Brazilian Public Policies Research Articles

Models of governance in services of digital collections in network: elements for the production of a Brazilian public cultural policy

RESUMO No cenário mundial despontam uma gama de serviços que, além de integrar acervos de diferentes instituições culturais, os colocam à disposição do usuário de forma integrada e acessível, como é o exemplo da Europeana, plataforma que abrange países europeus e possui mais de 3.500 instituições colaboradoras em 39 países e possibilita o acesso a mais de 53 milhões de objetos culturais digitais. No Brasil, as iniciativas existentes se revelam limitadas e isoladas, com baixo alcance e integração entre as instituições. A presente pesquisa busca identificar elementos relativos ao modelo de governança de vinte serviços de acervos em rede, apresentados em estudo técnico da Europeana, procurando destacar seu modo de funcionamento em termos institucionais e de financiamento e apresenta uma visão categórica de seu modelo de gestão, tentando identificar os modelos de governança emergentes do campo empírico da presente pesquisa exploratória. Como resultado foi possível observar alguns modelos que podem auxiliar na elaboração de arranjos que permitam a criação de serviços de acervos digitais integrados sustentáveis para a realidade brasileira.

Housing Movements and Participation in Institutional Spaces

This article sets out to examine the inclusion of social movements in the designing of public policy in Brazil. I situate the Brazilian political and social context in terms of its persistent social inequalities and the inclusion of social movements in policy-making during the course of 2003–2010 (Lula da Silva’s first and second terms as president) and 2011–2014 (Dilma Rousseff’s first term as president). I discuss and explore mechanisms of participatory democracy, and more specifically, I look at the process of integration of civil society in spaces of decision-making related to housing issues. This paper found that, despite some concrete results of implementing greater popular participation, the inclusion of social movements still faces challenges to be effectively included in spaces of decision-making, especially under the current conservative administration.

Analysis of the teaching of homeopathy in pharmacy courses of three High Learning Institutions (IES) in the State of Goiás.

Homeopathy is a medical approach fit to the principles that guide the Brazilian public health policy and agrees with the new paradigm in pharmaceutical education, with the focus on the human condition.Thence the importance of the teaching of homeopathy in pharmacy undergraduate courses. This study aimed to analyze the models for the teaching of homeopathy in three Institutions of Superior Education (IES) in the State of Goiás and to verify its reflection on the level of knowledge on homeopathy expressed by the students. The study programs of the IES were analyzed and questionnaires were applied to students who had already attended homeopathy courses. The results allowed to verify that mistaken ideas on homeopathy were mainly expressed by the students who learned homeopathy as a subtopic of another more general subject. This variability in the models of homeopathy teaching may lead to qualitative diversity in the homeopathic understanding of the pharmacy professionals in the State of Goiás.

Law and Public Policy in Brazil and the United States: A North-South Dialogue

Law and Public Policy in Brazil and the United States: A North-South Dialogue

Adaptação e resiliência de sistemas agrícolas às mudanças climáticas locais e eventos extremos: uma revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Losses in agricultural production, mainly caused by extreme temperature, rainfall and drought, have demanded the adaptation of the Brazilian agriculture to the ongoing climate change. This study aimed to evaluate, through an integrative review, the effects of agricultural practices established by two Brazilian public policies (ABC Plan and Planaveg) on the resilience and adaptation of the country’s agricultural systems, considering the effects on local climate and extreme events. All the Embrapa library collections were used as main sources, and the Google Scholar was used as a secondary source. The search included publications from 1998 to April 2022 and resulted in 334 data, extracted from 51 references, covering at least one factor and one practice. The review showed that the proposed practices may contribute to the resilience and adaptation of the Brazilian agricultural and forestry sectors to climate change in the main production regions. Studies have indicated that the incorporation of the arboreal component into production systems may provide an environment more resilient to droughts, increased air humidity, reduced temperature impact and reduced fire risks, among other benefits. The adoption of the ABC Plan and Planaveg practices by the agricultural sector is an option feasible, strategic and well-aligned with a low-carbon economy, while it increases the resilience to present and future climate change impacts.

Produção e socialização de conhecimentos sobre Educação do Campo: reflexões sobre o Projeto de Extensão Inforcampo

Produção e socialização de conhecimentos sobre Educação do Campo: reflexões sobre o Projeto de Extensão Inforcampo

Neonatal Hearing Screening: protocols, obstacles and perspectives of speech therapists in Brazil - 10 years of Brazilian Federal Law 12,303/2010.

This study aims to know the current scenario of speech audiology therapy activities at NHS in Brazil, identifying its obstacles and perspectives, as well as verifying the adequacy of national NHS Programs to the pre-established quality indicators. Analytical observational study, carried out with speech therapists in the exercise of NHS in Brazil, between August 2018 and August 2019, through a structured online questionnaire. Descriptive and correlational analyzes of the data were performed using the SPSS version 22.0 program. The effective practice of NHS was not entirely consistent with official protocols. 48.5% of speech therapists stated that NHS interruption at some point in the workplace, especially due to the need to repair the equipment (64.7%). As for the flow records and care-related data, which include quality indicators there was greater control over the total number of neonates who underwent NHS (87.9%) and less control over false-positive results (21.2%). 81.8% of speech-language-hearing therapists said they were available to use a system for recording and controlling NHS data. Although professionals' practices are generally consistent with official protocols, the non-linearity of the process and the lack of data control are important obstacles to the quality of NHS services. Most of the national NHS programs presented do not meet the pre-established quality indicators. It is considered that the computerization of records can benefit professionals and enhance the implementation of NHS provided for in Brazilian laws and public policies.

The WHO Directions on COVID-19 and Brazilian Health Public Policies: An Analysis from the Political Sociology of Public Action

The paper first describes a brief history of the World Health Organization and its public actions during the last decades. Then, it describes its organizational structure and its roles in global health governance. It also emphasizes some global WHO actions in this field. The objective is to show the WHO actions as part of the referential analysis of public policies, according to Jobert and Muller (1987). We then present the referential theory and describe how it helps us understand international organizations’ influence in maintaining or changing specific paradigms in public policy. Afterward, we provide a brief history of Brazil’s actions during the SARS H1N1 pandemic to illustrate how the WHO guidelines and the International Health Regulations have served as a paradigm for Brazilian public policy in this area. Then, we demonstrate that by not following the WHO recommendations to combat the pandemic, the Brazilian government generates a conflict of references expressed both in the clash between the central government and the Ministry of Health and in a federative clash opposing national and regional governments.

Public policies for audiovisual preservation in Brazil and the Cinemateca Brasileira crisis

Considering the Brazilian public policies for culture, we reviewed laws from 1940’s until 2019 to understand public policies for audiovisual preservation. The very few findings in laws and academic literature have confirmed our main argument that there are policies for the heritage sector but what does not exist is an intersection between audiovisual and heritage to result in an audiovisual preservation public policy. Bearing that in mind, we also studied the Cinemateca Brasileira as a core institution to the audiovisual field. It became a federal institution in 1984 and went through various crisis, until its shut down in January 2020.

PESQUISAS SOBRE IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE POLÍTICAS EDUCACIONAIS NO BRASIL: UM ESTADO DO CONHECIMENTO

ABSTRACT: We present the data of a state of knowledge review study over research on the implementation of educational policies and programs published in Brazilian Public Policy journals. Two questions conducted the particular goals of this analysis: whether educational policies and programs have been represented as research objects in studies of implementation in the field of Public Policies and what the main approaches are used by researchers in the area during these investigations. This is a documentary and bibliographic work, comprising a survey of articles published in national journals qualified in the A1 class of Qualis Periodicals (Capes) in the areas of Political Science, Sociology, and Public Administration. The main results indicate that, although still poorly studied, when compared to policies in the area of health and social assistance, the implementation of educational policies and programs has grown among the objects of research in the field of Public Policies. Results also indicate two inclinations among these studies: those that are produced while tied to theoretical and conceptual references in the field of Public Policy and others that do not present interaction with this field, from the theoretical-conceptual point of view.

Public foment for innovation in artificial intelligence: an assessment based on technological data from patents

This paper aims to study the Brazilian public policy for fomenting innovation in Artificial Intelligence (AI), presenting the initial premise (hypothesis), to be inductively tested, that its greatest challenge is related to the endogenization or internalization of the processes of development and production of AI-related technologies in the country. To this end, we analyze data from the patenting of these technologies in Brazil, the most widely used indicator to measure national technological innovation, contrasting them with international data. Considering the diversity of formats that such public policies can take, this work reveals its importance, since it provides an accurate diagnosis of the reality in the AI segment in Brazil, a fundamental subsidy for the formulation of efficient planning.

Effects of population mobility on the COVID-19 spread in Brazil.

This article proposes a study of the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread and the efficacy of public policies in Brazil. Using both aggregated (from large Internet companies) and fine-grained (from Departments of Motor Vehicles) mobility data sources, our work sheds light on the effect of mobility on the pandemic situation in the Brazilian territory. Our main contribution is to show how mobility data, particularly fine-grained ones, can offer valuable insights into virus propagation. For this, we propose a modification in the SENUR model to add mobility information, evaluating different data availability scenarios (different information granularities), and finally, we carry out simulations to evaluate possible public policies. In particular, we conduct a case study that shows, through simulations of hypothetical scenarios, that the contagion curve in several Brazilian cities could have been milder if the government had imposed mobility restrictions soon after reporting the first case. Our results also show that if the government had not taken any action and the only safety measure taken was the population's voluntary isolation (out of fear), the time until the contagion peak for the first wave would have been postponed, but its value would more than double.

Effectiveness of a school-based substance use prevention program taught by police officers in Brazil: Two cluster randomized controlled trials of the PROERD

The Drug and Violence Resistance Educational Program (PROERD) is widely disseminated and implemented as a public policy in Brazil. PROERD's current curricula are the translation of the North American program DARE-Keepin'it REAL, based on the theories of socio-emotional learning and resistance training. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of PROERD in the prevention of drug use. Two PROERD curricula were analyzed through two cluster randomized controlled trials conducted with 4030 students (1727 5th graders and 2303 7th graders) in 30 public schools in São Paulo. The intervention group received ten PROERD classes delivered by trained police officers, and the control group received no intervention. Data collection was performed using self-administered questionnaires on smartphones at two points in time (baseline pre-intervention and nine months follow-up). The outcomes evaluated were initiation and recent drug use. Two different paradigms were used in a multilevel analysis: an analysis of complete cases (CC) and an intention to treat missing data through full information maximum likelihood and selection model. We found no evidence of the effectiveness of PROERD as an intervention for the prevention of drug use. For the conditional transition analysis, we found that 7th graders in the PROERD group who were already binge drinking at baseline had a significantly higher chance of maintaining this consumption pattern when compared to the control group. The lack of preventive effects found here suggests that a process evaluation may address concrete implementation and cultural adaptation issues.

Socioeconomic and Gender Inequalities in Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Access to Public Policies in Brazil From 2013 to 2019.

This study aims to describe changes in gender and wealth inequalities in leisure-time physical activity (PA) of Brazilians during a 6-year interval. It also aims to evaluate inequalities regarding PA public programs awareness, participation, and access to public spaces for PA. Data from 2 population-based surveys conducted in 2013 and 2019 were used. Leisure-time PA prevalence was assessed considering those reporting ≥150minutes per week. The authors evaluated gender inequalities calculating differences and ratios, and wealth inequalities using the slope index of inequality and the concentration index- assessing changes over time. National levels of leisure-time PA increased from 2013 to 2019, and an increase in inequalities was observed; women and the poorest groups still presented lower prevalence. A decline in socioeconomic inequalities was observed from 2013 to 2019 regarding the availability of public spaces and awareness about public programs. However, outcomes remained more common among the richest group. Inequalities did not vary for participation in public programs. Although leisure-time PA increased from 2013 to 2019 at a national level, there were no improvements in gender inequalities, and wealth inequalities worsened over time. Indicators of public strategies for PA increased for the population, but inequalities remain.

The quality of research on judicialization and its influence on public policies on access to medicines in Brazil: a systematic review.

Patients without access to medicines often resort to the judicial system. However, no systematic review has discussed the quality of studies and the factors that may influence the access to medicines from judicialization. This study aimed to characterize the quality of research on access to judicialized medicines and their influence on public policies in Brazil. A search was conducted in the LILACS, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using the terms "judicialization" and "medication". Two reviewers identified articles that met the inclusion criteria. Only studies written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish published from 1990 to 2018 were included. The study selection resulted in a final sample of 45 articles. The retrospective descriptive design was the most common methods, based on reports and lawsuits. A high level of heterogeneity among the studies hindered the comparison and generation of evidence capable of supporting judges' decisions based on technical-scientific criteria. This review showed that studies were heterogeneous and had low methodological quality. Moreover, they did not propose viable solutions for health managers and formulators to face the problem.

Analysis of gaps in alcohol policies in Brazil using the Pan American Health Organization's Alcohol Policy Scoring.

National alcohol policies need to be systematized and evaluated to identify the gaps that should be filled by future laws. This study aims to search for and classify Brazilian public alcohol policies at the federal and state levels, based on the ten Alcohol Policy Scoring (APS) domains used by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), to identify any gaps METHODS: Documental research was carried out in two phases: document identification and content analysis. The search included laws, decrees, and ordinances for alcohol referred to in this text as regulatory documents (RD), enacted until December 31, 2019, in Brazil and its 26 states and the Federal District. The APS was used to classify and score the RD, which consists of ten policy domains (including pricing, availability, marketing, and health services), weighted according to the level of scientific evidence of each strategy RESULTS: We identified and categorized 435 valid RD (21 national laws and 414 state laws). Overall, Brazilian alcohol policies account for 51.6% (255/494) of the APS score. In the pricing policy domain, the second most robust indicator of the APS, the policy gap reached 87% in 25 states, demonstrating a weakness. Only the federal laws against drink-driving include all the recommended dimensions. There are important legislative contradictions in the definition of an alcoholic beverage and in the content of the policies to control marketing CONCLUSION: At the national level, the federal government adopted alcohol policies in several of the PAHO policy domains but enacted RD with little practical effect. At the subnational level, despite the autonomy to complement federal laws, the states have not yet addressed the most important gaps.

Neo-Traditional Medicines: Ethnographic Contributions to Conceptual Definition.

Since the end of 1970, the World Health Organization has encouraged the development of public policies that expand the approach to care and the therapeutic possibilities offered by its member states beyond technoscientific health care. In Brazil, the institutionalization of this approach is related to the promotion of popular and traditional knowledge associated with the usage of medicinal plants. With this convergence as an argumentative horizon, in this ethnography we examine the institutionalization of pharmaceutical services that have become known in Brazilian public health policy as living pharmacies. This term has been mobilized throughout the history of phytotherapy in Brazil and refers to the possibility of instituting the use of medications that expand care approaches and problem resolution possibilities beyond the domain of the biomedical sciences, evoking alliances with so-called traditional and popular knowledge and practices. For this, we propose and discuss the concept of neo-traditional medicines as a comprehensive-interpretative category, verifying the approximation and distancing points assigned to it in contemporaneous anthropological literature. Beyond the domain of science over other fields of knowledge, we argue in favour of this category in order to present new arrangements and social dynamics that define Brazil's medication policies.

Reproductive health and rights, and public policies in Brazil: revisiting challenges during covid-19 pandemics

ABSTRACT We revisit the debates on reproductive health and rights (RHR) and public policies in Brazil, with focus on contraception, abortion and maternity care. These were part of a broader political agenda for re-democratisation, and for health sector reform, with the creation of the Women’s Integral Health Program (PAISM) in 1983, and of the Universal Health System (SUS) in 1988. The momentum created by ICPD in Cairo (1994) was essential to institutionalise the language of RHR. Not without resistance and organised activism, recent years of right-wing governments brought a disinvestment in most public policies for women’s rights. Some components of the RHR agenda are more mainstreamed, such as fertility regulation, especially hormonal and long term-methods. The limited legal rights to abortion are poorly institutionalised and constantly threatened. Maternal care tends to be highly medicalised and frequently abusive. The covid-19 pandemic accelerated social and public health disruption. The article addresses notions such as reproductive justice and institutional violence, present in the early days of women’s health movement, in order to highlight important premises that were diluted in the debate on reproductive rights and autonomy. The historical analysis of how these concepts evolved locally and globally can allow a better understanding of present challenges.

The contribution of school meals to food security among households with children and adolescents in Brazil

ObjectivesThis study aimed to analyze the relationship between food insecurity and school meal consumption, adjusted for sociodemographic variables. MethodsThis cross-sectional study investigated households with children and adolescents living in Brazilian municipalities. A semistructured survey was administered to parents/guardians at a parent–teacher meeting to assess their socioeconomic conditions and access to food, using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale to classify households as having food security or mild, moderate, or severe food insecurity. Parents and students were asked about the frequency of their consumption of school meals offered by the Brazilian School Food Program, which is one of the largest public policies in Brazil and offers free meals to all students in all public schools. Multinomial regression was performed to assess the relationship between food security and frequency of school meal consumption. ResultsA total of 1705 students participated in the study, most of whom displayed some degree of food insecurity (56.5%) per the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Regular consumption of school meals (>3 times/wk) was reported by 78.5% of students. Regarding the frequency of school meal consumption adjusted by sociodemographic variables, students from households with food insecurity (moderate or severe) were more likely to regularly consume school meals. The prevalence of households with moderate or severe food insecurity was twice as high as for those who lived in households with food security after adjusting for sociodemographic variables (odds ratio: 2.35; 95% confidence interval 1.53–3.61). ConclusionsThe Brazilian School Food Program has contributed greatly to food security. Although the guarantee of universality is essential for the program to reach all school children who are experiencing food insecurity, the program should also aim for greater equity.

Política de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural no Brasil: um caso de desmantelamento?

In the context of the dismantling of rural development public policies in Brazil, the article analyses the recent trajectory of the National Policy for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (PNATER) to consider if the theorical notion of dismantling is adequate in this case. This study used a methodology based on the systematic analysis of news, official documents, and legal texts to characterize the proposal of the Ministry of Agriculture for rural extension policy post-2018. This allowed us to conclude that the case under study involves a political reform informed by conservative reframing. The analysis highlights the complexity, contradictions, and conservative nature of the changes underway, indicating future concerns about equity and sustainability agendas.