This research intend to knowing and analyzing how community empowerment of coffe farmers at Ramung Jaya Village by the department of agricultural Bener Meriah Regency as well as to determine the inhibiting factors and the efforts made in empowering coffee farmers by the Bener Meriah Regency Agriculture Office in Ramung Jaya Village.The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research method. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation. In addition, to analyze data using several steps, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions and verification Based on the results of the study, it shows that the implementation of empowerment carried out by the Agriculture Office of Bener Meriah Regency for coffee farmers in Ramung Jaya Village has been going well, but there are still several obstacles for both the government and coffee farmers in Ramung Jaya Village. The author also provides suggestions or recommendations to the government in order to increase creativity and quality through counseling to improve the quality of farmers and pay more attention to the provision of facilities and infrastructure and can provide business capital assistance. Keywords: Empowerment, Economic Development, Coffee Farmers.

The relationship between fishermen and fisheries (sea) is very close, the dependence of fishermen on fish as a source of livelihood makes fish the main sector in coastal areas. Fish resources can be utilized for the greatest prosperity and welfare of the people, however the utilization of these fish resources must be carried out in a sustainable and responsible manner. This means that the utilization of fish resources must be carried out in a balanced manner and taking into account their carrying capacity and the ability of the resources to recover. During the current Covid 19 pandemic, fishermen's “fishing” activities in the Serang District of Banten Province have been disrupted, due to limited supply of fuel due to the PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restrictions), the catch is not selling well in the market or the reduced end (consumers) to the fish market . Indonesia since 2016 has had Law Number 7 of 2016 concerning the Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Farmers and Salt Farmers, however the implementing regulations have not yet existed, so it is difficult to implement, moreover this regulation is urgently needed during a pandemic civid 19 this time.This writing is the result of an independent internal research that has been completed using legal (juridical) normative and empirical research methods (as supporting data and research arguments) carried out in the coastal area of Serang Regency.

This paper discusses the problems experienced by fishermen's wives in Sei Nagalawan Village who experience social bias. Social bias in the sense of a paradox situation, where women experience a paradoxical situation that is when their husbands go to sea to catch fish. Automatically the responsibilities in the family are held by their wives. Not only that, the fishermen's wives also regularly catch fish on the shore. However, until now these women were not considered fishermen which resulted in them not being able to get health insurance and access to borrow money from the Bank. Not only the role of fishing women in the social, economic and environmental fields in activities against poverty. The author combines the Marxist, Phenomenological and Ethnometodological perspectives in countering the phenomenon of discrimination in his position as a female fisherman amid the workload that can reach 18 hours per day. At the end of this paper the author describes how the strategies of fishing women in Sei Nagalawan Village fight poverty by actively catching fish on the shore, developing Kampung Nipah ecotourism through the Muara Maimbai Multipurpose Cooperative, developing MSMEs by selling mangrove (mangrove) raw materials and actively conducting struggle activities to fulfill the recognition of women as fishermen. Because, according to Law Number 7 of 2016 concerning Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Cultivators and Salt Farmers, fishermen are a type of work related to fishing.

The number of fishermen who have not received legal protection against safety guarantees has created concerns. So that fishermen need the government's role in getting guarantees in the form of insurance. Insurance programs for fishermen must be continued and developed to ensure the future of fishermen's families. Currently, the government assumes that it has provided insurance policies to all fishermen. Fisherman Insurance Premium Assistance is considered important to ensure protection for their lives and work accidents so that all fishermen and fishermen's families have the confidence to carry out their activities at sea. The provision of insurance through the Insurance Premium Assistance Program for Fishermen (BPAN) is a program to ensure better fisherman activities in the fishing business so that the rights and obligations of fishermen are clear and will be protected in their fishing business activities. As the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 07 of 2016 concerning the Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Cultivators, and Salt Farmers, has regulated the provision of protection for the work risks experienced by fishermen through the provision of insurance.

This paper will focus on feminist analysis of Law No. 7 of 2016 on the Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Cultivators and Salt Farmers and Regulation of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries No. 16 of 2016 as the legal basis for policy on Fishermen Card and Insurance. This paper will also analyze the experiences of two fisherwomen in Ujung Pangkah, Gresik, East Java who successfully obtained legal identity in the form of fisher card and insurance as a form of legitimacy and recognition of their identity as fisherwomen. The strong patriarchal culture in various society layers, caused the recognition of the political identity of fisherwomen has become difficult, so a feminist analysis toward policy on fisher card and insurance is needed so that women can engage as active subjects in the policy.