Tensile Breaking Strength Research Articles

Low Fibrillation Lyocell Fiber: Analysis of Fiber and its Crosslinking Agent

AbstractIn this paper, the hydrolysis process of Dichlorohydroxytriazine (NHDT) under alkaline conditions are studied. A qualitative and quantitative method for the determination of HNDT and its hydrolysis products are established, which further clarified the hydrolysis mechanism of NHDT. Under alkaline conditions, the hydrolysis products are mainly compound 4, compound 6 and chloride (Cl−). The hydrolysis rate of NHDT at different NaOH concentration and temperature is studied. This research can be used to guide the high efficiency preparation of low fibrillation Lyocell fiber. According to the quantitative detection of wet abrasion numbers and the qualitative analysis of the fiber by SEM after slapping, it is concluded that the low fibrillation Lyocell fiber is less prone to fibrillation under the combined action of wet state and mechanical force. Due to hydrolysis of the unreacted second chlorine resulting in harmful products on the low fibrillation Lyocell fiber, the fibrillation propensity increased with the increase of storage time. The mechanical properties of low fibrillation Lyocell fiber prepared under different fiber states are studied. The tensile breaking strength of low fibrillation Lyocell fiber prepared in the form of sequentially arranged fiber bundles are better, which is closely related to the fiber surface.

A novel and sustainable approach to efficiently modify cotton material via a physical flash-explosion with sub- or SCF-CO2 as medium

A novel and eco-friendly approach to modify natural cotton fiber by flash-explosion with a sub- or supercritical fluid of carbon dioxide (sub- or SCF-CO2) for improving its structure and properties was constructed for the first time. The achieved results demonstrate that remarkable improvements in the coloration performance of cotton fiber by 71.1 % and the water retention by 1001.2 % against the control could be readily available by employing the flashily-explosion method at a recommended condition with 4-cycle explosion in sub- or SCF-CO2, and system temperature, fluid treatment duration and explosion number exhibited much more pronounced positive influences among all parameters. Additionally, minimal influences from the supercritical explosion on cotton fiber micronaire value, thermal property and tensile breaking strength were also observed. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and porosity investigations clearly show that plenty of micropores and/or strip fissures were formed on the fiber surfaces and their inner phases, and notably improved fiber surface area, pore volume and size were also obtained after a subsupercritical flash-explosion. Nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis disclose that numbers of hydrogen bonds between the fiber macrochains and/or from their intramolecular chains were broken by generating numerous free hydroxyl groups, which reasonably supported the improvements of the dye uptake behaviors and water retention properties, etc. The Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis on the fiber cross-sections further confirms that a loosening of the inner aggregation structure of the cotton fiber was achieved after a flash explosion by significantly enhancing its coloration performance, etc. This innovative approach provides a promising idea and possibility as an alternative to chemical methods via mechanically and physically modifying fiber or other materials with sub- or SCF-CO2 fluid in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.

Research on high-velocity ballistic impact of para-aramid sateen fabric with ZnO nanorods oriented to the development of soft body armor

This study introduces an innovative approach of utilizing ZnO nanorod growing technology to the sateen fabric in order to improve its ballistic performance. Through SEM, FTIR, XRD and XPS analyses, ZnO nanorods with majority length of 1000–1500 nm and fineness of 200–600 nm have been deposited on the surface of sateen fabric surface Compared the fabric with ZnO nanorods (S-11-Nrs) with its neat counterpart, the mechanical properties of S-11-Nrs are increased, especially the inter-filament friction and fabric tensile breaking strength. However, in the impact process, the number of filaments involved in the impact is reduced and the filaments are mainly failure by the shear action of the bullets. Due to these positive and negative effects, the energy absorption of S-11-Nrs displays inferior ballistic energy absorption. Nevertheless, at lower areal density, in the non-perforation test, S-11-Nrs presents less BFS and shows better resistance to the consecutive shotting process compared with the neat fabric. The reason is that the increase of inter-filament friction limits the movement of filaments and thus results in less BFS. In addition, the flexibility, air permeability and moisture permeability are still kept. This research offers valuable insights for the design and development of comfortable soft body armor.

Sustainable Plastics with High Performance and Convenient Processibility.

Designing and making sustainable plastics is especially urgent to reduce their ecological and environmental impacts. However, it remains challenging to construct plastics with simultaneous high sustainability and outstanding comprehensive performance. Here, a composite strategy of in situ polymerizing a petroleum-based monomer with the presence of an industrialized bio-derived polymer in a quasi-solvent-free system is introduced, affording the plastic with excellent mechanical robustness, impressive thermal and solvent stability, as well as low energy, consumes during production, processing, and recycling. Particularly, the plastic can be easily processed into diverse shapes through 3D printing, injection molding, etc. during polymerization and further reprocessed into other complex structures via eco-friendly hydrosetting. In addition, the plastic is mechanically robust with Young's modulus of up to 3.7GPa and tensile breaking strength of up to 150.2MPa, superior to many commercially available plastics and other sustainable plastics. It is revealed that hierarchical hydrogen bonds in plastic predominate the well-balanced sustainability and performance. This work provides a new path for fabricating high-performance sustainable plastic toward practical applications, contributing to the circular economy.

Construction of fully bio‐based flame retardant and antibacterial coating on polyester fabric with chitosan and ammonium phytate

AbstractIn this work, a flame retardant and antibacterial coating was constructed on the surface of polyester (PET) fabric by a simple layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly method based on chitosan (CS) and ammonium phytate (APA). The introduction of the coating significantly improved the flame retardant, anti‐dripping, and antibacterial properties of PET fabrics. The PET fabric that has been treated exhibits a limiting oxygen index of 34.6%. During the vertical flame test, it forms an expanded char layer, reduces the damage length to 3.4 cm, and produces no molten drops. The cone calorimeter test results revealed that the peak heat release rate of the treated PET fabric decreased by 62.0%. Additionally, the finished PET fabric has significant antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli, a slight increase in tensile breaking strength, and a slight decrease in whiteness index. This study presents a fully bio‐based, simple, and effective method for flame retardant, anti‐dripping, and antibacterial finishing of PET fabrics.

Evaluation of wound healing potential of lawsone from Lawsonia innermis and its organometallic complexes in rats

Aim of the studyTo study the utility of Lawsone along with its zinc and copper complexes for wound healing activity using excision and incision wound models in rats. MethodsThe complex of plant nathoquinone from Lawsonia inermis called Lawsone viz Law and the metals viz. copper and zinc were synthesized. Molecular Docking (with GSK 3β protein) and Molecular Dynamic studies were carried out. The wound healing activity was evaluated using excision and incision wound models in Albino Wistar rats. The six groups comprised disease control, vehicle control, and standard, groups treated with Lawsone (Law) and its Zn Complex (ZnLaw) and copper complex (CuLaw). The progress of excision wound healing was monitored through wound contraction and biochemical and antioxidant parameters along with histopathology of granulation tissue, while for incision wounds, breaking and tensile strength were determined. ResultsThe molecular docking studies revealed that ZnLaw has the highest affinity with GSK 3β protein. The Molecular Dynamic study determined the stability of Law and its metal complexes with GSK 3β protein and was found to be stable in the environment. The test compounds Law, ZnLaw, and CuLaw displayed significant (p<0.05) wound contraction. There was a significant (P< 0.01) decrease in the period of epithelisation as compared to vehicle control. ZnLaw showed maximum reduction in the period of epithelisation (16.03±0.942). There was a significant improvement in the antioxidant parameters from the granulation tissues of wounds treated with Law, ZnLaw, and CuLaw. The metal complexes of Law viz. ZnLaw and CuLaw showed a remarkable increase in hydroxyproline and hexosamine content as compared to the control. Histopathological findings indicated re-epithelisation, neovascularization, and increased collagen deposition as compared to the disease control. The incision model also revealed a significant (P< 0.001) increase in the tensile strength and breaking strength of the healed tissue as compared to the control. ConclusionLaw and its Zinc and copper complexes exhibited good potential in healing of both incision and excision wounds.

PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITE MATERIAL REINFORCED WITH CARBONIZED CASSAVA BACK PEEL AND IRON FILLINGS

The use of natural particles as reinforcement in polymers has been a growing research area. This study aims to explore the use of cassava back peel (CCBP) and iron-fillings (IF), as reinforcement material in epoxy resin-based composite. Composite plates were prepared for the casting of the epoxy resin reinforced with CCBP and IF composites using a hand lay-up technique. The percentage compositions by weight of the CCBP varied between 0%-10 %, while that of IF was kept constant (5%). The physico-mechanical behaviours of CCBP-reinforced epoxy polymer composites were studied using ASTM standards. The density of the epoxy resin was improved by the reinforcements. The maximum density obtained was 1270 kg/cm3 for 5%CCBP epoxy composite. The percentage of water absorption improved by the addition of the filler with 5%IF10CCBP epoxy hybrid composite recording 30% water absorption. Conversely, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and breaking strength (BS) varied with the addition of the filler materials. 5%CCBP epoxy composite recorded 41.26 MPa for both UTS and BS. Meanwhile, percentage elongation decreased with the addition of the fillers showing that the composites became less ductile. The HBN of epoxy was improved with the addition of fillers. The composites can be applied to automobile dashboards.

Through the Forming Process of Femtosecond-Laser Nanotextured Sheets for Production of Complex 3D Parts

The use of ultra-short pulse lasers in the kW range, combined with an appropriate beam engineering approach, enables the achievement of high-throughput production of laser-functionalised surfaces. However, the manufacturing of complex parts still faces various challenges, such as difficulties in accessing regions with high aspect ratio shapes or intricate profiles, which often leads to the necessity of adapting the laser processing workstation to specific geometries. The forming process is a well-established technique for producing parts of any shape from metallic foils by imposing specific constraints. In this study, we aimed to assess the feasibility of producing laser-functionalised 3D complex products by the forming of laser-treated flat thin metallic sheets. Two-hundred micrometre-thick stainless-steel foils were textured with laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) through a roll-to-roll pilot line. First, we optimized the morphology of LIPSS. Subsequently, we conducted three types of mechanical tests on both laser-treated and untreated foils: standard tensile tests, fatigue tests, and cruciform specimen tests. We measured and compared parameters such as ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation, and area reduction between specimens with and without LIPSS, all obtained from the same foil. Additionally, we utilized scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to compare the LIPSS morphology of laser-treated samples before and after mechanical tests.

Effect of milkfish skin gelatin on properties of vegetable wet noodle

Vegetable wet noodles are one of the healthy noodles which have been part of a functional noodle. Wet noodles are a type of noodle with a chewy texture that are usually served immediately after production. However, the low tensile strength makes the noodles easily break, therefore it is necessary to mix it with gelatin to get noodles with good quality. Fish skin gelatin could improve physico-chemical, nutritional and functional quality of vegetable wet noodles. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of milkfish skin gelatin on the properties of vegetable wet noodle. Various concentration of milkfish skin gelatin (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%) were added to vegetable wet noodle dough. Physico-chemical properties of vegetable wet noodle were analyzed including tensile strength, Scanning electron microscope, proximate, color, total pigment, amino acid content and antioxidant activity. The addition of 2.5% of fish skin gelatin exhibited the highest tensile strength or breaking strength (0.18 MPa). SEM test results showed a dense matrix structure, uniform and compact cavities. Value of water content was 59.49%, protein content was 8.92%, ash content was 0.4%, fat content was 1.06%, carbohydrate content was 30.13%. Whereas, total pigment with chlorophyll value a was 3 mg/g, chlorophyll b was 2.46 mg/g and carotenoids was 1.32 mg/g. The color test obtained the results of the parameters L* 70.51, a* -5.37, and b* 11.56, respectively. There were major essential amino acids such as leucine, phenylalanine, and arginine. Furthermore, hedonic analysis showed that the consumer prefers to choose wet vegetable noodle after 2.5% gelatin addition due to bright green appearance, the specific aroma and the chewy texture of noodle.

Characterization and Comparative Insights on Agave Americana and Agave Sisalana Leaf Fibers for High-Performance Applications

ABSTRACT This work is focused on characterization and comparative study of agave americana and agave sisalana leaf fibers which can be used as potential alternative for synthetic fibers in engineering applications. Physico-chemical and mechanical properties of agave fibers were determined using different analytical procedures and instruments. According to the experimental data, the mean length and diameter of agave americana fibers were maximum of 1.76 m and 411 μm, respectively. Furthermore, the particular fibers possess larger amount of hemicellulose (17.4%) and moisture (~8%) which confirmed they are relatively hydrophilic in nature. Conversely, agave sisalana fibers possess larger amount of cellulose (66.4%) and ligni10.1080/10942912.2023.2246677n (~16%) compared to agave americana fibers. Meanwhile, SEM microstructure also proved surface of agave americana fibers was comparably rough, full of cracks and linings. EDAX analysis showed presence of significant amount of C and O, including trace amount of Ca, K, Si and S. Similarly, the semicrystalline agave americana fibers are longer and thicker possessing greater mean linear density (29.68 Tex). Agave sisalana fibers recorded maximum breaking tensile strength and elongation at break (512 MPa) and (~6%), respectively. These findings strongly suggested that agave fibers possess interesting features which can be used as potential reinforcement fibers for composite engineering.

Robust and knittable wet-spun PEDOT: PSS fibers via water

Since achieving green and sustainable development has become a global goal, a unique coagulation bath system without organic solvents has been developed for wet-spinning poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) conductive fibers. A small amount of metal ions was added to water to promote fiber solidification. Especially, with Fe3+ and thermal drawing aid, the resultant fiber reveals a maximum tensile breaking strength of 1263.1 ± 58.3 MPa, the highest reported value for pure PEDOT: PSS fibers to the best of our knowledge. The knitted fabrics woven from robust PEDOT: PSS fibers show superior flexibility and thermal insulation, demonstrating their excellent application potential in flexible electronic fabrics.

Dual modes reinforced silk adhesives for tissue repair: Integration of textiles and inorganic particles in silk gel for enhanced mechanical and adhesive strength

Skin wound healing in dynamic environments remains challenging. Conventional gels are not ideal dressing materials for wound healing due to difficulties in completely sealing wounds and the inability to deliver drugs quickly and precisely to the injury. To tackle these issues, we propose a multifunctional silk gel that rapidly forms strong adhesions to tissue, has excellent mechanical properties, and delivers growth factors to the wound. Specifically, the presence of Ca2+ in the silk protein leads to a solid adhesion to the wet tissue through a chelation reaction with water-trapping behavior; the integrated chitosan fabric and CaCO3 particles ensure enhanced mechanical strength of the silk gel for better adhesion and robustness during wound repair; and the preloaded growth factor further promoted wound healing. The results showed the adhesion and tensile breaking strength were as high as 93.79 kPa and 47.20 kPa, respectively. MSCCA@CaCO3-aFGF could remedy the wound model in 13 days, with 99.41 % wound shrinkage without severe inflammatory responses. Due to strong adhesion properties and mechanical strength, MSCCA@CaCO3-aFGF can be a promising alternative to conventional sutures and tissue closure staples for wound closure and healing. Therefore, MSCCA@CaCO3-aFGF is expected to be a strong candidate for the next generation of adhesives.

Development of semidwarf breeding line with shattering resistance and preharvest‐sprouting resistant in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)

AbstractAn important breeding issue in buckwheat is to increase its resistance to lodging, which can result in the loss of yield and quality of buckwheat foods. We developed the semidwarf buckwheat ‘Kyukei 50’, which has a short plant height and a strong lodging resistance. The internode length of ‘Kyukei 50’ was shorter than that of the summer‐sown standard variety ‘HITACHIAKISOBA’. Progeny analysis revealed that the semidwarf trait was dominated by at least one recessive gene. Compared with ‘HITACHIAKISOBA’, in ‘Kyukei 50’, the time of maturation was earlier, and the pre‐harvest sprouting resistance was the same, indicating that ‘Kyukei 50’ is suitable for sowing in both spring and summer. ‘Kyukei 50’ exhibits the ‘green flower type’ shattering resistance trait and, therefore, has a thick pedicel; breaking tensile strength is approximately two‐fold stronger than that of ‘HITACHIAKISOBA’. The yield of ‘Kyukei 50’ is the same as that of ‘HITACHIAKISOBA’. In addition, the lowest seed height of ‘Kyukei 50’ was &gt;17 cm. These results indicate that the ‘Kyukei 50’ is a promising breeding line for lodging resistance and loss of harvesting machinery.

An effective DLP 3D printing strategy of high strength and toughness cellulose hydrogel towards strain sensing

Photocurable 3D printing technology has outperformed extrusion-based 3D printing technology in material adaptability, resolution, and printing rate, yet is still limited by the insecure preparation and selection of photoinitiators and thus less reported. In this work, we developed a printable hydrogel that can effectively facilitate various solid or hollow structures and even lattice structures. The chemical and physical dual-crosslinking strategy combined with cellulose nanofibers (CNF) significantly improved the strength and toughness of photocurable 3D printed hydrogels. In this study, the tensile breaking strength, Young's modulus, and toughness of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)D/cellulose nanofiber (PAM-co-PAA)D/CNF hydrogels were 375 %, 203 % and 544 % higher than those of the traditional single chemical crosslinked (PAM-co-PAA)S hydrogels, respectively. Notably, its outstanding compressive elasticity enabled it to recover under 90 % strain compression (about 4.12 MPa). Resultantly, the proposed hydrogel can be utilized as a flexible strain sensor to monitor the motions of human movements, such as the bending of fingers, wrists, and arms, and even the vibration of a speaking throat. The output of electrical signals can still be collected through strain even under the condition of energy shortage. In addition, photocurable 3D printing technology can provide customized services for hydrogel-based e-skin, such as hydrogel-based bracelets, fingerstall, and finger joint sleeves.

Green-Solvent-Processable Composite Micro/Nanofiber Membrane with Gradient Asymmetric Structure for Efficient Microfiltration.

Electrospinning technology has attracted extensive attention in recent decades and is widely used to prepare nanofiber membranes from hundreds of polymers. Polyvinyl formal acetal (PVFA), as a polymer with excellent properties such as high strength and heat resistance, is not reported on the electrospun water treatment membrane. In this paper, the preparation process of electrospun PVFA nanofiber membrane is optimized, and the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) addition on the physical and mechanical properties and microfiltration performance of nanofiber membrane is also explored. And the hydrophobic PVFA nanofiber filter layer is then combined with a hydrophilic nonwoven support layer to construct a composite micro/nanofiber membrane with a pore-size gradient structure and a hydrophilic/hydrophobic asymmetric structure. Finally, unidirectional water transport and water treatment performance are further investigated. The results show that the tensile breaking strength of the composite membrane can reach up to 37.8 MPa, the retention rate for particles with the size of 0.1-0.3 µm is 99.7%, and the water flux is 513.4 L m-2 h-1 under the hydrostatic pressure. Moreover, it still has a retention of more than 98% after three repeated uses. Therefore, the electrospun PVFA composite membrane has a great potential in microfiltration.

Recycled Carbon Fibre Composites in Automotive Manufacturing

Article Recycled Carbon Fibre Composites in Automotive Manufacturing Jean-Baptiste R. G. Souppez 1, * , and Geethanjali S. Pavar 2 1 Department of Mechanical, Biomedical and Design Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK. 2 Institute for Energy Systems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK. * Correspondence: j.souppez@aston.ac.uk Received: 9 January 2023 Accepted: 22 February 2023 Published: 6 March 2023 Abstract: The contemporary need for lightweight and sustainable materials in automotive manufacturing has made recycled carbon fibre an attractive option. Yet, aspects such as the mechanical properties of short fibre composites need to be characterised to fully identify the capabilities and opportunities for recycled carbon fibre in the automotive industry. Consequently, this paper aims to ascertain the potential of recycled carbon fibre materials for automotive manufacturing by considering mechanical properties, design implications, and resulting costs and sustainability. Destructive testing is employed to characterise the mechanical properties of virgin carbon fibre (VCF), recycled carbon fibre (RCF) using pyrolysis, and blended recycled carbon fibre (BRCF) comprising 50% polypropylene fibre. Here we quantify (i) the reduction in mechanical properties, namely the tensile modulus and breaking strength, (ii) the resulting increase in required thickness and therefore mass for manufactured parts and (iii) the reduction in cost and embodied energy achieved for RCF and BRCF compared to VCF, based on both a stiffness- and a strength-driven design criterion. Furthermore, we present a decision-making methodology revealing BRCF as the most cost-effective solution, while RCF proves to be the most sustainable alternative. These results provide a novel quantitative assessment of recycled carbon fibre for automotive manufacturing and may contribute to future developments in sustainable composite manufacturing in the automotive industry.

EFFECT OF THREAD ON YARN QUALITY OF COTTON/POLYESTER 80/20% BLEND YARN

The mechanical properties, thickness and uniformity of the yarn, deformations of its components and the ability of the yarn to withstand repeated forces, as well as different degrees of breakage of yarns in spinning machines, depend on the twist of the yarn. The productivity of spinning machines also depends on the twist of the thread, because at a constant speed of rotation of their components, their productivity is inversely proportional to the twist of the thread. Therefore, it is important to choose the optimal twist of the thread . The scientific article presents the results of the study of the effect of the number of twists given to the cotton/polyester 80/20% mixed yarn on the quality parameters of the yarn. P wax/polyester 80/20% mixed yarn 14.7 tex ( Ne 40 /1 ) in 850, 918 and 988 twists on ring spinning machines prepared. The quality indicators of the finished yarns were determined using USTER test equipment The unevenness and mechanical properties of mixed yarns and their coefficients of variation were analyzed. As a result, it was determined that the coefficients of variation of the cotton/polyester 80 / 20% mixed yarn between twist 850 and 918 in terms of unevenness indicators decrease, the tensile strength, breaking strength and breaking work indicators of the yarns increase.

Effect of surface modification of carbon fiber based on magnetron sputtering technology on tensile properties

In this study, carbon films were constructed on the surface of carbon fibers using magnetron sputtering to improve the surface defects and mechanical properties of carbon fibers. The tensile properties of the single carbon fiber and multifilament carbon fiber before and after modification were tested, and the influence of the modification method on the tensile properties of the carbon fiber was analyzed. Moreover, the effect of the modification process on the dispersion of the tensile breaking strength of the carbon fiber was analyzed using the Weibull distribution. The magnetron sputtering process based on a carbon target successfully repaired the surface and improved the dispersion of the tensile breaking strength of the carbon fiber. After surface modification, the CV value of the breaking strength of the single carbon fiber and multifilament carbon fiber decreased by up to 57.5% and 31%, respectively. The Weibull modulus m of the modified single carbon fiber increased. Furthermore, the surface modification of the carbon fibers by magnetron sputtering was conducive to improving the tensile properties of the carbon fibers. The tensile breaking strength of the modified single carbon fiber and multifilament carbon fiber slightly increased. As the magnetron sputtering time was increased, the tensile breaking strength of the carbon fiber further increased. The influence of the carbon film on the surface of the carbon fiber greatly enhanced the tensile fracture toughness using the crack effect mechanism.

Extraction and Characterization of Bismarck Palm Fibres

Objectives: A novel natural cellulose bismarck palm fibre (BPF) has been discovered and extracted from the leaf stalk of its tree. Physical, chemical, mechanical, and thermal characterizations have been conducted in this current study. Methods: A water retting method was employed for the extraction of BPFs. The diameter of BPF was assessed using an optical microscope image analyzer. A single fibre tensile test method was employed to calculate the tensile strength of BPF. The thermal behaviour of BPF was evaluated using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). A scanning electron microscope was utilized to evaluate the surface morphological structure of the BPF. Findings: The BPF has a fibre fineness of 819 denier, a mean diameter of 0.3636 mm, a density of 0.98 g/cc, cellulose content of 70.71%, hemi cellulose of 34.89%, lignin of 12.88%, wax of 0.30%, ash of 2.13 %, moisture of 10.80 %, pectin of 3.08 %, a mean breaking tensile strength of 904 MPa, mean breaking elongation of 6.4 %, and Young’s modulus of 28.6 GPa, respectively. It is evident that the thermal analysis of BPF was thermally sustainable up to 268 ◦C. The results ensure that the BPF is the anticipated reinforcement of fibre-reinforced composite materials. SEM images revealed that cross section of BPF sample and rugged surface along the length of the fibre. Novelty: The higher cellulose percentage content of BPF samples has significantly shown better mechanical behaviour and thermal stability. This characterization evidenced that it is an outstanding alternative natural cellulose fibre for Eleusine indica grass fibres, Saccharum Bengalense fibres, Leucas Aspera fibres, Catharanthus roseus fibres, and Tridax procumbens fibres and also for synthetic fibres. Keywords: Bismarck palm fibre; Natural cellulose fibre; Extraction; Characterization; Tensile strength

Negative Photo-Definable Polyimide Dry Films for Fine and High Aspect Ratio Patterning

We newly developed a negative photo-definable polyimide dry films with higher photoreactivity than conventional ones. We succeeded in fine and high aspect ratio patterning with 90 μm thickness and 8 μm width by using new polyimide dry films. When compared after curing, the tensile breaking strength and share strength of new and conventional polyimide dry films were almost the same. However, when compared after PEB and exposure, the new ones showed clearly higher properties than conventional one. Using this polyimide dry film as an inter-layer dielectrics or a permanent resist was effective in improving the wiring density of electric devices.