Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Research Articles

Analysis of Brazilian wine competitiveness

The objective of this work was to evaluate Brazilian wine competitiveness in domestic market in relation to imported wines marketed in Brazil. The work is based on quantitative sources provided by different institutions: International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV), Brazilian Union of Viticulture (UVIBRA), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply (MAPA) and Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). The data referring to marketing of Brazilian and imported wines refer to the period from 1993 to 2016; and for sparkling wines data refer to the period from 1998 to 2016. During the periods evaluated, there was a 73.86% increase in wine sales and a 446% increase in sparkling wines sale; however, when we compared the volume of Brazilian wines and Brazilian sparkling wines sold, there was a reduction of 38% in the marketing of these wines, while sparkling wines commercialization recorded an increase of 518% in the volume sold. Regarding the volume of imported products, there was an increase of 737% in imported wines marketing, and an increase of 275% in imported sparkling wines marketing. In 1993, only 19.3% of imported wines were sold in relation to the total volume marketed. As of 2016, imported wines accounted for 82.1% of the volume of wines sold in Brazil. For sparkling wines, there was an inverse situation, with a reduction in the marketing of imported sparkling wines in relation to the total sold, since in 1998 imported sparkling wine accounted for 29% of Brazilian sparkling wine market and in 2016 this percentage dropped to 18.2%. It is concluded that sparkling wines are the products with greatest potential of Brazilian wine market. While still wines presents low competitiveness in relation to imported wines, being necessary to create market strategies that propitiate a greater acceptance of Brazilian wines, besides fiscal incentives to the grape producers and winemakers, reducing production costs, resulting in a lower price paid by final consumer.

Harvest-Expedition on Protected Cultivation: characterization and prospective study of the challenges and solutions associated with the protected cultivation of vegetable crops

ABSTRACT Farmers and the rural extension service in Planaltina, in the Federal District, an important pole of tomato and sweet pepper production in the Brazilian Midwest region, have been observing decreases in yield in protected cultivation lately. Yields are getting back to those registered in initial years of the system’s implementation in the region. Besides, prices paid to farmers dropped due to the retreat in fruit and vegetable consumption by Brazilians registered since 2015, triggering a crisis in the region. The so-called “Harvest-Expedition on Protected Cultivation” brought together Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation), Emater-DF (Federal District Agency for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension) and SEAGRI-DF (State Secretariat for Agriculture, Food Supply, and Rural Development) to contribute on identifying and possibly finding solutions to the bottlenecks related to the technological and behavioral challenges likely to be causing yield drops and, consequently, reductions in farmers’ incomes. We carried out semi-structured interviews in April 2017 with all 127 producers who adopt protected cultivation in the region to profile them, as well as to characterize their properties, protected cultivation structures, and crop management, especially for tomato and sweet pepper. Agriculture is eminently family-based in the region and pressure over yield comes mainly from the continuous increase in the incidence of pests and diseases, strengthened by the low level of implementation of good agricultural and management practices. Despite the current adverse scenario, collaborative and multidisciplinary work in the region, bringing together organized farmers and the institutions involved in this survey, could revert the situation.

SEED, SEEDLING AND FRUIT MORPHOLOGY AND SEED GERMINATION OF Psidium sobralianum PLANTS OF THE SÃO FRANCISCO VALLEY, BRAZIL

ABSTRACT The Northeast region of Brazil has the second highest number of species of the Myrtaceae family. It is mostly covered by the Caatinga biome, which is very degraded, making it difficult to preserve species of this family. Thus, the objective of this work was to describe the seed, seedling, and fruit morphology, and seed germination of Psidium sobralianum Landrum & Proença plants of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil. The fruits were collected in an area of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Semiarid), in Petrolina PE, Brazil. The evaluations consisted of determinations of fruit shape, consistency, and number of seeds; seed form, cotyledons, hilum, hypocotyl-radicle axis, and embryo type; epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp, and seed staining; longitudinal, transversal, and ventral diameters of fruits and seeds; fruit, pulp, and seed fresh and dry masses; germination test; first count of germinated seeds; germination speed index; shoot and root lengths; shoot and root fresh and dry masses; and imbibition test. Psidium sobralianum has polyspermic, berry fruits, subclassified as solanidium, with persistent sepals and globular shape, consisting of epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp and seeds. The fruits have green with orange epicarp, pale-green mesocarp, and white endocarp. The seeds have a pilose and bony aspect, a pimentoid type of embryo, foliaceous cotyledons, presence of operculum and hilum, and pale-yellow tegument. The germination is epigeal phanerocotiledonar, with root protrusion from 26 days after sowing (DAS); it presents a short, glabrous, thick radicle, and a rounded, pale-green apex. The germination is slow, probably due to the mechanical barrier of the tegument, and stabilizes at 90 DAS.

Do Data Support Claims That Brazil Leads the World in Environmental Preservation?

Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation) is the most important Brazilian agricultural research institute and has recently published a study on the preservation status of forest fragments in more than 5 million rural properties. The authors concluded that no institution, public authority or professional category helps more in preserving Brazilian biomes than farmers (Miranda et al. 2017). The aim of the current paper is to demonstrate that these conclusions are hasty and that the real Brazilian flora preservation status in rural properties remains unknown.

Embrapa Network for Brazilian Plant Genetic Resources Conservation.

Brazil is one of the most biodiverse countries on Earth, holding ∼10% of the world's vascular plant species. Despite that, Brazilian agriculture is highly dependent on genetic resources originating from other countries. Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation) is the governmental institution that, since 1973, has been responsible for the introduction and conservation of genetic resources in Brazil. In this article, we report on the experiences that Embrapa has faced over the past 45 years to build and improve a national network for the preservation of plant genetic resources under the coordination of Embrapa Genetic Resources & Biotechnology (CENARGEN), one of the 42 Embrapa decentralized units. The first network-based model, RENARGEN, initiated in 2003, was followed by the National Platform for Genetic Resources (Platform RG) in 2009; and from 2014 until today Embrapa manages the conservation of genetic resources through Portfolio REGEN, in which the plant component is called Plant Genetic Resources Network (RGV). This network covers activities of enrichment, conservation, characterization, and documentation of genebanks. Embrapa's plant genetic resources are conserved in active genebanks (AGs), in long-term seed bank (Colbase), and in vitro and DNA banks. In situ and on-farm conservation are also handled at Embrapa to complement and reinforce ex situ conservation. The latest survey reveals that Embrapa has 134 AGs with ∼150,000 accessions of 1130 plant species, 123,000 accessions of 735 species within Colbase, 1250 in vitro accessions, and 12,000 DNA samples. At least 65% of this collection is documented and available to the public in the Embrapa Alelo system, which also handles quarantine, germplasm exchange, and herbarium data. By the end of 2018, the public Alelo data will be automatically migrated to the Genesys system. In the last 40 years, ∼650,000 accessions have been exchanged by Embrapa, with 70% of them imported from other countries.

Assessing the progress of plant breeding programs

Assessing the progress of plant breeding programs

PRODUTIVIDADE E QUALIDADE FISIOLÓGICA DE SEMENTES DE CULTIVARES DE TRIGO EM DIFERENTES DENSIDADES DE SEMEADURA

Determination of optimum wheat sowing density, adequate to the genotype and the environment, is essential to avoid lodging and competition between plants, which can reduce seed productivity and quality. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seeding density (in cultivars BRS Sabiá e BRS Gralha-Azul) on productivity and physiological quality of seeds of two wheat cultivars. The seeds were produced in the experimental field of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, in Londrina-PR, at the National Center for Soy Research (Embrapa Soja) in experimental design of randomized blocks in a 2x4 factorial scheme, with four replications. The following evaluations were performed: seed productivity, thousand seeds mass, first count of germination, germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, accelerated aging, seedling emergence in sand and emergency speed index. In general, the increase in seed density increases seed production and does not alter germination and emergence of seedlings of both cultivars. The cultivar BRS Gralha-Azul proved to be more productive than BRS Sabiá. The increase in seeding density increases seed vigor for BRS Sabiá cultivar and reduces to BRS Gralha-Azul cultivar.

Drying kinetics of crushed mass of ‘jambu’: Effective diffusivity and activation energy

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper was to analyze the drying kinetics, test the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Schwarz’s Bayesian information criterion (BIC) in the selection of models, determine the effective diffusivity and activation energy of the crushed mass of ‘jambu’ leaves for different conditions of temperature and layer thicknesses. The experiment was carried out at the Food Laboratory of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) in Macapá-AP. Drying was carried out in air circulation oven with speed of 1.0 m s-1 at various temperatures (60, 70 and 80 ºC) and layer thicknesses (0.005 and 0.010 m). The experimental data were fitted to 11 mathematical models. Coefficient of determination (R2), mean relative error (P), mean estimated error (SE), Chi-square test (χ2), AIC and BIC were the selection criteria for the models. For the effective diffusivity, the Fick’s diffusion model was used considering the flat plate geometry. It was found that Midilli and Logarithmic models showed the best fit to the experimental data of drying kinetics. Effective diffusion coefficient increases with increment in the thickness of the material and with the temperature elevation. Activation energy of the material was of 16.61 kJ mol-1 for the thickness of 0.005 m, and 16.97 kJ mol-1 for the thickness of 0.010 m. AIC and BIC can be additionally included to select models of drying.

Molecular markers as a tool for germplasm acquisition to enhance the genetic diversity of a Napier grass (<i>Cenchrus purpureus</i> syn. <i>Pennisetum purpureum</i>) collection

At the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 171 germplasm accessions of Napier grass were studied using 20 SSR markers with the objective of assessing the allelic richness and genetic diversity of the collections held at ILRI and the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), and to determine distinct accessions to be introduced to enhance the diversity in each of the genebank collections. A total of 148 alleles were observed in the whole collection, of which 140 and 93 alleles were observed in the ILRI and EMBRAPA collections, respectively. Fifty-five and 8 alleles were found to be unique to the ILRI and EMBRAPA collections, respectively, while 85 alleles were shared between the collections. The number of alleles per marker ranged from 1 to 23 with an average value of 7.4 across both collections. The heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.000 to 0.808 with an average value of 0.463. A principal coordinate analysis grouped accessions into 3 main groups, whereas a hierarchical cluster analysis indicated 4 main clusters. From a genebank management and conservation perspective, the marker profile of the accessions was used in the process of selecting and acquiring distinct lines to be added to the ILRI and EMBRAPA collections. Accordingly, 54 accessions and elite lines were selected and introduced from EMBRAPA to the ILRI collection, while 8 distinct accessions from ILRI were added to the EMBRAPA collection. In general, a useful marker profile of an expanded Napier grass collection has been generated which could be used to enhance the conservation, use and management of the available genetic resources of this important forage crop.

Characterization of the aroma profile of novel Brazilian wines by solid-phase microextraction using polymeric ionic liquid sorbent coatings.

In this study, a series of polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) sorbent coatings is evaluated for the extraction of polar volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Brazilian wines using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), including samples from 'Isabella' and 'BRS Magna' cultivars-the latter was recently introduced by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - National Grape & Wine Research Center. The structurally tuned SPME coatings were compared to the commercial SPME phases, namely poly(acrylate) (PA) and divinylbenzene/carboxen/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (DVB/CAR/PDMS). The separation, detection and identification of the aroma profiles were obtained using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS). The best performing PIL-based SPME fiber, namely 1-hexadecyl-3-vinylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide with 1,12-di(3-vinylimidazolium)dodecane dibis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide incorporated cross-linker supported on an elastic nitinol wire, exhibited superior performance to DVB/CAR/PDMS regarding the average number of extracted peaks and extracted more polar analytes providing additional insight into the aroma profile of 'BRS Magna' wines. Four batches of wine were evaluated, namely 'Isabella' and 'BRS Magna' vintages 2015 and 2016, using highly selective PIL-based SPME coatings and enabled the detection of 350+ peaks. Furthermore, this is the first report evaluating the aroma of 'BRS Magna' wines. A hybrid approach that combined pixel-based Fisher ratio and peak table-based data comparison was used for data handling. This proof-of-concept experiment provided reliable and statistically valid distinction of wines that may guide regulation agencies to create high sample throughput protocols to screen wines exported by Brazilian vintners. Graphical abstract Highly selective extraction of wine aroma using polymeric ionic liquid.

Effectiveness of early-generation testing applied to upland rice breeding

A plant breeding program is a long-term investment. Therefore, periodic assessment of the effectiveness of a breeding strategy is essential to maximize genetic gains per unit of time and resource invested. In this work, we assessed the effectiveness of the early-generation testing (EGT) approach used in the upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding program at Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation), Brazil, estimating the genetic progress achieved for three traits in two distinct phases, spanning 15 years. In the first phase (from 2003 to 2010), it was used the bulk method within F3 progenies with prior testing of F2 crosses, while in the second phase (from 2010 to 2017), it was used the bulk method within F2 progenies. The dataset comprised 70 yield trials, involving 1884 F3:5 progenies (phase I) and 925 F2:4 progenies (phase II) from an elite population, and 10 check cultivars, evaluated for grain yield (GY), plant height (PH) and days to flowering (DTF). For estimating the genetic gain, we adapted a generalized linear regression method to compute bi-segmented linear regression coefficients. Desirable genetic gains were achieved only for GY in both phases of the breeding program, with 78.75 kg ha−1 year−1 (2.68%) in the first phase, and 53.78 kg ha−1 year−1 (1.54%) in the second phase. These results show the effectiveness of EGT, especially via bulk method within F3 progenies with prior testing of F2 crosses, applied to upland rice breeding. Some refinements are discussed in the method to make it more cost-effective and more efficient in achieving genetic gains.

MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVE RESPONSES OF SUNFLOWER VARIETIES TO IRRIGATION

ABSTRACT The high luminosity rates and high annual average temperatures of the Brazilian semiarid region, combined with the use of irrigation and adaptability of the sunflower crop to local climate, favor increased achene yield due to acceleration of morphophysiological processes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the morphophysiological and productive characteristics of sunflower varieties grown under drip irrigation in the Sub-Mid São Francisco River Valley. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Field of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Semiarid), in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, in a randomized block design, with 21 sunflower varieties and four replications. The variables evaluated were flowering time, plant height, number of live leaves, stem and capitulum diameter, number of lodged and broken plants, stem curvature, relative chlorophyll index, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, average leaf temperature, 1000-achene weight and achene yield of the sunflower varieties. The treatments presented flowering time of 43 to 59 days after sowing, plant height of 1.0 to 1.4 m, capitulum diameter of 0.154 to 0.221 m, chlorophyll content of 30.8 to 33.98 Spad units and 1000-achene weight of 35.61 to 80.30 g. The sunflower varieties V7 and V8 stood out, with achene yields above 2,960 kg ha-1 and low number of lodged and broken plants, indicating a greater adaptability irrigation crops in the Sub-Mid São Francisco River Valley.

Bio-economic Model Predicts Economic Values for Beef Production

Objective: The objective was to estimate economic values for production traits in a full life cycle system using a bio-economic model with Angus purebred and a terminal crossbreeding system with Nelore sires mated to Angus dams. Study Description: Phenotypic performance data were collected from the Bifequali crossbreeding scheme at the Embrapa Pecuaria Sul Research Center of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. The data consisted of performance and carcass traits measured on progeny of Angus purebred and Nelore sires mated to Angus dams raised in a pasture-based production system from birth to slaughter (full life cycle). The economic characterization of the system was based on fixed costs and variable costs. The bio-economic was developed in ?R? programming language using the phenotypic information and the production costs. To estimate economic values, the bio-economic model was first parameterized and a base profit was calculated. The Bottom Line: The use of crossbreed animals provides an effective tool to improve important traits and system level profitability in a full life cycle beef production system.

EXTENSÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA COM IDOSOS DE UNIDADE BÁSICA DE SAÚDE DE BIGUAÇU, SANTA CATARINA: VIVÊNCIA DE ACADÊMICOS DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA

The aim of this report is to describe a nutritional education activity planned to encourage the fish consumption in a primary school in Palmas, State of Tocantins, Brazil, within the scope of the project "Transfer of Technology for the insertion of family farmed fish in school meal" conducted by the Nutrition Faculty of the Federal University of Tocantins and the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, which aims to establish strategies for insertion of fish in school meals, offering a healthy animal protein for students and opening new markets for artisanal fishermen. The activity consisted in the presentation of a theatrical play, with the inclusion of parodies of children's songs, being its effectiveness evaluated through the application of structured questionnaires before and after the educational action. It was concluded that the experiment was satisfactory, increasing the correct answers about the fish consumption benefits after this intervention. Nutrition education has proven to be an important tool for health promotion, since it is a cheap and simple way to bring information to the most diverse social groups, becoming an ally for disease prevention and stimulating a healthy lifestyle.

A construção do Plano de Dados Abertos de uma organização pública de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento e o desafio de uma Ciência Agropecuária Aberta

Em atendimento à Política de Dados Abertos do Poder Executivo Federal e à Lei de Acesso à Informação, a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) iniciou discussões para a construção do seu Plano de Dados Abertos – um instrumento de planejamento para a implementação e a racionalização dos processos de publicação de dados abertos em organizações públicas. Esse trabalho visa relatar a estratégia geral que foi estabelecida para essa finalidade e os desafios que têm sido encontrados nos estágios preliminares de sua implantação. Como a abertura de dados por instituições de pesquisa no Brasil é ainda incipiente, espera-se que a experiência da Embrapa possa contribuir com iniciativas de organizações congêneres.

Acesso Aberto na Embrapa: breve histórico, avanços recentes e desafios

O trabalho objetiva relatar as principais iniciativas desenvolvidas na Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) sobre o acesso aberto à informação científica e tecnológica, bem como iniciativas de organização e disponibilização relacionadas aos dados de pesquisa. Para tanto, é realizado um histórico, partir do ano de 2008, época em que a Empresa por meio de projeto interno consolidou várias ações no âmbito da gestão da informação, com destaque para a publicação de seus repositórios de acesso aberto (Alice e Infoteca-e). Em seguida, são descritas iniciativas mais recentes, como panorama sobre o acesso aberto elaborado no âmbito de projeto institucional estratégico sobre governança de dados e da informação, iniciado em 2015 e, finalizado em 2017, que apresentou uma série de diretrizes a serem observadas sobre o tema pelos gestores e pela comunidade da Embrapa, com o propósito de alinhá-la às tendências internacionais.

Sowing time affecting the development of common bean cultivars in Lichinga, Province of Niassa, Mozambique

ABSTRACT The demonstration of yield potential of crops depends on genetic factors, favorable conditions of envi ronment, and management. The sowing time can significantly affect the common bean grain yield. The aim of this research was to study the behavior of Brazilian cultivars and sowing times on the yield components and grain yield of common bean grown in the environmental conditions of Lichinga, Province of Niassa, Mozambique. The field trial was performed for two growing seasons, using the experimental as a randomized block in factorial 5 × 3 × 2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of five common bean cultivars (BRS Pontal, BRS Agreste, Perola, and BRS Requinte, developed by Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), and a local variety, Encarnada) with three sowing dates (beginning of the rainy season, and 15 and 30 days after), during two growing seasons. The Brazilian cultivar of common beans BRS Pontal was the most productive in all sowing times, followed by BRS Agreste, which was not the most productive only in the second sowing time of 2013/2014 growing season. The cultivar Encarnada, from Mozambique, was the less productive cultivar in all sowing times and in all growing seasons. The best sowing time for common bean cultivars is in the beginning of the rainy season. The use of technologies such as use of seeds of new cultivars, proper sowing time, fertilization, and control of weeds allow significant increase of common bean grain yield in Lichinga, Mozambique.

SiRCub, A Novel Approach to Recognize Agricultural Crops Using Supervised Classification

This paper presents a new approach to deal with agricultural crop recognition using SVM (Support Vector Machine), applied to time series of NDVI images. The presented method can be divided into two steps. First, the Timesat software package is used to extract a set of crop features from the NDVI time series. These features serve as descriptors that characterize each NDVI vegetation curve, i.e., the period comprised between sowing and harvesting dates. Then, it is used an SVM to learn the patterns that define each type of crop, and create a crop model that allows classifying new series. The authors present a set of experiments that show the effectiveness of this technique. They evaluated their algorithm with a collection of more than 3000 time series from the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso spanning 4 years (2009-2013). Such time series were annotated in the field by specialists from Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation). This methodology is generic, and can be adapted to distinct regions and crop profiles.

Effectiveness of Recurrent Selection in Irrigated Rice Breeding

Plant breeding for quantitative traits is a complicated task; thus, the recurrent selection method has been used in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding program at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa). Our general objective was to assess the effectiveness of this method in achieving genetic progress, maintaining genetic variability, and increasing the potential for selection of superior lines. A genetically broad‐based population of irrigated rice, CNA12S, submitted to three selection cycles was used in this study. The dataset comprised 10 yield trials, in which 667 S1:3 progenies and six check cultivars were assessed for grain yield, plant height, and days to flowering. We measured effective population size in each cycle, using standard and linkage disequilibrium methods, and Nei's genetic diversity in the third cycle. Such analyses were performed using data of single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers from progenies of the third cycle. For estimating the genetic gain, we adapted a generalized linear regression method to the Bayesian approach. This approach was also used to estimate variance and covariance components, according to the multivariate linear mixed model. Magnitudes of genetic and relative variation coefficients, as well as Nei's genetic diversity, indicated maintenance of genetic variability over cycles. Mean genetic gain per year was 1.98% for grain yield and −1.29% for days to flowering. Genetic potential of the population for extraction of superior lines was increased, considering single‐, two‐, or three‐trait selection. Our results show the effectiveness of the recurrent selection method when applied in rice breeding, although some refinements in the selection strategy could further improve its efficiency.

Differential accumulation of flavonoids and phytohormones resulting from the canopy/rootstock interaction of citrus plants subjected to dehydration/rehydration

Water scarcity can elicit drastic changes in plant metabolic and hormonal regulation, which may be of fundamental importance to stress tolerance. The study of plant the metabolic alterations in response to water deficit, especially the effects of the rootstocks level, is important to elucidate the mechanisms associated to drought tolerance. To verify the influence of rootstock and grafting on the tolerance to drought in citrus plants, we analyzed the growth, phytohormone levels and flavonoid profiles in grafted and ungrafted citrus plants subjected to different soil water regimes on plant status (well-watered, moderate drought and severe drought and rehydrated) under field conditions. The experiments were conducted under field conditions in the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil. Water deficit reduced the total leaf area per plant in all canopy/rootstock combinations. Self-grafting reduce root volume, area and length when compared to ungrafted plants. Drought-induced increases in salicylic acid and abscisic acid associated with concomitant reductions in indoleacetic acid were observed in most canopy/rootstock combinations. However, plants with 'Sunki Maravilha' rootstocks exhibited the most pronounced changes in hormonal levels upon drought stress. Associated to these hormonal changes, drought also significantly affected flavonoid content and profile in both leaves and roots of the distinct citrus combinations. Glycosylated (GFs) and polimethoxylated flavonoids were predominantly found in leaves, whereas prenylated coumarins were found in the roots. Leaf levels of GFs (vicenin, F11, rutin and rhoifolin) were particularly modulated by drought in plants with ‘Rangpur Santa Cruz’ lime rootstock, whereas root levels of prenylated coumarins were most regulated by drought in plants with the 'Sunki Maravilha' root system. Taken together, these data indicate that the impacts of water deficit restriction on growth, hormonal balance and flavonoid profiles significantly varies depending on the canopy/rootstock combinations.