Enlargement Of Male Breast Research Articles

Testicular tumor in an XXY dog

Klinefelter syndrome has been described in various species in addition to humans, including cat, pig, horse, and dog. It is associated with low levels of male hormones, sterility, breast enlargement, and small testes. Patients with Klinefelter syndrome have a higher risk for several malignancies. Knowledge about genetic disorders of the dog is comparatively sparse. This is mainly due to the difficult canine karyotypic pattern. We present the case of a canine patient with clinically and cytogenetically confirmed Klinefelter syndrome who developed a testicular tumor at a very early age. Testicular tumors are common in dogs, normally affecting elderly patients (median age, >9 years). In the present case, however, the dog was only 5 years old, allowing the conclusion that the XXY constitution may have promoted the early onset of testicular tumor disease.

La gynécomastie, ses étiologies et sa prise en charge chirurgicale : y a-t-il une différence entre les cas bilatéraux et unilatéraux ?

Numerous excision and liposuction techniques have been described to correct bilateral male breast enlargement. Yet little attention has been directed towards the rare cases of unilateral gynecomastia which have frequently been suspected to be malignant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the results of surgical gynecomastia management and the roles of different treatment modalities in a large patient cohort with special attention to etiology, treatment and outcome in the cases of unilateral involvement.

Gynecomastia

Abstract: Gynecomastia is a common condition that is frequently evaluated by endocrinologists. In most cases, male breast enlargement results from an excess of stimulatory estrogenic influences over inhibitory androgenic effects on the breast. Diagnostic evaluation is directed at excluding breast malignancy and establishing the cause of the gynecomastia. Medical therapy with tamoxifen appears to be frequently effective.

Gynaecomastia with oligospermia: an unusual complication of low-dose methotrexate for pustular psoriasis.

Conflict of interest: none declared. Gynaecomastia, a benign enlargement of male breast due to proliferation of glandular tissue, is a common condition. Pathological cases are the result of renal, hepatic, nutritional or endocrine dysfunction or as a side‐effect of some drugs.1 Low‐dose methotrexate (Mtx) has been documented to cause gynaecomastia in seven rheumatic patients to date.2 However, despite its widespread and prolonged use for treatment of psoriasis and other dermatoses, no mention of this complication exists in the dermatology literature.3 A 50‐year‐old man weighing 55 kg with no pathological history of interest was diagnosed with pustular psoriasis. Mtx therapy at an oral dose of 20 mg weekly, led to clearance of the lesions after 8 weeks. Four months later, he complained of bilateral, tender breast enlargement without nipple discharge. He denied change in libido, body hair, erectile function, or testicular size, or intake of alcohol or marijuana. Evaluation revealed mildly atrophic, nontender testes and bilateral breast enlargement of 5 cm without nodules or surface changes (Fig. 1). Fine‐needle aspiration cytology from the breast lump confirmed presence of glandular tissue without features of atypia. Thyroid and renal function tests (serum creatinine 8 mg/L), liver enzymes and hormonal profile (Table 1) were normal. Semen analysis showed opaque semen of 0.5 mL volume with total sperm count of 15 × 103/mL, motility in 5% and morphological abnormality in 15%.

Bilateral breast enlargement due to Trichophyton rubrum

Gynecomastia is the most common cause of breast enlargement in males. Trichophyton rubrum is a common dermatophyte, is responsible for a variety of infections, and may rarely manifest as a dermatophytic pseudomycetoma. We report the case of a 52-year-old man who presented with progressive bilateral breast enlargement. This is the first reported case of bilateral breast pseudomycetoma due to T. rubrum. Long-term antifungal therapy with itraconazole was successful.

Our experience with the so-called pull-through technique combined with liposuction for management of gynecomastia.

Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of male breast, common in adolescents and adults. To treat this deformity, we have been carrying out liposuction through small cutaneous incisions placed in the axilla and on the sternum. If necessary, we performed a surgical excision of glandular tissue through a periareolar incision. From 1995, we started to perform surgical excision of glandular tissue, if necessary, through the small incisions made for liposuction, thus avoiding the periareolar scars. We describe our experience with this technique, which we believe excellent for the correction of glandular and fatty glandular gynecomastia, obtaining excellent esthetic results and minimal local scarring.

Gynecomastia: A clinical review

Background: Male breast enlargement can occur transiently in up to three fourths of adolescent boys and is persistent in 7% of cases. The development of lipoplasty techniques has enabled treatment of this condition with only inconspicuous scarring. Objective: This article reviews the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of gynecomastia in the light of the authors' clinical experience. Methods: The causes and development of congenital, puberal, and acquired/induced gynecomastia are summarized. Indications for obtaining (1) endocrine tests, (2) plasma levels of estrogen, testosterone, and prolactin, and (3) biopsy are reviewed. Treatment methods focus on blunt cannula techniques and combination suction lipoplasty/excision procedures. Conclusions: Suction lipoplasty, often combined with excision, can be performed on an outpatient basis with local anesthesia with dependable results and no adverse effects.

Unilateral Male Breast Masses: Cancer Risk and Their Evaluation and Management

Breast cancer is an uncommon cause of breast enlargement in the adult male. Overall, it accounts for <1 per cent of all male cancers. Although most male breast carcinomas are clinically apparent, distinguishing early breast cancer from gynecomastia, the most common cause of male breast enlargement, is considered a difficult task. To overcome this difficulty, many surgeons proceed directly to surgery as their initial diagnostic test. Although appropriate in some cases, the infrequent occurrence of male breast cancer and the diagnostic accuracy of mammography and fine-needle aspiration cytology suggest a modification of our present management. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of breast cancer in men with unilateral breast masses and to propose a treatment algorithm for unilateral male breast masses. The medical records of 36 male patients who underwent subcutaneous mastectomy for a unilateral breast mass at the Buffalo Veterans Administration Medical Center between 1989 and 1996 were retrospectively reviewed. Data was collected on a standard data form. The median age was 63-years-old (range, 22-82). Gynecomastia was diagnosed in 30 patients (83%), lipoma in 4 patients (11%), invasive breast cancer in 1 patient (3%), and melanoma in situ in 1 patient (3%). Of the 30 patients with gynecomastia, 60% (18 patients) gave a history of a medical condition or use of medications known to cause gynecomastia, compared with 16 per cent (1 of 6) of the patients without gynecomastia (P = 0.08). Half of the patients with gynecomastia presented with an asymptomatic mass compared with 67 per cent of the patients without gynecomastia (P = not significant). The median duration of symptoms for patients with gynecomastia was 3 months. Men with unilateral breast masses have a low incidence of breast cancer. A male patient with a palpable unilateral breast mass consistent with gynecomastia on the basis of historical, physical and mammographic findings does not require surgical biopsy unless other clinical indications prevail. Lack of symptoms (pain) related to the mass is probably not helpful in deciphering gynecomastia from breast cancer.

Cellular expression of growth hormone and prolactin receptors in human breast disorders.

Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) exert their regulatory functions in the mammary gland by acting on specific receptors. Using isotopic in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we have localized the expression of hGH receptor (hGHR) and hPRL receptor (hPRLR) in a panel of human breast disorders. Surgical specimens from adult females included normal breast, inflammatory lesions (mastitis) benign proliferative breast disease (fibroadenoma, papilloma, adenosis, epitheliosis), intraductal carcinoma or lobular carcinoma in situ, and invasive ductal, lobular or medullary carcinoma. Cases of male breast enlargement (gynecomastia) were also studied. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated the co-expression of hGHR and hPRLR mRNA in all samples tested. Epithelial cells of both normal and tumor tissues were labelled. Quantitative estimation of receptor mRNA levels was regionally measured in areas corresponding to tumor cells and adipose cells from the same section. It demonstrated large individual variation and no correlation emerged according to the histological type of lesion. Receptor immunoreactivity was detected both in the cytoplasm and nuclei or in the cytoplasm alone. Scattered stromal cells were found positive in some cases, but the labeling intensity was always weaker than for neoplastic epithelial cells. Our results demonstrate the expression of the hGHR and hPRLR genes and their translation in epithelial cells of normal, proliferative and neoplastic lesions of the breast. They also demonstrate that stromal components express GHR and PRLR genes. Thus the putative role of hGH or hPRL in the progression of proliferative mammary disorders is not due to grossly altered levels of receptor expression.

Ultrasound mammography for male breast enlargement.

Fourteen men referred for ultrasound evaluation of breast enlargement had ultrasound mammography using water path techniques. Gynecomastia, both the localized type and the diffuse type, could be differentiated from the normal soft tissues of the chest wall on the B-scans. Among nine cases of men who underwent excision, there were six cases of gynecomastia, two lipomas, and one biopsy revealed normal subcutaneous tissue. The ultrasound B-scan images are correlated with the histologic findings in these nine cases. Ultrasound mammography using water path techniques is a useful imaging examination for male breast enlargement.

Subareolar Mastectomy to Prevent Estrogen-induced Male Breast Enlargement: A New Procedure for use in Patients with Carcinoma of the Prostate

Subareolar Mastectomy to Prevent Estrogen-induced Male Breast Enlargement: A New Procedure for use in Patients with Carcinoma of the Prostate