Brazilian Football Research Articles

Practice of corporate governance in football clubs

The objective of this article was to measure the level of adherence of the practices of corporate governance in Brazilian football clubs. The adoption of good practices of corporate governance has its purpose to guide the model of management of clubs and to increase the capacity of aggregation of value to football business, decreasing the expropriation of wealth of its shareholders and guaranteeing the professionalisation of the club's management. The model of corporate governance is based on the agency theory (contracts theory), which has subsidised the construction of an index (IGCCF) for evaluation of the practices of corporate governance adopted in the Brazilian football clubs. In the analysis, we used statutes, accounting statements and websites. The research comprises a sample of 27 Brazilian clubs that corresponds about 134,200 million of fans. The results confirm the chaotic scene of the management model adopted by Brazilian clubs. The biggest governance index did not exceed 49.1% of the total score. The national average is 28% of the total score and the worst was of 13%. To evaluate the conceptual adherence of the corporate governance index of the football clubs (IGCCF), we applied the model in a European club. The result was 60% of the total score.

Biomarker evidence for recent turf cultivation in Northeast Brazil (Lagoa do Boqueirão, RN State)

The first meter of sediment in Lagoa do Boqueirão [Rio Grande do Norte State (RN), Brazil] is characterized by low sedimentation rates over the period 1000 BC–1500 AD and a high sedimentation rate in the top 20 cm, corresponding to the last 10 years. Several pentacyclic triterpene methyl ethers (PTMEs) such as taraxer-14-en-3α-ol ME (crusgallin) and arbor-9(11)-en-3β-ol ME (cylindrin) occur in all the samples selected. The major change in sedimentation rate recorded at 20 cm is accompanied by a change in PTME concentration and distribution. Sediments deposited during the period 1000 BC–1500 AD contain PTMEs in low concentration (1.3 μg/g sed.), which could constitute a geochemical background of the grass that naturally developed in the catchment. High PTME concentrations occur during the period 1996–2000. These result mainly from high concentrations of a compound tentatively assigned as arbor-8-en-3βol ME, a potential diagenetic derivative of cylindrin. The increase corresponds to the beginning of intensive cultivation of Cynodon dactylon and Zoysia japonica (arundoin and cylindrin producers), for the production of turf to cover Brazilian football stadiums and golf practices. The results constitute a novel application of PTMEs to reconstruct land-use changes from lake sediment archives.

Evidenciação e desempenho em organizações desportivas: um estudo empírico sobre clubes de futebol

In Brazil several football clubs of centennial tradition cannot manage to accomplish their financial duties. It seems that an overall reform in Brazilian football's business model is urgently needed. When business models are reformed, governance formats must be altered correspondingly. This paper intends to illustrate that corporate transparency may be required from those new business models without clubs being deprived from neither efficiency nor effectiveness. With the help of financial statements data relating to a convenience sample of clubs, disclosure indicators are first defined and measured, and then correlated to some performance indicators. The null hypothesis of no correlation between disclosure and performance was tested via rank correlation. Findings indicate that the more disclosure a club chooses to provide, the better their performance, both in the national championship and in financial terms. It may be suggested that corporate transparency is compatible with modernization and with open governance models for football clubs.

The experience of migration for Brazilian football players

The purpose of this paper is to show how the phenomenon of migration in sports is affecting Brazilian football players. This paper aims to provide a theoretical and empirical analysis of the migration experience for those players and address how they construct a hybrid and ambiguous identity about themselves and their “family”. Discourses on the experience of migration are fraught with cultural and political anxieties. The classic reactionary position of middle-class Western societies, where ‘white’ is assumed to be the norm, is to agonize over how black people can be assimilated or accommodated; how they can bring economic impetus but not tempt the racist response. Academic studies do not necessarily repeat this fretful construction, but instead focus critical insight upon the struggles of the migrant. We argue the stereotyped versions of Brazilian football players, combined with the structural opportunities, can be seen as a good contrast with other forms of sport migration.

Brazilian Football

This article aims to identify variables that influence public attendance at football matches in Brazil, and how these variables affect decision management. Deriving a demand curve for public attendance at football stadiums in the Brazilian Football League, this article highlights four main explicative variables: stadium infrastructure, team performance, expected quality, and uncertainty. Data from over 1,800 matches are presented in an econometric model, using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and in panel data form. The results reflect a series of variables that influence attendance, such as ticket price and local derbies, and the role of promotional strategies in distributing tickets is revealed.

O dom de jogar bola

Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar como a categoria dom e seus significados interagem com a construção sociocultural do fenômeno futebol. A categoria foi trabalhada a partir da sua relação com a magia e a fé, necessárias num ambiente tão supersticioso como o do futebol brasileiro. A validação do dom enquanto objeto imperativo à compreensão dos êxitos e fracassos no futebol é algo compartilhado não só pelos jogadores, como também pela imprensa esportiva e pelos torcedores. A eficácia simbólica do dom é validada em ato mágico ao ser compartilhada e aceita por seus próprios criadores e consumidores, a ponto de transformar o rico contexto de aprendizado para o futebol, vivido no Brasil, em um simples golpe da sorte: nascer ou não com o dom.

A multi‐agent framework to build integer programming applications to playoff elimination in sports tournaments

AbstractThis work describes a multi‐agent framework for developing autonomous applications of integer programming to playoff qualification and elimination problems in sports tournaments. These applications involve collecting results from several sources, processing them, and publishing a report on the situation of each team taking part in the competition, regarding qualification and elimination statistics. An instance of this framework was created to follow the Brazilian national football tournament, showing very good results in practice in terms of ease of use; speed of update, processing and publication; and attractiveness to the users.

Quality control: Cell and the city

In this paper, we use DEA to measure the Brazilian football teams efficiency in the season 2014. In this context, each team is a DMU, where we select three inputs: the number of home matches, the average attendance and the average points obtained at the last four seasons. The total points obtained at the season 2014 is the output. We evaluate the teams cross-efficiency by DEA game, which is an approach suitable when there is no cooperation among DMUs. This procedure also improves the efficiencies discrimination.

Italian Immigrants, Brazilian Football, and the Dilemma of National Identity

AbstractThis article considers the cultural adjustment of immigrants to Brazil through an analysis of the role that association football (soccer) played in identity formation in twentieth-century São Paulo. It focuses on the city's large Italian population, in particular the experiences of a leading club, the Società Sportiva Palestra Itália, and of the first generation of Brazilian footballers who migrated abroad in order to play football professionally, many of whom were Paulistas of Italian descent. It demonstrates that through football Italians obtained agency in negotiating the process by which they became Brazilian and found a means by which to preserve a sense of discrete ethnicity within São Paulo's multiethnic community.

"Empresarização" e controle: o caso do Figueirense Futebol Clube

Este artigo analisa como o processo de "empresarização" no Figueirense Futebol Clube (SC) influencia seus mecanismos de controle organizacional. Aqui, entende-se "empresarização" como o processo pelo qual uma organização adota características e traços típicos de organizações empresariais. O artigo caracteriza-se como descritivo-interpretativo, e a escolha desse clube deu-se de modo intencional e não probabilistico, porque reúne características que permitem situá-lo como caso ilustrativo das questões que permeiam este estudo e dada a sua representatividade no atual cenário futebolístico brasileiro. Neste estudo se percebeu que o clube de futebol tem modificado seus mecanismos de gestão e de controle, adaptando-se aos elementos caracterizadores da expansão da lógica de mercado presentes no ambiente. A perda da dimensão substantiva de atividades como o futebol é a preocupação de fundo que perpassa este artigo. Este questiona sobre o que irá substituir as práticas desportivas e também a cultura e o ócio na cimentação social dos indivíduos, bem como seus laços de pertença e a sua identidade cultural.

Our Piece of the Pie: Brazilian Football and Globalization

Although Brazil continues to occupy a pivotal place in the contemporary football world, domestic football in Brazil has to negotiate with the new football world order dominated by club football of Europe, especially England, Spain and Italy. A process of transformation and destabilization within Brazilian football has already set in. Football in Brazil has been trying to cope with the pressure of commercialization and mediatization for quite some time now. The objective of this essay is to demonstrate the profound impact of globalization, which has only served to intensify the existing contradictions within Brazilian football.

O futebol no Brasil: reflexões sociológicas

Football in Brazil is seen as the major expression of «crowds' culture» and of the social symbolic system. Considerations about Brazilian football's history are presented here as a chapter of social struggles to obtain democracy and social integration in the country. PALAVRAS-CHAVE : Brasil, Futebol, Cultura popular, Identidade, Politica. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.52 on Fri, 21 Oct 2016 04:41:57 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

A Transnational View

A Transnational View

A mercantilização do futebol brasileiro: instrumentos, avanços e resistências

Como fenômeno social, o futebol esteve fundamentalmente subordinado à lógica substantiva assentada em valores e tradições. Entretanto, a atratividade do esporte como gerador de riqueza passou a ser alvo de investimentos e uma fonte de negócios. A partir do momento em que a lógica de mercado se faz presente nas organizações esportivas, ocorre a inserção e a adoção de elementos do universo empresarial na administração dessas organizações. Conceitos e práticas empresariais passam então a vigorar, modificando o discurso de seus dirigentes, bem como as bases de sua legitimação no seu contexto específico. Assim, a ascensão de uma nova lógica de referência traz consigo novos atores, novos procedimentos e categorias antes exclusivas do ambiente das organizações empresariais, como mercadoria, clientela, eficiência, resultado e competitividade. Submetidos à lógica de mercado, os jogadores transformam-se em mercadoria; os torcedores, em consumidores; o jogo, em um ativo financeiro, e o futebol é visto como um grande negócio. As relações centram-se na impessoalidade, são criadas e desenvolvidas estratégias de controle que asseguram o alcance dos objetivos e ações mercantis modernizantes; e a gestão legítima é a que se dá sob os moldes empresariais, e não mais de forma amadora. Este estudo contribui para a discussão sobre o cenário de mudança social que abrange não só as organizações esportivas, mas também a arte, o cinema e até os espaços públicos, numa tentativa de proporcionar reflexões futuras.

An application of integer programming to playoff elimination in football championships

AbstractFootball is the most followed and practiced sport in Brazil, with a major economic importance. Thousands of jobs depend directly on the activity of the football teams. The Brazilian national football championship is followed by millions of people, who attend the games in the stadiums, follow radio and TV transmissions, and check newspapers, radio, TV, and, more recently, the Internet in search of information about the performance and chances of their favorite teams. Teams which do not qualify for the playoffs lose a lot of money and are even forced to dismantle their structure. We comment and compare the complexity of playoff elimination in football and baseball championships. We present two integer‐programming models which are able to detect in advance when a team has already qualified for or been eliminated from the playoffs. Results from these models can be used not only to guide teams and fans, but are also very useful to identify and correct wrong statements made by the press and team administrators. The application and the use of both models in the context of the 2002 edition of the Brazilian national football championship are discussed.

Women's football in Brazil: Progress and problems

Football is a male sport in Brazil. Small wonder as women were forbidden to play football by law until 1975. Federal Club, the first official women's team was established only in 1977. Women's football progressed rapidly in the early 1980s due to support from big companies, such as Coppertone, Pernambucanas, Cinzano and Unibanco. Radar Club, the most famous women's soccer club, was created in 1982. Unfortunately, during the championships of 1984, fighting broke out between Radar and Bangu. The media and educational authorities used this to attack women's participation in football and financial support from big companies was withdrawn. However, Brazilian women continued to play football and not without international success. The Brazilian women's team obtained third place at the International Women's Football Championships in 1988, first place at the First Women's Football World Championships in 1991 and fourth place at the Atlanta Olympics in 1996. This study will consider the progress of Brazilian women's football against a background of national discouragement, covert and overt resistance and gender prejudice.

Níveis de aptidão física e perfil antropométrico dos árbitros de elite do Paraná credenciados pela Confederação Brasileira de Futebol (CBF)

Fitness levels and anthropometric profile of elite referees of Parana certified by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of physical fitness and body composition of elite referees from the Football Federation of Parana (FPF). Sample size comprises 16 referees from the FPF, all males, that belong to the national board (certified by the Brazilian Football Confederation). Fitness evaluation was applied during the 2000 Soccer Season. Mean age was 34.5±4.8 years, height was 177.8±7.4 cm, and body weight was 78.7±8.0 kg. The FIFA’s standardized test battery includes the following tests: a 50 meters and a 200 meters running test and the Cooper test. To assess body composition we measured skinfolds (subscapular, triceps, biceps, pectoral, medium axillary, abdomen, suprailiac, thigh and calf), girths (forearm, contracted arm, relaxed arm, thorax, abdomen, hip, thigh, mid-thigh and calf) and breadths (biacromial, biiliocristal, biepicondylar humerus and maleolar) (17,18,19). From anthropometrical variables, body density was determined according to Jackson and Pollock’s (20) equation and the fat percentual using Siri’s (21) equation. Fat weight (PG) was calculated multiplying the body mass (MC) by the fraction of fat percentual (% G), PG=MC(%G/100). Bone weight (PO) and residual

The Crisis of Brazilian Football: Perspectives for the Twenty-First Century

The Crisis of Brazilian Football: Perspectives for the Twenty-First Century

The independence of brazilian antidoping as to the ties between the State and sports federations

The anti-doping globalization and harmonization processes, led mainly by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), produced a series of interested institutions, which, according to the actors, must act independently, especially from national states and sports federations. In Brazil, however, the Brazilian Doping Control Authority (ABCD) was created in 2009 as a secretariat of the Ministry of Sports. The objective of this paper was to analyze how the actors associate and sustain a discourse of independence in the Brazilian anti-doping fight. Based on an ethnographic insertion, which included interviews and documentary analysis, this study describes, in the ways of pragmatic sociology and with the use of the Eliasian concept of interdependence, the approximations of the national anti-doping agency, especially with government actors as well as with Brazilian football federation. In this sense, we use the concepts of interdependence and harmonization to analyze associations and, thus, we reflect on the discourse of independence when presenting interests in associations between actors.

Artificial intelligence techniques applied to predict teams position of the Brazilian football championship

This study presents a classifier prediction in groups for the Brazilian Football Championship of both A and B leagues, from the results of the first half of each championship. With assertive predictions of the group where a team will end the championship, strategic planning can be performed in the squad, such as new hiring, specific training for athletes, and possible championships that the team will be entitled to participate in according to the group classification. In order to find the predictions, two techniques of artificial intelligence were applied: Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), which is a type of artificial neural network, and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Preliminary results show that the proposed methodology is very promising, with more than 40% successful cases with MLP and almost 50% with SVM. Moreover, results indicate that the methodology is able to make a reasonable prediction by missing one group of the true group at the end of the championship. The SVM technique was slightly better than MLP. A post-processing analysis of the SVM results was applied to the 2018 A league data from the Brazilian championship, resulting in 85% success indicator of groups.