Brassica Rapa Subsp Research Articles

Temperature and Light Spectrum Differently Affect Growth, Morphology, and Leaf Mineral Content of Two Indoor-Grown Leafy Vegetables

This study was carried out to determine the effect of three commercial LEDs of different spectra with or without far red (FR) photons on the growth, morphology, and mineral content of two leafy vegetables under two temperatures (30 °C and 21 °C). The two leafy greens were ‘Cegolaine’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and ‘Petite Star’ pak choy (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis). In each temperature, there were three light spectra: red and blue LED, and white LED with or without FR. All spectra of lights were adjusted to a total photon flux density of 250 μmol m−2 s−1 at the top of the plant canopy. Results indicated that temperature treatment had a significant influence on most measured parameters. When temperature increased from 21 to 30 °C, lettuce shoot fresh and dry weights increased by 30% and 53%, respectively, while those of pak choy increased by approximately 22%. For both species, plants at high temperature had a larger leaf area but lower mineral content compared to those at low temperature. The spectrum treatment had a minor or no effect on the measured traits. In conclusion, the 5% FR did not impact the yield or biomass of either crop and the plant responses to spectra varied with temperature and species. The two temperatures resulted in significant differences in growth, morphology, and leaf mineral content in both species.

Methylcyclopropene treatment retards the yellowing in pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) through modulating the programmed cell death during storage at 20°C

The deterioration of post-harvest quality in plants has been shown to be connected with the occurrence of programmed cell death (PCD). Our previous research indicated that 5 μL L−1 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) delays the yellowing of post-harvest pak choi leaves. However, whether 1-MCP alleviates pak choi yellowing through regulating PCD process, and the regulatory mechanism of 1-MCP on PCD are still unclear. Results showed that 5 μL L−1 1-MCP could retard the PCD process of pak choi as proved by the maintenance of lower cytochrome C content and caspase-3 activity. The results of cell mortality and trypan blue staining further confirmed this view. Forty-five differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involving PCD of pak choi were identified in the transcriptome data. The treatment suppressed the over-accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (superoxide anion O2·− and hydrogen peroxide H2O2), lipid membrane oxidation, ethylene production, and expression of their related genes (BcRBOHC, BcRBOHD, BcLOX1/3/5, BcACO, BcACO4 and BcEIN3)) during senescence. This relationship was also connected to the preservation of higher level in antioxidant capacity of antioxidase and antioxidants (ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH)), as well as high expression of their related genes (BcSOD, BcAPX, and BcGR) in 1-MCP-treated pak choi. Moreover, 1-MCP down-regulated the transcript of genes involved in PCD, regulated the expression of genes associated with mitochondrial membrane transport, respiration and signaling, and chloroplast membrane transport and REDOX, thereby contributing to the inhibition of PCD. The correlation analysis revealed that pak choi yellowing was positively related with the process of PCD. Taken together, the present study indicated that 1-MCP could delay the yellowing of pak choi through mitigating PCD process, involving the regulation of ROS metabolism, membrane lipid degradation, antioxidant status and ethylene production.

Chitosan nanoparticles as a sustainable alternative nutrient formulation in hydroponically grown Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt microgreen and its adult vegetable

ABSTRACT Microgreens have been chosen as a sustainable dietary staple food due to their high nutritional value and short harvesting time. However, researches about the actual comparison of the nutritional value between microgreens and their respective adult vegetables is still missing. Furthermore, in a hydroponic system, chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) can be used as an alternative sustainable nutrient formulation to the conventional/basic nutrient formulation solution. As a result, in this study, the quality, yield and nutritional content of hydroponically cultured microgreens versus adult of Bok Choy (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis (L.) Hanelt) vegetables were examined and evaluated in response to CNPs treatments and/or fertilizer supplementation that were grown under the same conditions and environments. CNPs have shown incredible potential as a sustainable alternative nutrient supplement in the growth of Bok Choy microgreens and adults. The nutritional value results backed up these claims as well. The addition of CNPs to conventional fertilizer has significantly increased the nutritional value of Bok Choy (microgreens and adults), supporting the claims of CNPs’ ability to improve nutrient absorption and uptake. This is towards high-throughput green farming with better quality and yield using the nanotechnology platform.

Effect of Chinese medicinal herbal residues compost on tomato and Chinese cabbage plants: Assessment on phytopathogenic effect and nutrients uptake

Chinese medicinal herbal residues (CMHRs) are known for their antipathogenic properties due to the presence of bioactive compounds. Hence, CMHRs could be used as a potential resource to produce biofertilizer with antipathogenic properties for agricultural applications. In this study, a novel approach was used by utilizing the waste-derived biofertilizer, i.e., CMHRs compost (CMHRC) as a nutrient supplier as well as an organic bioagent against Alternaria solani (A. solani) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) plants. The experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions using locally collected acidic soil wherein 2%, 5% and 10% CMHRC (dry weight) along with 5% food waste compost were used as treatments. In addition, only soil and soil with phytopathogens were used as control treatments. The results suggested that amending the compost into acidic soil significantly increased the pH to a neutral level along with enhanced uptake of nutrients. Among all the treatments, 5% CMHRs compost addition increased the tomato plant biomass production to 4.9 g/pot (dry weight) compared to 2.2 g/pot in control. A similar trend was observed in Chinese cabbage plants and the improved plant biomass production could be attributed to the combined effect of strong nutrient absorption ability by healthy roots and enhanced nutrient supply. At 5% CMHRC application rate, the nitrogen uptake by tomato and Chinese cabbage plants increased by 78% and 62%, respectively, whereas phosphorous uptake increased by 75% and 25%, respectively. The reduction in A. solani by 48% and F. oxysporum by 54% in the post-harvested soil of 5% CMHRC treatment against the control demonstrated the anti-phytopathogenic efficiency of CMHRC compost. Hence, the present study illustrates the beneficiary aspects of utilizing CMHRs to produce biofertilizer with anti-phytopathogenic properties which can be safely used for tomato and Chinese cabbage plant growth.

Enzymatic Activities of Bok Choy (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) Grown Soil with the Amendment of Sandwich Compost

Soil enzymes ensure our food security, yet they are vulnerable to abiotic stresses. Solving the global issues of food waste by amending the Sandwich compost can be a great solution to ensure food security. Food waste Sandwich compost substrate (as soil amendment) and leachate (as seed priming solution and liquid fertilizer) were used to grow Bok Choy for 4 growing cycles, where soil pH, cation exchangeable capacity, moisture content, aggregate stability, and enzyme activity were determined. The Sandwich compost substrate amendment increased soil pH close to neutral and CEC up to 1.5-fold. Anaerobic Sandwich compost substrate-amended soil reduced soil catalase activity. Still, it steadily increased during the growing cycle. The Sandwich compost substrate amendment soil sustained the aggregate stability for 4 growing cycles. On the flip side, aggregate stability without the Sandwich compost substrate amended soil declined from the growing cycle to the next growing cycle. All variables were positively correlated except catalase activity. Henceforward, Sandwich compost substrate is recommended to improve soil quality in the aspects of pH, CEC urease activity, and dehydrogenase activity.

Lowest Lethality Dose (LDLO) of Various Seeds When Exposed to Detergent

This study determines the lowest lethal dose (LDLO) of detergent on various seeds. Plants provide food and countless ecological benefits but oversight in wastewater release contaminates natural and agricultural vegetation. Due to widespread pollution, plant survival is in danger, making food scarcity and climate change imminent threats. Detergent is a common pollutant in the environment which greatly contributes to water pollution and harms plants. A useful index for environmental testing is the LDLO, the lowest lethality dose that will begin to inhibit growth. In this study, a representative selection of seeds, cabbage (Brassica oleracea), beets (Beta vulgaris), yellow bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and turnips (Brassica rapa subsp) are exposed to various concentrations of detergent ranging from .5 mL to .1 mL in an attempt to find the LDLO of detergent of each species. Results showed that cabbage seeds had the highest tolerance to detergent at .25 ml of detergent diluted in .25ml of water and beet seeds had the lowest tolerance at <.025 mL of detergent. Visual observations showed that the outer layer of bush beans became an abnormal shade of black from its usual light yellow hue. The results of this experiment reveal that cabbage seeds can tolerate higher doses of detergent as demonstrated by higher germination rates. The study suggests that cabbages can survive in areas exposed to higher concentrations of detergent. However, beets should not be planted in areas containing even small traces of detergent. 

Renewable low-cost brassica rapa subsp. Extract for protection of Q235 steel in H2SO4 medium: Experimental and modeling studies

The research aims to explore the corrosion protection performance and mechanism of the Brassica rapa subsp. extract (BRE) considered as a new environmental protection corrosion inhibitor. In this research, the inhibition performance of BRE toward Q235 steel in H2SO4 solution was evaluated through combining potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance. The results showed that the BRE molecules could form a dense protective film on steel surface, effectively preventing from the attack of corrosive ions. Specifically, the inhibition efficiency brought by 200 mg/L of BRE at each temperature exceeded 93 %. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–vis spectroscopy showed that the BRE molecules was well adsorbed on the steel surface. In the meantime, the results of N-Fe bond of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that the nitrogen-atom in BRE molecules worked as the active site to form multiple anchoring effects in Q235 steel. Calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have theoretically revealed the adsorption mechanism of BRE on the surface of Q235 steel at the molecular/atomic level.

An Investigation of the Environmental Effects of Bauxite Dust on the Growth, Development and Production of Pak Choi crops in the West Watooka Area

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between agricultural cultivation and bauxite dust in the West Watooka, Wismar environment. The study sought to determine whether bauxite dust affects the growth of Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis (pak choi). An experiment was conducted with 160 pak choi plants cultivated in five locations throughout the West Watooka farming community, with each location having one control and one experimental group, and the data collected was to see how dust affects plant height, number of leaves, area of leaves, mass of the final product, and chlorophyll analysis of the leaves.

1-Methylcyclopropene retard the yellowing of postharvest pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) by regulating pigments and transcription factors during storage at 20 °C

To explore which transcription factors (TFs) modulate the pigment metabolism associated with pak choi yellowing after 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) fumigation during storage at 20 °C, omics technology were carried out. 5 μL L−1 1-MCP treatment slowed the decline of total chlorophyll (Chl) contents and Chl fluorescence parameters. The total levels in carotenoid and flavonoid did not change much during storage, regardless of whether undergoing 1-MCP treatment, which might be linked to the down-regulated expression of most pigment synthesis associated genes. The bilirubin contents and its synthesis gene HO1 expression soared, which were inhibited by 1-MCP; however, the contents of bilirubin were low. The correlation analysis between Chl degradation genes and TFs revealed that BcAP2/BcERF, BcMYB, BcNACs, BcbZip, BcbHLH, BcWRKY, and BcC2H2 were the major potential TFs involved in leaf yellowing of pak choi. The numbers of TFs concerning in Chl catabolism were more than those of TFs relating to the catabolism of carotenoid and flavonoid; TFs concerning in Chl catabolism were also the most abundant TFs that respond to 1-MCP. The variation of carotenoid, flavonoid and bilirubin during storage were irrelevant to the yellowing of pak choi. BcNACs and BcWRKYs may positively regulate Chl breakdown; BcAP2/BcERFs, BcMYBs, BcbZips, BcbHLHs, and BcC2H2s may act as both transcriptional activators and repressors in Chl degradation process. Thus, 1-MCP may regulate the transcriptome expression of upstream TFs, and therefore, maintained low expression of Chl degradation associated genes, inhibited Chl degradation, helping to retard leaf yellowing of pak choi.

The Effectiveness of Liquid Bio-Organic Fertilizer Water Hyacinth with Trichoderma Sp on The Growth and Productivity of Mustard Pakcoy, Mustard Petsai and White Mustrad

Mustard is a vegetable with high economic value, including mustard pakcoy (Brassica rapa subsp, chinensis), mustard petsai (Brassica chinensis L), and white mustard (Brassica rapa subsp, pekinensis). To meet consumer needs, it is necessary to increase the production of mustard through organic farming by implementing an agricultural system that utilizes water hyacinth in the form of liquid organic fertilizer. Water hyacinth is an aquatic weed so an alternative is needed to reduce its population by using it as a liquid organic fertilizer with a bio-activator Trichoderma sp. The purpose of the study was to measure plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, and wet weight of mustard pakcoy, mustard petsai, and white mustard. The design of this study used a single factor RAL, namely giving water hyacinth POC with bio-activator Trichoderma sp on 3 types of mustard, with 3 levels, namely A = 32 ml/L (mustard pakcoy), B = 32 ml/L (mustard petsai), C=32 ml/L (white mustard) which was repeated 5 times. Research proves that giving water hyacinth POC with bio-activator Trichoderma sp 32 ml/liter has a significant effect on the height and width of white mustard leaves. For the number of leaves and wet weight, giving water hyacinth POC with bio-activator Trichoderma sp 32 ml/liter had a significant effect on mustard pakcoy compared to other mustards. This means that POC with bio-activator Trichoderma sp can be used as an environmentally friendly liquid organic fertilizer, especially for mustard pakcoy and white mustard which can stimulate plant growth and productivity.

Non-Detective Detection of Pesticide Residue on Bok Choi (Brassica Rapa Subsp. Chinensis) by a Portable NIR Spectrometer Coupled with a Machine-Learning Approach

Non-Detective Detection of Pesticide Residue on Bok Choi (Brassica Rapa Subsp. Chinensis) by a Portable NIR Spectrometer Coupled with a Machine-Learning Approach

Liquiritoside Alleviated Pb Induced Stress in Brassica rapa subsp. Parachinensis: Modulations in Glucosinolate Content and Some Physiochemical Attributes.

Current research was conducted to explore the effects of liquiritoside on the growth and physiochemical features of Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. parachinensis) under lead (Pb) stress. Lead stressed B. rapa plants exhibited decreased growth parameters, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents. Moreover, Pb toxicity escalated the synthesis of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), flavonoids, phenolics, and proline in treated plants. Nevertheless, foliar application of liquiritoside mitigated Pb toxicity by decreasing oxidative stress by reducing cysteine, H2O2, and MDA contents in applied plants. Liquiritoside significantly increased plant height, shoot fresh weight and dry weight, number of leaves, and marketable value of Chinese flowering cabbage plants exposed to Pb toxicity. This biotic elicitor also enhanced the proline, glutathione, total phenolics, and flavonoid contents in Chinese flowering cabbage plants exposed to Pb stress compared with the control. Additionally, total glucosinolate content, phytochelatins (PCs), and non-protein thiols were effectively increased in plants grown under Pb regimes compared with the control plants. Overall, foliar application of liquiritoside can markedly alleviate Pb stress by restricting Pb translocation in Chinese flowering cabbage.

Measurement of Environmentally Influenced Variations in Anthocyanin Accumulations in Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis (Bok Choy) Using Hyperspectral Imaging

Dietary supplements of anthocyanin-rich vegetables have been known to increase potential health benefits for humans. The optimization of environmental conditions to increase the level of anthocyanin accumulations in vegetables during the cultivation periods is particularly important in terms of the improvement of agricultural values in the indoor farm using artificial light and climate controlling systems. This study reports on the measurement of variations in anthocyanin accumulations in leaf tissues of four different cultivars in Brassica rapa var. chinensis (bok choy) grown under the different environmental conditions of the indoor farm using hyperspectral imaging. Anthocyanin accumulations estimated by hyperspectral imaging were compared with the measured anthocyanin accumulation obtained by destructive analysis. Between hyperspectral imaging and destructive analysis values, no significant differences in anthocyanin accumulation were observed across four bok choy cultivars grown under the anthocyanin stimulation environmental condition, whereas the estimated anthocyanin accumulations displayed cultivar-dependent significant differences, suggesting that hyperspectral imaging can be employed to measure variations in anthocyanin accumulations of different bok choy cultivars. Increased accumulation of anthocyanin under the stimulation condition for anthocyanin accumulation was observed in “purple magic” and “red stem” by both hyperspectral imaging and destructive analysis. In the different growth stages, no significant differences in anthocyanin accumulation were found in each cultivar by both hyperspectral imaging and destructive analysis. These results suggest that hyperspectral imaging can provide comparable analytic capability with destructive analysis to measure variations in anthocyanin accumulation that occurred under the different light and temperature conditions of the indoor farm. Leaf image analysis measuring the percentage of purple color area in the total leaf area displayed successful classification of anthocyanin accumulation in four bok choy cultivars in comparison to hyperspectral imaging and destructive analysis, but it also showed limitation to reflect the level of color saturation caused by anthocyanin accumulation under different environmental conditions in “red stem,” “white stem,” and “green stem.” Finally, our hyperspectral imaging system was modified to be applied onto the high-throughput plant phenotyping system, and its test to analyze the variation of anthocyanin accumulation in four cultivars showed comparable results with the result of the destructive analysis.

Effects of hydrogen-rich water combined with vacuum precooling on the senescence and antioxidant capacity of pakchoi (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis)

The aim of this work was to study the effect of application of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) combined with vacuum precooling on senescence and antioxidant activity in pakchoi. The results showed that 50% HRW could effectively maintain the high content of chlorophyll and its metabolic derivatives: chlorophyllide a, chlorophyllide b, pheophytin a, and pheophorbide a, which were associated with decreased activities of chlorophyllase, Mg-dechelatase, pheophytinase, and pheophorbide a oxygenase. Additional results indicated that comparing with the groups of vacuum precooling or water + vacuum precooling, treatment with combined HRW and vacuum precooling not only significantly lowered the weight loss rate, but also maintained the contents of chlorophyll and antioxidant substances including total phenols and ascorbic acid, improved activities of antioxidant enzymes containing glutathione reductase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, and the scavenging rates of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, superoxide anions and hydroxyl radical, and thereby, inhibited accumulation of malonaldehyde. These results suggest that a combination of treatment with HRW and vacuum precooling can be used as an acceptable environmental-friendly technology for delaying the postharvest senescence of pakchoi.

Analysis of glucosinolates and their metabolites from napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. Pekinensis) and napa cabbage kimchi using UPLC-MS/MS

Analysis of glucosinolates and their metabolites from napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. Pekinensis) and napa cabbage kimchi using UPLC-MS/MS

Enhancement of EAPR Treatment Using Double Aeration System and Uptake by Pakcoy (<i>Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis</i>)

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of electro-assisted and double aeration (EAPR-DA) system to enhance the lead removal in water and uptake by Pakcoy (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis). Variable regimes were created by 2 V of constant DC voltage using 2D stainless steel cathode-pot and Ti anode electrode, and aeration level of 10 L/min. The effectiveness of EAPR-DA, EAPR, phyto-aeration, and phytoremediation on the treatment was compared and evaluated by measuring the decrease of lead concentration in the water and accumulated in the plant using flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Plant stress was evaluated by phytomorphology changed and measurement chlorophyll content using UV-Vis Spectroscopy after the acetone extraction. The results showed that the EAPR-DA system using Pakcoy has a great ability to decrease the lead concentration in water compared with the EAPR, phyto-aeration, and phytoremediation. The removal ability in each reactor was 82.5%, 78.75%, 72.5%, and 61.875% respectively for EAPR-DA, EAPR, phytoremediation. and phyto-aeration. Excessive aeration in the root zone might inhibit lead adsorption by a plant in the phyto-aeration system. In general, the accumulation of lead in plant growth hydroponically has a large concentration in the roots compared to the shoot except for the EAPR-DA system which high adsorption of lead concentration in the shoot part. The BC (1.13) and TF (1.97) value of the EAPR-DA system was higher than the other systems, showing aeration can enhance high adsorption of lead in the root and then transported it into the shoots part. High chlorophyll total (54.89±14.31 mg/mL) and low chlorophyll a/b ratio (1.21±0.38) in the plant under the EAPR-DA system showed that the double aeration in the electro-assisted system encourages the high tolerance of the plant to the lead concentration.

A comparison of annual forages and stockpiled pasture on the growth and health parameters of grazing fall-born lambs

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of annual forages on the growth and parasite resilience of growing, fall-born lambs. We hypothesized that lambs grazing annual forages would increase their body weight (BW) at a greater rate and be more resilient to parasitic infection when compared with lambs grazing on stockpiled pasture. A total of 54, 60-day-old Dorset and Suffolk × Dorset crossbred lambs (24 ± 4.9 kg) were stratified by sex, weight, and randomly assigned to one of three grazing treatments with all lambs weaned at an average of 60 days of age and placed on either: 1.) Avena sativa (oat), 2.) Brassica rapa subsp. Rapa (turnip), or 3.) Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) (permanent tall fescue-based) pastures. In terms of lamb growth, lambs grazing turnips demonstrated greater BW on days 42 and 56 when compared with lambs grazing oat and stockpiled pastures. In addition, lambs grazing turnips had a greater average daily gain (ADG) on days 28 and 42 when compared with lambs grazing oat and stockpiled pastures. Furthermore, on day 42, lambs grazing stockpiled pastures had a greater ADG when compared with lambs grazing oat pastures. For indices of parasitism, there were no differences shown between treatments for lamb FAMACHA© eye score, packed cell volume, and total plasma protein concentration. However, lambs grazing oat pastures had less eggs per gram of feces on days 28, 42, and 56 when compared with lambs grazing turnips and stockpiled pastures. Annual forages can play a critical role in the growth and resilience to parasitic infection of grazing lambs, as lambs grazing on turnips demonstrated the greatest BW and ADG whereas lambs grazing on oat pastures shed fewer fecal eggs per gram of feces.

The Relationship between Glucosinolates and the Sensory Characteristics of Steamed-Pureed Turnip (Brassica Rapa subsp. Rapa L.).

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are phytochemical compounds that can be found in Brassica vegetables. Seven separate batches of steamed-pureed turnip were assessed for GSL content using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and for sensory attributes by sensory profiling (carried out by a trained sensory panel). Twelve individual GSLs, which included 7 aliphatic, 4 indole and 1 arylaliphatic GSL, were identified across all batches. There were significant differences in individual GSL content between batches, with gluconasturtiin as the most abundant GSL. The total GSL content ranged from 16.07 to 44.74 μmol g−1 dry weight (DW). Sensory profiling concluded there were positive correlations between GSLs and bitter taste and negative correlations between GSLs (except glucobrassicanapin) and sweet taste. The batches, which had been purchased across different seasons, all led to cooked turnip that contained substantial levels of GSLs which were subsequently all rated as bitter.

Genetic and physiological regulation of folate in pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) germplasm.

Folates are one of the essential micronutrients for all living organisms. Due to inadequate dietary intake, folate deficiency remains prevalent in humans. Genetically diverse germplasms can potentially be used as parents in breeding programs and also for understanding the folate regulatory network. Therefore, we investigated the natural genetic diversity of folates and their physiological regulation in pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) germplasm. The total folate concentration ranged from 52.7 μg 100 gFW-1 to 166.9 μg 100 gFW-1, with 3.2-fold variation. The main folate vitamer was represented by 5-CH3-H4folate, with 4.5-fold variation. The activities of GTP cyclohydrolase I and aminodeoxy chorismate synthase, the first step of folate synthesis, were high in high folate accessions and low in low folate accessions. Analysis of the transcription levels of 11 genes associated with folate metabolism demonstrated that the difference in folate concentrations may be primarily controlled at the post-transcriptional level. A general correlation between total folate and their precursors was observed. Folate diversity and chlorophyll content were tightly regulated through the methyl cycle. The diverse genetic variation in pak choi germplasm indicated the great genetic potential to integrate breeding programs for folate biofortification and unravel the physiological basis of folate homeostasis in planta.

The Effect of Different Types Organic Mulching on the Growth and Yield of Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis

The Effect of Different Types Organic Mulching on the Growth and Yield of Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis