Brazilian Statute Research Articles

_EVEN MORE_ COMPLICATED: THE NETWORKED LIVES OF TEENAGERS IN A CONTEXT OF EXCLUSION IN BRAZIL

This paper stems from a chapter of my Doctoral dissertation. It borrows from the work of boyd (2014) on the experiences of teenagers in social media. In this paper I will present the different usages of the internet and social media by teenagers that live in a context of exclusion. I will focus on teenagers that are placed in care institutions in Brazil, and their struggle with everyday forms of stigma and oppression. To live in a care institution, a.k.a shelters, is a unique experience that is the consequence of rights violations against children and teenagers (Brazilian Statute of the Child and of the Adolescent, 1990). The placement in a shelter is an extreme measure that remove children from their families and communities. To legitimate the state intervention and highlighting the exceptionality and temporality of that measure, the law prioritises family and community conviviality. This is not the case for most of teenagers, as it is unlikely they will be adopted or return, and they will spent most of their teen years there. I will present the narratives of institution and especially teenagers, with which I highlight the link between their experiences of exclusion, the formation of identity and their digital personas. For such, I will use the concept of reflexive identity (Giddens, 1991) and the script approach (Akrich, 1992) to portray how their actions show some kind accomodation and appropriation of the affordances of social media to seek stability in a context of high uncertainty.

Esports championships, companies and organizations in electronic sports and their regulatory and compliance challenges with the Brazilian Statute of Child and Adolescent (ECA)

This paper aims to analyze the legal status of esports in Brazil, with a particular focus on the participation of minors in the competitive landscape of electronic sports and the regulatory challenges faced by this market regarding underage cyber athletes. Esports have grown considerably since 2010, and it is currently a niche within the electronic games industry with an estimated revenue of US$1.084 billion in 2021. The study focuses on two popular games, Fortnite and Garena Free Fire, which are free-to-play, labeled as violent by the Ministry of Justice, fully translated into Portuguese, and available on mobile devices. As esports reach more people, debates arise about the impact of electronic games on society and the need for state regulation. Legislative proposals are in progress, but most of them lack a contextual vision of the sport and the participation of civil society. Inadequate regulation can lead to losses for everyone involved in the growing market. The paper provides an overview of the evolution of esports and the analysis of organizations in the Brazilian scenario, followed by the subsumption of Law 9615/98 to contracts signed with cyberathletes. It also addresses the perspective of minors regarding their use of electronic games and analyzes the regulatory challenges that child and adolescent cyber athletes may face. The study aims to provide insights for policymakers and stakeholders to ensure adequate regulation that promotes a safe and fair competitive landscape for all participants.

A Different Manifest Destiny: U.S. Southern Identity and Citizenship in Nineteenth-Century South America

In this valuable and compact book, Wolnisty brings attention to the emigration of U.S. southerners leaving the United States for Nicaragua and Brazil, and the commercial and political expansion, interests, and campaigns in Latin America during the mid-nineteenth century, before and after the U.S. Civil War. Based on research in U.S. and Brazilian archives, Wolnisty outlines the multiple U.S. Southern expansionistic ideologies at the time and how the idea of Manifest Destiny emerged as a southward moving, as much as a westward moving, political concept.The chapters that outline Wolnisty’s claims are divided into three sections—“Nicaragua,” “Commercial Expansion in Brazil,” and “Southern Emigration to Brazil.” Her methodological strategy is to outline three different accounts and weave them into a single narrative. For example, she describes how Matthew F. Maury’s idea of Manifest Destiny equated the Louisiana Purchase with his exploration of the Amazon region of Brazil and justified his economic and political interests there. Maury envisioned connecting the mouth of the Mississippi River to the mouth of the Amazon River. According to Wolnisty, the southern filibusters who migrated to Nicaragua employed a racialized (“Anglo-Saxon”) dimension in their expansionistic campaigns, whereas the southerners who went to Brazil did not. Her treatments of U.S. southern emigrants to Nicaragua and Brazil dovetail to show not only how their commercial and political interests in Latin America were different from each other but also why they are important to consider together.However, Wolnisty would have strengthened and broadened her arguments by stating that the southerners who migrated to Brazil and Nicaragua were a diverse group, certainly not the monolithic one that she implies. Among the emigrants to Brazil, for example, were several U.S. northerners from Ohio, Maine, and New York. As a result, Wolnisty creates the impression that Confederates migrated to Latin America in a vacuum. That is, Confederates were not the only people who migrated to Brazil; in fact, many thousands of German, Swiss, Belgian, and especially Italian immigrants established enclaves there at the time, not far from the Americans. Wolnisty also does not mention the Brazilian envoys sent to New York, New Orleans, and even Antwerp to recruit new settlers (particularly agriculturalists). Furthermore, the five major settlements that emerged throughout Brazil, which Wolnisty does not discuss, were both geographically distant and culturally distinctly different from each other. Inclusion of this information would have helped to convey that immigration to Brazil from the southern United States occurred within a complex and multidimensional context.Finally, there are two critical inaccuracies. First, Charles Nathan, one of the major immigration “boosters” discussed in the last chapter, did not remain in Brazil as Wolnisty mistakenly claims. He left for New Orleans with his family in the 1880s and eventually died there in 1910. Moreover, he was not a U.S. southerner; he was likely born either in Britain or in Rio de Janeiro (of British Jewish parents who had been living in Rio since the 1820s and were members of a well-known business family).Second, Wolnisty’s statement that U.S. southerners were encouraged to bring slaves to Brazil is misguided (74). In fact, ample documented evidence shows that Brazilian immigration authorities and governmental agencies, as well as immigrants themselves, specifically advised people moving to Brazil not to bring slaves. Southerners leaving for Brazil were well aware of the Brazilian statute that prohibited foreigners from bringing black slaves with them; most, if not all, of them complied. Wolnisty herself admits that southerners rarely brought their slaves to Brazil (88).Nonetheless, Wolnisty’s study of a “different Manifest Destiny,” combining filibusters, commercial expansion, and southern emigrants within a single work, is a new and commendable endeavor. Overall, this book contributes to a burgeoning scholarly literature about the important nineteenth-century U.S. commercial and political campaigns in Latin America that will be of interest to a wide range of scholars.

A desclassificação de candidato aprovado em concurso público tendo por base limitações de exames médicos

O presente artigo objetivou analisar os limites de exames médicos como causa de desclassificação de candidato aprovado em concurso público, apontando a importância de se ter embasamento legal para sua solicitação, bem como que sejam pertinentes ao exercício dos cargos públicos em questão. Como arcabouço teórico, foi utilizado o Pós-Positivismo, precisamente a Teoria dos Princípios e a Teoria da Argumentação Jurídica (Alexy, 2008, 2011). Foram revisitados também o Decreto nº 6.944 (BRASIL, 2009), relativo às normas gerais de concursos públicos e a Lei nº 8.112 (BRASIL, 1990), que dispõe sobre o Estatuto dos Servidores Públicos Federais. Por fim, foram apontados os limites jurídicos do exame médico como etapa eliminatória, e apresentados exemplos de decisões judiciais referentes à problemática estudada.

The possibilities of consensual resolution of judicial conflicts with the Public Administration

This text endeavors to define the theoretical limits of the capacities of the public administrative authorities to reach consensual solutions to disputes within the framework of judicial review. It is motivated by the lack of a clear understanding in Brazilian law of the border area between the legal relations of public and private law involving the public authorities, and the expressions “inalienable right” (or “inalienable interest”) and “public interest” as shown by the inexplicable asymmetry between what the public administrative authorities can do within a judicial proceeding and outside one. Based on a comparative study of common law versus civil law legal systems and an examination of the treatment of the subject in Brazilian statutes, case law and legal studies, this article reviews the relationship between the public interest and inalienability, demonstrating, in conclusion, that the possibility of the administrative authorities to enter into settlements or follow similar practices should not be rejected a priori, even in cases of public law. According to the author, there are three possible scenarios in which public administrative authorities may resort to consensual dispute resolution in the context of the judicial review: in private-law relationships, in public-law relationships with respect to the exercise of administrative actions prescribed by law and public-law relationships with respect to the exercise of discretionary powers.

Psychiatric evaluation of civil capacity with the new Brazilian Statute of the Person with Disabilities.

The objective of this paper is to provide an update to psychiatrists regarding the new Brazilian Law for the Inclusion of People with Disabilities (BLI, Law 13,146 of 2015), and, specifically, to discuss potential implications of situations in which examination by a forensic psychiatrist points toward civil incompetence, while the above-mentioned law mandates full civil capacity for disabled persons. A study of Law 13,146/2015 was conducted, including a comparative analysis of legal and psychiatric approaches on the subject. This analysis revealed that the BLI has generated differences of opinion among legislators. However, the greatest difference seems to arise between the justice system and psychiatric expertise in relation to the difference of criteria adopted in the two approaches. The BLI is very recent; it should be revised in response to debates among psychiatrists and the criminal justice system, and especially as jurisprudence is formed over time.

Consensual Solutions to Administrative Disputes and the Question of Inalienable Rights and Interests

This text endeavors to define the theoretical limits of the capacities of the public administrative authorities to reach consensual solutions to disputes within the framework of judicial review. It is motivated by the lack of a clear understanding in Brazilian law concerning the border zone between public-law and private-law disputes involving the public authorities, and the expressions “inalienable right or interest” and the “public interest”. This confusion is shown by the inexplicable asymmetry between what the public administrative authorities can do within a judicial proceeding versus what they can do in their autonomous dispute-resolution proceedings. Based on a comparative study of common law versus civil law legal systems and an examination of the treatment of the subject in Brazilian statutes, case law and legal studies, this article reviews the relationship between the public interest and inalienability, demonstrating, in conclusion, that the possibility of the administrative authorities to enter into settlements or follow similar practices should not be rejected a priori, even in cases of public law. According to the author, in cases where different fundamental rights collide, the authorities should exercise their discretionary powers to weigh the conflicting interests and rule in favor of the predominant public interest, whether in their own autonomous dispute-resolution proceedings or in the context of judicial review.

O estado de exceção na experiência constitucional brasileira

The paper considers the Brazilian constitutional history as for the numerous efforts towards the accomplishment of a regulatory framework regarding the regime of exception . It reviews the various regulatory patterns of the regime of exception in the Brazilian constitutions as well as in many Brazilian statutes in general. The paper considers also an historical background in which it argues that many efforts towards the regulation may confirm that the regime of exception is more a political fact than a legal one. Thus, a regime of exception can be uncontrollable. The essay intends to experiment Giorgio Agamben and Carl Schmitt conceptual assumptions in the face of the Brazilian historical and constitutional reality. Keywords: regime of exception, constitutional history, efforts towards a statutory framework, political fact, difficulties in capturing the regime of exception as a legal fact.

Autoritarismo Versus Redemocratização: Do Imigrante no Brasil

Este artigo analisa a evolução da política de imigração brasileira, focando-se nos reflexos da doutrina da segurança nacional à legislação brasileira. Investigou-se, nesta senda, que características podem ser atribuídas ao (des)respeito aos direitos fundamentais dos estrangeiros, sendo considerada a ordem constitucional de 1988. Resultou-se que, apesar do grande progresso na semântica constitucional referente ao significado da dignidade humana, verificou-se, no Estatuto do Estrangeiro brasileiro, uma continuidade da discriminação, da discricionariedade do Poder Executivo, e do choque entre esta lei e os objetivos do Estado brasileiro instituídos na Constituição.

Estatuto do Pertencimento Brasileiro: Identificando Mentalidades e Representações em Práticas Contemporâneas

Propõe-se, aqui, que a maneira pela qual conhecemos determinado sistema jurídico, e o direito privado que lhe é próprio, constitui-se em mentalidades e representações oriundas de um substrato cultural que é, ao mesmo tempo, resultado de um certo pensamento e instrumentos de produção desse mesmo pensamento. Nessa esteira, a concepção moderna do direito de propriedade está historicamente condicionada a um determinado paradigma, advindo do embate entre a dogmática cristã e a racionalidade de pensamento, especialmente construído entre os séculos XVI e XIX. Durante esse período, presencia-se uma profunda mudança epistemológica na maneira de se construir ciência e de se visualizar o papel do regramento jurídico no Ocidente. Hoje, compreende-se necessário repensar o formalismo daí resultante, a fim de enriquecer a compreensão do direito com o reconhecimento de inúmeras variáveis socioantropológicas. No que concerne ao tema deste artigo, mapear representações ou mentalidades do estatuto do pertencimento brasileiro torna-se um dos diversos exemplos de uma nova percepção do sistema jurídico.

Disputing the Application of Laws: The Constitutionality of the Brazilian Statute Against Domestic Violence in the Courts

This study aimed to map the key positions regarding the constitutionality of the Maria da Penha Law (Law 11.340/2006) in the Brazilian judicial system. The law, the result of political struggles by the Brazilian feminist movement, has been the subject of discussions in the public sphere and actions aimed at consolidating its constitutionality before the Federal Supreme Court. We examined and discussed the arguments used in the Courts, intending to show that the creation of law is not limited to the legislative moment, but rather that its social meaning is also constituted through disputes within the Judiciary.

ACOMPANHAMENTO DE ADOLESCENTES EM CUMPRIMENTO DE MEDIDAS SOCIOEDUCATIVAS: DO DIREITO A IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DA AÇÃO EDUCATIVA

Medidas Socioeducativas, previstas no ECA - Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente - são aplicadas a adolescentes que tenham cometido ato infracional. Essas implicam em desafios de forma a garantir que o aspecto legal no processo de acompanhamento dos adolescentes possa se efetivar como uma ação social e de caráter educativo. Nesse artigo é proposta a reflexão sobre alguns elementos, que compõem a prática de duas dessas medidas, a de Liberdade Assistida e a de Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade, tais como o papel do orientador de medida socioeducativa, a relação estabelecida com o adolescente atendido, bem como a proposta de elaboração e execução do Plano Individual de Atendimento (PIA), dentre outros. Trata-se de um estudo que busca refletir sobre os elementos implicados nessa prática social, a partir das vivências de trabalho em um Programa de execução de Medidas Socioeducativas em Meio Aberto, no interior do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Esse estudo aponta para questões que se dão em um espaço diferenciado de educação, que possui suas especificidades enquanto processos educativos que visam garantir cidadania e a transposição da vivência infracional. Destaca-se o processo de acompanhamento como um recurso para promover a reflexão a partir das vivências e expectativas dos adolescentes, de forma dialógica, com possibilidades para tomada de consciência sobre sua trajetória de vida e participação social.Palavras-chave: medidas socioeducativas; adolescente; ato infracional; processos educativos.

BRINCO, FANTASIO, MUDO DE NOME E TRANSGRIDO PARA BRINCAR: EXPERIÊNCIAS BRINCANTES DE CRIANÇAS SOB A ÉGIDE DA PROTEÇÃO INTEGRAL

Este estudo é a respeito de algumas reflexões sobre a infância, em especial das brincadeiras das crianças institucionalizadas. Remete questões sobre institucionalização da infância, o desafio das instituições para implementação de práticas balizadas nas diretrizes do ECA (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente), a percepção de quem são as crianças institucionalizadas, as experiências lúdicas das crianças e as estratégias utilizadas para suportar a separação e a sensação de abandono. Igualmente, partilha a ideia de que as práticas consideradas como próprias das crianças, desde as normas, representações, obrigações e modos de se relacionar com seus pares e adultos, foram notáveis recentemente na Modernidade e quatro fatores são importantes nesse processo de estruturação. O primeiro é a criação da escola pública no final do século XVIII; segundo, a reorganização de família nuclear que aos poucos abarcou as outras formas de agrupamento familiar tais como o clã, a família alargada, poligâmica e outras; terceiro, a produção de um conjunto de saberes institucionalizados, saberes periciais; sobre a criança normal associada a um conjunto de prescrições, de natureza médica, psicológica, pedagógica e comportamental, por último, a administração simbólica da infância com definição, implícita e explícita, de regras de inclusão, interdição, compulsão e reconhecimento das crianças. A infância é reconstruída na Modernidade por meio de dispositivos institucionais, como a escola, a família e a justiça. E, finalmente, algumas reflexões a respeito das brincadeiras e da infância. Historicamente cunhamos uma infância irregular, invisível, frágil a tal ponto que não é capaz até mesmo de brincar, sendo necessária extrema vigilância. Esta infância atravessada por negatividade, de fato não quer ter visibilidade, prefere o anonimato. Entretanto a infância considerada na SI (Sociologia da Infância) requer um olhar diferenciado e transformador. Um olhar atento a suas necessidades e desejos, isso requer um grande desafio dentro da instituiçao, pois pressupõe significativas mudanças nas práticas. Um olhar que busque além do que simplesmente vê, mas que seja capaz de compreender seus sonhos e imaginação. Cumprir plenamente seus direitos com prioridade absoluta.Palavras-chave: Infância; Crianças abrigadas; Brincadeiras; Jogos.

Sobre Corvos e Ornitorrincos: Arbitragem Estrangeira e Internacionalno Direito Brasileiro

ABSTRACT: This article discusses the concepts of international arbitration and foreign award from the perspective of Brazilian Law. Statutory law and doctrinal classifications are used to understand the place reserved to the notion of private international and transnational arbitration in Brazil, as well as to explain the regime of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in the Brazilian statute of arbitration (Lei nº 9.307/1996) and the New York Convention of 1958. The conclusions show that in Brazilian law the categorization of a specific arbitration as international or merely domestic does not produce relevant effects and, on the other hand, the differentiation between foreign and national awards is fundamental to determine the procedural regime of recognition and enforcement.

(Sobre)vivendo nas ruas: habilidades sociais e valores de crianças e adolescentes

As criancas e adolescentes em situacao de rua apresentam valores e expectativas que podem ou nao ser coerentes com suas estrategias de sobrevivencia. Estas estrategias, por sua vez, ocorrem usualmente via interacoes sociais, possivelmente requerendo um elaborado repertorio de habilidades interpessoais. O presente estudo investiga os valores, crencas e habilidades interpessoais junto a vinte e oito meninos nas ruas da cidade de Sao Carlos (SP). As informacoes foram coletadas por meio de conversas informais, entrevistas estruturadas e aplicacao de um inventario de habilidades sociais. No caso deste ultimo, efetuou-se um levantamento de frequencia dos comportamentos que entao apresentados em tabelas. Os demais dados foram submetidos a uma analise de conteudo. Os resultados mostraram que: a) a rua e utilizada como local de trabalho mais do que como moradia; b) as atividades realizadas pelas criancas requerem habilidades interpessoais, sendo mais frequentes aquelas relacionadas a defesa de direitos, negociacao e recusa; e, c) as criancas identificam valores e condutas socialmente valorizados, estabelecendo uma etica propria e apresentando desejos de ascensao social e de superacao da situacao em que se encontram. Discute-se a relacao entre a realidade cotidiana dessa populacao, suas expectativas, valores e habilidades sociais para enfrentar essa realidade e os direitos previstos pelo Estatuto da Crianca e do Adolescente.