Subtropical Region Of Brazil Research Articles

Life-history traits of the red brocade hermit crab Dardanus insignis on the subtropical Brazilian coast

We evaluated the population characteristics of Dardanus insignis, focusing on the reproductive period, juvenile recruitment, sexual maturity, growth and longevity of the species. Samples were collected monthly over two years (1998 and 1999), by trawling, in a subtropical region of Brazil. The hermit crabs were counted by demographic group, weighed and measured for cephalothoracic shield length, and their gonadal stage was identified using a stereo microscope. A total of 3169 hermit crabs were captured (1838 males and 1331 females). Ovigerous females were found from September to March; juvenile recruitment occurred throughout the year, peaking in summer. Males reached sexual maturity at larger sizes than females (cephalothoracic shield length = 4.4 and 4.1 mm, respectively). Longevity was estimated at 6.9 years for males and 4.3 years for females. The seasonal reproductive strategy, sexual maturity at similar sizes for males and females, continuous recruitment and differential growth are basic factors in the establishment and maintenance of the high abundance of D. insignis compared with other hermit crab species in the same region.

Integrated crop–livestock systems in the Brazilian subtropics

In the subtropical region of Brazil, integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLSs) are characterized by the annual rotation of pastures and crops in a no-till system where the pasture component is used to produce either meat or milk. These systems focus on integration within the farm rather than between farms, being characterized by alternating cropping and pasturing in the same area. Independent of the crop rotations possible in a subtropical environment, the main integrated farming system found was rotation or succession of summer crops (Glycine max, Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris or Oryza sativa) with winter annual grazing grasses (mixed or solely Avena strigosa and Lolium multiflorum) or successive natural pastures.The high variability of crop yield in the Brazilian subtropics (due to climate extremes) as well as associated high costs and low prices has encouraged farmers to integrate livestock into their enterprises as a low-risk diversification option. Long-term experiments have demonstrated the benefits of crop–livestock integration with respect to many aspects of the soil–plant–animal system. There is evidence that such a system is not only a livestock–agriculture combination but also a unique system reaching a new complexity threshold, resulting in emergent properties with novel functionalities, some of which have yet to be investigated. In addition to greater environmental gains with less vulnerability, there are higher yields and more financial gain by the farmer, compared to that in the use of monocultures or non-integrated livestock farming. We conclude that ICLSs in Subtropical Brazil provide the opportunity for intensification with sustainability.

Qualidade de água de uma lagoa rasa em meio rural no sul do Brasil

No seu entorno, a lagoa Caiubá apresenta regiões preservadas e áreas com cultura de arroz e de pecuária. Esta pesquisa descreve o padrão de variação sazonal e espacial das variáveis fisico-químicas e biológicas durante os anos de 2009 e 2010, em nove pontos distribuídos espacialmente na lagoa, representando suas partes norte, central e sul. A qualidade da água foi avaliada através da aplicação do índice de estado trófico (IET), do índice de qualidade de água (IQA) e das classes da Resolução CONAMA 357/2005. Foram coletadas amostras de invertebrados bentônicos e determinados os Índices Bióticos (IB) de acordo com os modelos da Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-USA) e a adaptação do Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP). Os resultados evidenciaram um sistema com alta turbidez e conteúdo de fósforo, além de baixa razão N:P, e com poucas alterações sazonais e espaciais nas variáveis medidas. Embora os resultados do IQA e CONAMA tenham classificado a lagoa Caiubá como águas de excelente a boa qualidade, os resultados do IET e dos IB foram opostos classificando a lagoa como sistema alterado e poluído. Conclui-se que esses índices devam ser readequados através de avaliações sistemáticas visando refletir as condições de qualidade de ecossistemas aquáticos em meio rural, na região subtropical do Brasil.

SPATIAL PATTERN OF BROWN ROT WITHIN PEACH TREES RELATED TO INOCULUM OF MONILINIA FRUCTICOLA IN ORGANIC ORCHARD

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, is the most important peach disease in Brazil. However, there is little information about the epidemiology and spatial patterns associated with this disease in organic orchards. This study characterized the spatial distribution of blossom blight and brown rot within trees under natural infection. The study was carried out in 2007 and 2008 in an organic orchard of located in southern Brazil. The spatial pattern of diseased flowers (in a sample of 80 flowers per tree per year) and fruit (from 64 to 309 fruit per tree per year) within each peach tree was assessed using 16 quadrats per tree. The dispersion index (D) and the modified Taylor’s power law were used to characterize the spatial pattern of the disease. The conidia density of M. fructicola and the weather conditions were monitored. In both years of assessment, diseased flowers were distributed at random in 90% of the trees, and no correlation was found between the incidence of blossom blight from a given year to the incidence of blossom blight or brown rot in the previous year. The distribution of brown rot within the tree was aggregated in both years in 70% of the trees where disease incidence was lower than 90%, and a significant positive relationship was observed in disease incidence from one year to the other. Taylor’s power law was significant for blossom blight and brown rot but aggregation was verified only for brown rot. According to these results, blossom blight is not an important source of inoculum to fruits, and we suggest that the intensive chemical control during flowering in the subtropical regions of Brazil should be reviewed.

Amplifiability of mitochondrial, microsatellite and amelogenin DNA loci from fecal samples of red brocket deer Mazama americana (Cetartiodactyla, Cervidae)

We tried to amplify mitochondrial, microsatellite and amelogenin loci in DNA from fecal samples of a wild Mazama americana population. Fifty-two deer fecal samples were collected from a 600-ha seasonal semideciduous forest fragment in a subtropical region of Brazil (21°20'S, 47°17'W), with the help of a detection dog; then, stored in ethanol and georeferenced. Among these samples 16 were classified as "fresh" and 36 as "non-fresh". DNA was extracted using the QIAamp(®) DNA Stool Mini Kit. Mitochondrial loci were amplified in 49 of the 52 samples. Five microsatellite loci were amplified by PCR; success in amplification varied according to locus size and sample age. Successful amplifications were achieved in 10/16 of the fresh and in 13/36 of the non-fresh samples; a negative correlation (R = -0.82) was found between successful amplification and locus size. Amplification of the amelogenin locus was successful in 22 of the 52 samples. The difficulty of amplifying nuclear loci in DNA samples extracted from feces collected in the field was evident. Some methodological improvements, including collecting fresh samples, selecting primers for shorter loci and quantifying the extracted DNA by real-time PCR, are suggested to increase amplification success in future studies.

Poda drástica para a produção da amora-preta em regiões subtropicais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar podas diferenciadas como alternativa para a produção da amora-preta 'Tupy', em regiões subtropicais do Brasil. O experimento foi realizado no Município de Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com oito blocos e três tratamentos: poda convencional, poda drástica de verão e poda drástica de inverno. Em cada parcela, constituída de 12 plantas úteis, foram coletados dados fenológicos e produtivos no ciclo de produção de 2010/2011 e 2011/2012, tendo-se realizado quantificação físico-química dos frutos no último ciclo de produção. A poda drástica de verão facilita a condução da amoreira-preta e possibilita aumento na produção de 4.375,6 kg ha-1, em comparação à poda convencional. A poda drástica de inverno causa elevada queda na produção das plantas.

Danos causados por bovinos em diferentes espécies arbóreas recomendadas para sistemas silvipastoris

We assessed the damage done by cattle in three species of trees in a silvopastoral system implanted in the subtropical region of Brazil. The species Schinus terebinthifolius (Raddi), Grevillea robusta (A. Cunn. Ex R. Br) and Eucalyptus dunnii (Maiden), were planted in single rows (14 m x 3 m) to compose a silvopastoral system. During the first three years, the area was used for grain production in alley cropping systems. After 41 months of planting trees cattle were first introduced in the area. Five classes of damage intensity were established: no damage, low, medium, high, and extreme. The damage to the bark of trees were larger than those caused to the crown. The trees of S. terebinthifolius were more damaged by cattle. The maintenance of S. terebinthifolius trees in silvopastoral system is not recommended because the damage done by cattle is of extreme intensity. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.67

Spatial variations at different observational scales and the seasonal distributions of stream macroalgae in a Brazilian subtropical region

We examined the relationships between environmental variations in lotic ecosystems with the seasonal dynamics of macroalgae communities at different spatial scales: drainage basin of two rivers (Rio das Pedras and Rio Marrecas), shading (open and shaded stream segments), mesohabitat (riffles and pools), and microhabitats. Data collections were made on a monthly basis between January and December/2007. A total of 16 taxa were encountered (13 species and 3 vegetative groups). All of the biotic parameters (richness, abundance, diversity, equitability, and dominance) were found to be highly variable at all of the spatial scales evaluated. On the other hand, abiotic variables demonstrated differences only at mesohabitat (in terms of current velocity) and shaded habitat (in terms of irradiance) scales. The seasonality of the macroalgae community structure was strongly influenced by microhabitat variables (current velocity, substrate H', and irradiance), demonstrating their importance over time and at different scales. Regional variables (temperature, oxygen saturation, specific conductance, pH, and turbidity) were found to have little influence on the temporal dynamics of the macroalgae communities evaluated.

Organic production of red wine grapes under plastic cover in subtropical region of Brazil

A trial was carried out aiming to evaluate the development and yield of red wine grapevines under plastic cover in an organic production system in Guarapuava, the Central-Southern region of Paraná State, Brazil. The experimental design was in a randomized blocks, in a 5x2 factorial arrangement (cultivars x rootstocks), with five red wine vine cultivars (Merlot, Malbec, Carbenet Sauvignon, Ives and Early Isabella) and two rootstocks (Paulsen 1103 e VR 043-43). The grafted grapevines were planted in September of 2005 and the evaluations carried out for the three first productive cycles (2006/2007, 2007/2008, 2008/2009). The following variables were evaluated: phenological growth stages, number of clusters, average cluster weight, total yield, total soluble solids content and fresh weight of pruning material. The cultivation of wine grapevines in an organic system under plastic cover demonstrated viability, inhibiting the incidence of diseases and reducing the needs of control. The most limiting factor was the damage caused by wasps and bees that decreased cluster harvest. Despite this problem, between tested grapevine cultivars, the Early Isabella was the most productive in all years, while Malbec was also outstanding in the first cycle. VR 043-43 hybrid could be a suitable rootstock for red wine production in areas infested by 'Perola da Terra' scale insects (Eurhizococcus brasiliensis).

Reproductive biology of the flatfish Etropus crossotus (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, Paraná State, subtropical region of Brazil

The present work studied the reproduction of the flatfish Etropus crossotus in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, Paraná State, subtropical region of Brazil. Monthly collections of biological material occurred from October 2008 to October 2009, at seven sampling sites, through ten-minute otter trawl surveys in the shallow infralittoral areas of the estuary. Temperature, water salinity, photoperiod, and rainfall data were also recorded. Ovarian histology was used to: 1 - describe ovarian development microscopically, 2 - make the quantitative analyses of both sexes more precise. The maturation curve, the frequency of gonadal maturation states and the condition factor verified that the reproductive period occurred from October to January. The frequency of young and adult individuals established that the recruitment period occurred in January and February. There were no significant differences in the sex ratio during the study period. The studied species completes its entire life cycle in an estuary and its reproduction is well-synchronized with the temporal variations implicit in subtropical regions.

Latent heat loss of dairy cows in an equatorial semi-arid environment

The present study aimed to evaluate evaporative heat transfer of dairy cows bred in a hot semi-arid environment. Cutaneous (E(S)) and respiratory (E(R)) evaporation were measured (810 observations) in 177 purebred and crossbred Holstein cows from five herds located in the equatorial semi-arid region, and one herd in the subtropical region of Brazil. Rectal temperature (T(R)), hair coat surface temperature (T(S)) and respiratory rate (F(R)) were also measured. Observations were made in the subtropical region from August to December, and in the semi-arid region from April to July. Measurements were done from 1100 to 1600 hours, after cows remained in a pen exposed to the sun. Environmental variables measured in the same locations as the animals were black globe temperature (T(G)), air temperature (T(A)), wind speed (U), and partial air vapour pressure (P(V)). Data were analysed by mixed models, using the least squares method. Results showed that average E(S) and E(R) were higher in the semi-arid region (117.2 W m(-2) and 44.0 W m(-2), respectively) than in the subtropical region (85.2 W m(-2) and 30.2 W m(-2), respectively). Herds and individual cows were significant effects (P < 0.01) for all traits in the semi-arid region. Body parts did not affect T(S) and E(S) in the subtropical region, but was a significant effect (P < 0.01) in the semi-arid region. The average flank T(S) (42.8°C) was higher than that of the neck and hindquarters (39.8°C and 41.6°C, respectively). Average E(S) was higher in the neck (133.3 W m(-2)) than in the flank (116.2 W m(-2)) and hindquarters (98.6 W m(-2)). Coat colour affected significantly both T(S) and E(S) (P < 0.01). Black coats had higher T(S) and E(S) in the semi-arid region (41.7°C and 117.2 W m(-2), respectively) than white coats (37.2°C and 106.7 W m(-2), respectively). Rectal temperatures were almost the same in both subtropical and semi-arid regions. The results highlight the need for improved management methods specific for semi-arid regions.

Physic nut plants present high mycorrhizal dependency under conditions of low phosphate availability

The physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is a perennial tree that occurs naturally in the tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil. Fruits of physic nut present an oil content of 28% on a dry weight basis. Although the plant has adapted to diverse soil conditions such as low fertility, the correction of soil acidity and the addition of fertilizer are essential for highly productive plants. Thus, the response of the physic nut to different soil phosphorus levels (P) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation must be characterized. Hence, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the response of physic nut seedlings to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation at different levels of soil P. Experiment was carried out in a greenhouse encompassing AMF treatments (inoculation with Gigaspora margarita or Glomus clarum, and the non inoculated controls), and phosphorus treatments (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1 added to soil). At low soil P levels, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation had a significant positive effect on plant growth, shoot and root dry matter content, plant height, number of leaves, total leaf area, leaf area per leaf and the Dickson quality index. The root:shoot ratio and the leaf area ratio were also affected by mycorrhizal inoculation and the level of P addition. Physic nut plants exhibited high mycorrhizal dependency at soil P additions up to 50 mg kg-1.

Reproductive period, fecundity and histology of gonads of two cheirodontines (Ostariophysi: Characidae) with different reproductive strategies - insemination and external fertilization

The reproductive period and fecundity of the inseminating cheirodontine Compsura heterura and of the externally fertilizing cheirodontine Odontostilbe pequira, from tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil, respectively, are described. The reproductive period of C. heterura lasted from January to April 2002, while O. pequira showed two reproductive periods, the first during September and October 2001 (spring), and the second between January and February 2002 (summer). Smaller classes of SL of females of O. pequira predominated in the second reproductive period, suggesting individuals born in the first period become shortly sexually mature, participating in the second reproductive period. In C. heterura, from a tropical region, temperature showed significant correlations with the variation in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) for both sexes, and rainfall showed significant correlation with the variation in the GSI only for females. In O. pequira, from a subtropical region, photoperiod was the only factor that showed significant correlations with the GSI variation in both sexes. The mean relative fecundity of C. heterura was 0.55 oocytes per milligram of total weight, similar to that of other cheirodontines with external fertilization, refuting the hypothesis, at least in Cheirodontinae, that insemination provides diminishing energy expenditure for the production of oocytes, due to a greater probability of fertilization. The mean relative fecundity of O. pequira was 0.8 oocytes per milligram of total weight, the largest known among cheirodontines. Spermatozoa were found inside the ovaries of maturating, mature and semi-spent females of C. heterura supporting the hypothesis of temporal separation between courtship and spawning. The largest relative weight of testis and the presence of sperm in maturing ovaries outside the reproductive period in C. heterura support the hypothesis that males of inseminating species make a greater investment in gonadal development than those externally fertilized.

Ferrugem do pessegueiro e seu efeito na desfolha e na concentração de carboidratos em ramos e gemas

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as relacoes entre a intensidade de ferrugem (incidencia e severidade), a inducao da doenca na desfolha e o nivel total de carboidratos nas gemas e ramos em pessegueiros Chimarrita na regiao subtropical do Brasil (Curitiba Parana). A variacao da intensidade de ferrugem foi gerada partir de quatro periodos de pulverizacao (sem pulverizacao; pulverizacao com fungicida de dezembro ate janeiro; dezembro a fevereiro e de dezembro a abril) e o experimento foi conduzido em dois anos com seis repeticoes por tratamento. A desfolha, incidencia e severidade foram avaliadas ao longo do tempo em dois ramos mistos, de um ano, marcados em lados opostos de cada arvore. Carboidratos foram analisados duas vezes no ano (marco e maio) pelo metodo do fenol sulfurico (absorbância a 490 nm). AACPD em 2005 foi aproximadamente duas vezes o valor de 2004 na testemunha e todos os demais tratamentos diferiram da testemunha. A correlacao positiva foi observada entre a severidade e desfolha indicando uma interferencia efetiva do patogeno no processo de desfolha em regioes subtropicais. O nivel de carboidratos soluvel total em ramos com gemas no tratamento com pulverizacao de dezembro-abril foi maior do que o nivel da testemunha, mostrando a importância da desfolha depois da colheita.

Influência do etefon na distribuição de nutrientes e carboidratos e sobre o crescimento em videiras jovens

O etefon tem sido usado em regiões tropicais e subtropicais do Brasil, onde o crescimento vegetativo das videiras é contínuo, com diferentes finalidades. Entretanto, pouco é conhecido sobre os efeitos deste tratamento na distribuição e acumulação de nutrientes e carboidratos e no crescimento de videiras. Com esta finalidade, plantas jovens do porta-enxerto SO4 foram pulverizadas com solução de etefon (72 mg.L-1). Depois da aplicação, as folhas caídas das plantas tratadas foram coletadas diariamente até que a última folha caiu. Neste momento, as folhas das plantas não tratadas foram desprendidas manualmente e coletadas. No ciclo seguinte, o número de gemas brotadas e o crescimento de folhas (número) e ramos (número e crescimento) foram avaliados em cada planta. Aos 57 dias após a brotação, as videiras foram coletadas e separadas em folhas, ramos, caule e raízes. Cada parte foi secada e submetida à determinação de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e amido. Nas folhas senescentes do primeiro ciclo, foi observada uma redução de N e um aumento de amido e P pelo tratamento com etefon. No ciclo seguinte, as plantas tratadas aumentaram o número de gemas brotadas (+50%), mas com redução no crescimento de ramos e folhas. Durante este segundo ciclo, o etefon também aumentou a concentração de N e Mg nas folhas e N nas raízes. Entretanto, durante este ciclo, a concentração de amido nas folhas e a quantidade de N, Mg e Ca nos ramos foram reduzidas. Em geral, os resultados enfatizam que o etefon altera a dinâmica de nutrientes e carboidratos, bem como a fisiologia de crescimento no ciclo seguinte da aplicação em videiras.

Application of the CSM-CERES-Maize model for planting date evaluation and yield forecasting for maize grown off-season in a subtropical environment

In recent years, maize has become one of the main alternative crops for the Autumn–Winter growing season (off-season) in several regions of Brazil. Water deficits, sub-optimum temperatures and low solar radiation levels are some of the more common problems that are experienced during this growing season. However, the impact of variable weather conditions on crop production can be analyzed with crop simulation models. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Cropping System Model (CSM)-CERES-Maize for its ability to simulate growth, development, grain yield for four different maturity maize hybrids grown off-season in a subtropical region of Brazil, to study the impact of different planting dates on maize performance under rainfed and irrigated conditions, and for yield forecasting for the most common off-season production system. The CSM-CERES-Maize model was evaluated with experimental data collected during three field experiments conducted in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The experiments were completely randomized with three replications for the 2001 experiment and four replications for the 2002 experiments. For the yield forecasting application, daily weather data for 2002 were used until the forecast date, complemented with 25 years of historical daily weather data for the remainder of the growing season. Six planting dates were simulated, starting on February 1 and repeated every 15 days until April 15. The evaluation of the CSM-CERES-Maize showed that the model was able to simulate phenology and grain yield for the four hybrids accurately, with normalized RMSE (expressed in percentage) less than 15%. The planting date analysis showed that a delayed planting date from February 1 to April 15 caused a decrease in average yield of 55% for the rainfed and 21% for the irrigated conditions for all hybrids. The yield forecasting analysis demonstrated that an accurate yield forecast could be provided at approximately 45 days prior to the harvest date for all four maize hybrids. These results are promising for farmers and decision makers, as they could have access to accurate yield forecasts prior to final harvest. However, to be able to make practical decisions for stock management of maize grains, it is necessary to develop this methodology for different locations. Future model evaluations might also be needed due to the release of new cultivars by breeders.

Erratum: M.M.M. Okumura, C.H.C. Boyadjian and S. Eggers (2007) Auditory exostoses as an aquatic activity marker: A comparison of coastal and inland skeletal remains from tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 132; 558–567

American Journal of Physical AnthropologyVolume 133, Issue 2 p. 895-895 ErratumFree Access Erratum: M.M.M. Okumura, C.H.C. Boyadjian and S. Eggers (2007) Auditory exostoses as an aquatic activity marker: A comparison of coastal and inland skeletal remains from tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 132; 558–567 First published: 16 April 2007 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20649AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume133, Issue2June 2007Pages 895-895 RelatedInformation

Auditory exostoses as an aquatic activity marker: A comparison of coastal and inland skeletal remains from tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil

Auditory exostoses are bone masses located in the external auditory canal. Currently, most researchers agree that the environment (especially water temperature, but also atmospheric temperature and wind action) plays a pivotal role in the development of this trait. This article discusses whether the presence of auditory exostoses can be used as an aquatic activity marker in bioarchaeological studies, especially in groups that inhabited tropical and subtropical regions. We analyzed 676 skeletons (5,000 years BP to historical times) from 27 coastal and inland native Brazilian groups. Very low frequencies of auditory exostoses were found in the inland groups (0.00-0.03), but the expected high frequency of auditory exostoses in the coastal groups was not always observed (0.00-0.56). These differences might be explained by the combination of water and atmospheric temperatures in conjunction with wind effects. In areas with mild atmospheric temperatures and wind chill factors, the coastal populations analyzed do not show high frequencies of auditory exostoses. However, high frequencies of auditory exostoses develop where cold atmospheric temperatures are further lowered by strong wind chill. Therefore, the association between aquatic activities, low atmospheric temperature, and wind chill is strongly correlated with the presence of auditory exostoses, but where these environmental factors are mild, the frequencies of auditory exostoses are not necessarily high. Concluding, auditory exostoses should be cautiously used as a marker of aquatic activity in bioarchaeological studies in tropical and subtropical regions, since these activities do not always result in the presence of this trait.

Impact of Influenza-Attributable Disease on Hospitalizations in Children Younger than 24 Months with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI) in Subtropical Brazil: Tl 24

Top of pageAbstract Background: Influenzavirus (Flu) is associated with high morbidity in children less than 24-mo old, with high rates of hospitalization. Recommendation for annual influenza vaccination has been extended to this age group in the USA. Objective: We evaluated the proportion of Flu-attributable disease in children younger than 2 years, admitted to a tertiary care hospital for LRTI during the 2004 influenza seasonal outbreak in southeast Brazil. Methods: All samples submitted for respiratory virus detection were tested for Flu by immunofluorescence and/or RT-PCR. Influenza positive samples were used for viral isolation and identification. Patient records were reviewed for length of hospital stay (LOS), need for oxygen supplementation (OS) and clinical diagnosis. Results: From March to May 2004, 159 samples were collected and 17 (10.7%) were positive for influenza A. Influenza virus was isolated from 6 samples, all of them A/Korea (H3N2). Of the 17 positive samples, 8 (47%) were obtained in April. Patient records were available for review in 12 cases (7 boys). Of these, 10 (83%) were 6 days. OS was required by 58% (7/12) of the patients and 71% (5/7) required O2 for 6 or more days. Bronchodilators and antibiotics were the two most frequent treatments used (92% and 42%, respectively). Conclusions: During this outbreak in a subtropical region of Brazil, influenza associated disease represented 10.7% of all hospitalizations in children less than 24 months of age with LRTI, and the associated morbidity was responsible for prolonged LOS and requirement for OS. The impact of influenza-associated disease on pediatric hospitalization could be reduced by vaccination in this age group. Financial Support: FAPESP, CNPq and Sanofi -Pasteur

Thermal time for phenological development of four maize hybrids grown off-season in a subtropical environment

A common method to describe maize phenology during the vegetative phase is to determine the number of leaves. The thermal interval between the appearance of successive leaves, called the phyllochron, is critical for predicting the duration of vegetative development. In general, there is a high correlation between the final number of initiated leaves and the duration from sowing to silking. The development of a crop depends on temperature and photoperiod and genetic response to these environmental factors, thus bio-meteorological indices are needed to describe this process. The goal of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the phyllochron and its impact on the final number of leaves. A second objective was to evaluate three thermal indices for predicting the duration of sowing to silking and silking to physiological maturity for four maize hybrids grown off-season in a subtropical region of the Southern Hemisphere (São Paulo State, Brazil). The modified general thermal index (mGTI) was compared with the classical thermal time concept (TT) with two sets of cardinal temperatures, including TT(10) with 10 °C as minimum base temperature (Tb) and TT(8) with 8 °C as Tb. Three field experiments that included four hybrids with different relative maturity ratings were conducted during the autumn and winter growing seasons of 2001 and 2002 at the University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Phenology was recorded daily. Also, an independent evaluation of three methods for estimating phenology was conducted with data obtained from the variety trials of the ‘Instituto Agronômico’ for four regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The results indicated that the value for the phyllochron was about 50 °Cd/leaf until approximately the appearance of the 12th leaf, and then declined. For estimating the planting to silking period, the TT(10) method resulted in a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2·01%, while for TT(8) the CV was 1·37% and for mGTI the CV was 1·04%. For the period from silking to physiological maturity, the CV was 2·91% for the TT(10), 2·64% for the TT(8) and 2·01% for the mGTI method. All CVs were very small, suggesting that there was only a slight difference between algorithms. It can be concluded from this study that the mGTI can be used for estimating both silking and physiological maturity dates for maize grown off-season in subtropical regions of Brazil because it resulted in the smallest CV. However, additional studies with different maize hybrids are necessary to confirm the advances in estimating the main phenological phases for maize based on the mGTI.