Brassica Nigra Research Articles

Toxicological effect of CuO nanoparticles to Brassica nigra L. seedlings: a comparative in vivo and in vitro response

Toxicological effect of CuO nanoparticles to Brassica nigra L. seedlings: a comparative in vivo and in vitro response

Apis mellifera pollen loads to understand the pollen foraging pattern used for apicultural practice in a potentially agricultural belt in Bengal, India

For accurate determination of polleniferous taxa vis-a-vis floral fidelity of Apis mellifera L. in North 24 Pargana, West Bengal, we carried out pollen analyses of individual corbicular pollen loads collected from four apiaries during 2015-2016. Among the 2 434 analyzed loads, 72.97 % were unifloral type, 19.0 % bifloral and 8.10 % were multifloral in pollen composition. We identified 43 different types of palynomorphs belonged to 28 botanical families. Major polleniferous plant species include: Alangium salviifolium, Borassus flabellifer, Brassica nigra, Coriandrum sativum, Croton bonplandianum, Cyanotis axillaris, Luffa cylindrica, Neolamarckia cadamba, Phoenix sylvestris, Poa gangetica, Sesamum indicum and Trema orientalis. Among them, T. orientalis is newly reported from West Bengal especially during June to August (monsoon season). The plant family provided maximum number of loads was Arecaceae (20.91 %), followed by Brassicaceae (16.2 %), Poaceae (6.70 %), Pedaliaceae (6.38 %), Apiaceae (6.16 %) and Fabaceae (5.38 %). Month wise highest number of pollen diversity were obtained during March (13 pollen types) and a minimum of 6 types in November. The present investigation will help the beekeepers to maintain their hives in the region for sustainable apicultural practices.

Restoration increases bee abundance and richness but not pollination in remnant and post‐agricultural woodlands

AbstractHuman land use, including agriculture, is a leading contributor to declining biodiversity worldwide and can leave long‐lasting legacies on ecosystems after cessation. Ecological restoration is an approach to mitigate these impacts. However, little is known about how animal communities and plant–animal interactions respond to the combined effects of land‐use legacies and restoration. We investigated how restoration and agricultural history affect bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) communities and pollination function. In 27 paired remnant (no history of agriculture) and post‐agricultural longleaf pine (Pinus palustrisMill.) woodlands, we established 4–10 1‐ha plots (126 total) and experimentally restored half of them, while the other half were left as unrestored controls. Restoration was accomplished through canopy thinning which reinstates open savanna‐like conditions. We collected bees in each plot using a combination of bowl trapping and standardized netting transects. Thinning increased bee abundance by 169% and bee richness by 110%, but agricultural land use had no effect on these variables. Bee community composition was affected by restoration and was marginally affected by agricultural history. To measure pollination function, we conducted a sentinel plant experiment in which potted black mustard (Brassica nigraL.) plants were placed out in a subset of these sites (n = 10) and either bagged to exclude pollinators or left open for pollinator access. Then, we measured fruit and seed set of sentinel plants to compare pollination function among the restoration and land‐use history treatments. Seed set and fruit set of sentinel plants were higher in open than bagged plants, indicating that this model system effectively measured pollination, but we found no differences in pollination based on restoration or agricultural history. These results indicate that although pollinator communities may show clear responses to restoration that are largely independent of prior land‐use impacts, this does not necessarily translate into differences in pollination function after restoration.

Restoring a Mediterranean‐climate shrub community with perennial species reduces future invasion

Successful restoration of an invaded landscape to a diverse, invasion‐resistant native plant community requires determining the optimal native species mix to add to the landscape. We manipulated native seed mix (annuals, perennials, or a combination of the two), while controlling the growth of non‐native species to test the hypothesis that altering native species composition can influence native establishment and subsequent non‐native invasion. Initial survival of native annuals and perennials was higher when seeded in separate mixes than when combined, and competition between the native perennials and annuals led to lower perennial cover in year 2 of mixed‐seeded plots. The plots with the highest perennial cover had the highest resistance to invasion by Brassica nigra. To clarify interactions among different functional groups of natives and B. nigra, we measured competitive interactions in pots. We grew one native annual, one native perennial, and B. nigra alone or with different competitors and measured biomass after 12 weeks. Brassica nigra was the strongest competitor, limiting the growth of all native species, and was not impacted by competition with native annuals or perennial seedlings. Results from the potted plant experiment demonstrated the strong negative influence of B. nigra on native seedlings. Older native perennials were the strongest competitors against invasive species in the field, yet perennial seedling survival was limited by competition with native annuals and B. nigra. Management action that maximizes perennial growth in early years may lead to a relatively more successful restoration and the establishment of an invasion‐resistant community.

Determination of the Effect of Different Ground Mustard Seeds on Quality Characteristics of Meatballs.

This study investigated the effect of yellow, black, and brown mustard seeds on color, lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS]), and micro-biological and sensory qualities of meatballs during storage. Heat treatment of mustard seeds affected the TBARS value of meatball samples (p<0.0001). The addition of mustard seeds decreased TBARS value of meatball samples (p<0.0001). Heat treatment of mustard seeds decreased the L*, a* and b* values of meatball samples (p<0.0001). The meatball samples with mustard seeds increased b* value of meatball samples however it decreased a* value of meatball samples (p<0.0001). The addition of mustard seeds decreased aerobic mesophilic bacteria count (p<0.0001), Enterobacteriaceae count (p<0.0001), psychrophilic bacteria count (p<0.0001) and yeast and mold count of meatball samples (p<0.0001). On a given storage day, the yellow mustard added meatballs sample was given higher color, appearance, flavor, acceptability ratings than those added black and brown mustard. Regarding sensory and microbiological properties, mustard seed contributed to microbiological quality and sensorial properties of meatball samples.

Species-specific antimicrobial activity of essential oils and enhancement by encapsulation in mesoporous silica nanoparticles

Essential oils are volatile plant compounds that are biologically active and play an important role in natural plant protection. There are currently ∼3000 essential oils known, of which over 300 are commercially important for a variety of industries. In fact, the essential oil global market has been estimated to reach 13.94 billion USD with a demand of over 370,000 tons by 2024. These compounds have a wide variety of applications in agriculture, food and beverage, cosmetics, medicine, amongst other industries. A promising application of essential oils is as antimicrobials to target the vast number of diseases affecting crops. However, their volatile nature limits their effective use as free agents. To overcome this, we have investigated the use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles to protect essential oils from evaporation and degradation and to enhance their antimicrobial activity against bacterial phytopathogens. Silica nanoparticles were used due to their potential to be produced at an industrial scale and their biocompatibility. As a proof of concept, we evaluated 41 essential oils against bacterial phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi, causative agent of pea bacterial blight. Additionally, we compared the effect of such essential oils against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Two of the most effective antimicrobials, cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and mustard (Brassica nigra) oils, were able to inhibit bacterial growth after 24 h at a concentration as low as 0.016% (v/v). Besides efficacy, the species-specificity of essential oils was demonstrated with >67% of oils tested displaying specificity towards pathogenic P. syringae pv. pisi over non-pathogenic Pseudomonas fluorescens. Furthermore, the encapsulation of essential oils into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) as a means of extending and improving their antimicrobial effect was found to enable a 10-fold increase in potency compared to the free essential oil. Cinnamaldehyde immobilised onto MSNPs proved to be the most effective antimicrobial, eliminating >99.8%, >99.9%, and >95% bacterial growth of P. fluorescens, P. syringae pv. pisi and P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, respectively. This system has the potential to be used to treat and prevent bacterial infections in crops and to enable a more controlled and effective exploitation of volatile compounds as antimicrobials.

Selection criteria, selection parameters, future research needs and future research strategies for improvement in yellow sarson (Brassica rapa var. Yellow Sarson)

The Oleiferous Brassica species, commonly known as rapeseed-mustard, are one of the economically important agricultural commodities. Rapeseed-mustard comprising eight different species viz., Indian mustard, toria, yellow sarson, brown sarson, gobhi sarson, karan rai, black mustard and taramira, are being cultivated in 53 countries spreading all over the globe . The oil and protein content varies from 37 to 49% and 22-28%, respectively. The rapeseed-mustard, which contributes nearly 80% of the total rabi oilseed production, is a vital component in edible oil sector. The rapeseed- mustard crops are diverse in their agro-climatic requirements and crop management practices. The production constraints facing each of the crops are also diverse in nature. The objective of raising domestic availability of edible oil can be realized only by increasing the productivity of these oilseed crops. Enhancing the production and productivity of the crop assumes significance; not only from the farmers’ viewpoint but also for the edible oil industry and other vertically and horizontally linked enterprises.

An escalation of anticorrosion and microelectrical properties of polyurethane nanocomposites from green Brassica nigra oil

Brassica nigra oil-based polyurethane composites have been synthesized and characterized by various analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared, NMR, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, DSC and TGA. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy confirms the improvement in the dielectric properties of the prepared composites (AGO/BNP/PH) with respect to increasing AGO content. The analytical results conclude that graphene oxide-reinforced Brassica nigra oil-based polyurethane nanocomposites show improved thermal, Tg, dielectric constant and decreased dielectric loss with respect to different ratios of amine-functionalized graphene oxide. Further, the corrosion resistance behavior analysis results conclude that the prepared bio-composites have excellent corrosion-resistant property (96.93%) compared to neat Brassica nigra oil-based polyurethane polymer, which can be used as coating material for marine and also in microelectronic applications.

Quality ascertain of different mustard oil samples Obtained from the Local market of West Bengal, India

Mustard oil extracted from seasonal crops, Brassica nigra, Brassica junea and Brassica hirta, has enormous edible and non-edible uses in India. The oil is consumed after extraction from mustard seeds, generally without any further processing. High price and dark colour of the oil make it vulnerable for adulteration. But there are some distinct physical and chemical parameters like refractive index, saponification value, iodine value, colour, essential content and unsap composition, by which the purity check of mustard oil can be done. Similarly, acid value, free fatty acid content, peroxide value, p-anisidine value of the oil helps to determine its conformity as safe and standard edible oil. In the present study few samples of mustard oil were procured from local market and analysed them to ascertain their purity and safety parameters. The packed samples are found as un-adulterated but few samples slightly deviated from safety standards.

Quality ascertain of different mustard oil samples Obtained from the Local market of West Bengal, India

Mustard oil extracted from seasonal crops, Brassica nigra, Brassica junea and Brassica hirta, has enormous edible and non-edible uses in India. The oil is consumed after extraction from mustard seeds, generally without any further processing. High price and dark colour of the oil make it vulnerable for adulteration. But there are some distinct physical and chemical parameters like refractive index, saponification value, iodine value, colour, essential content and unsap composition, by which the purity check of mustard oil can be done. Similarly, acid value, free fatty acid content, peroxide value, p-anisidine value of the oil helps to determine its conformity as safe and standard edible oil. In the present study few samples of mustard oil were procured from local market and analysed them to ascertain their purity and safety parameters. The packed samples are found as un-adulterated but few samples slightly deviated from safety standards.

Responses of insect herbivores and their food plants to wind exposure and the importance of predation risk.

Wind is an important abiotic factor that influences an array of biological processes, but it is rarely considered in studies on plant-herbivore interactions. Here, we tested whether wind exposure could directly or indirectly affect the performance of two insect herbivores, Plutella xylostella and Pieris brassicae, feeding on Brassica nigra plants. In a greenhouse study using a factorial design, B.nigra plants were exposed to different wind regimes generated by fans before and after caterpillars were introduced on plants in an attempt to separate the effects of direct and indirect wind exposure on herbivores. Wind exposure delayed flowering, decreased plant height and increased leaf concentrations of amino acids and glucosinolates. Plant-mediated effects of wind on herbivores, that is effects of exposure of plants to wind prior to herbivore feeding, were generally small. However, development time of both herbivores was extended and adult body mass of P.xylostella was reduced when they were directly exposed to wind. By contrast, wind-exposed adult P.brassicae butterflies were significantly larger, revealing a trade-off between development time and adult size. Based on these results, we conducted a behavioural experiment to study preference by an avian predator, the great tit (Parus major) for last instar P.brassicae caterpillars on plants that were exposed to either control (no wind) or wind (fan-exposed) treatments. Tits captured significantly more caterpillars on still than on wind-exposed plants. Our results suggest that P.brassicae caterpillars are able to perceive the abiotic environment and to trade off the costs of extended development time against the benefits of increased size depending on the perceived risk of predation mediated by wind exposure. Such adaptive phenotypic plasticity in insects has not yet been described in response to wind exposure.

Effect of management of organic wastes on inactivation of Brassica nigra and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae using soil biosolarization

Soil biosolarization is a promising alternative to conventional fumigation. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced in the soil through fermentation of amended organic matter can affect pest inactivation during biosolarization. The objective was to determine how soil amended with organic wastes that were partially stabilized through either composting or anaerobic digestion affected the inactivation of Brassica nigra (BN; a weed) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOL; a phytopathogenic fungus). The mortality of BN seeds in the biosolarized soil was 12% higher than in the solarized soil, although this difference was not significant. However, a significant correlation between BN mortality and VFA accumulation was observed. The number of FOL colony-forming units (CFU) in solarized samples at 5 cm was 34 CFU g-1 of soil, whereas in the biosolarized samples levels were below the limit of quantification. At 15 cm, these levels were 100 CFU g-1 for solarized samples and < 50 CFU g-1 of soil for the biosolarized samples. Amendment addition positively affected the organic matter and potassium content after the solarization process. The organic waste stabilization method can impact downstream biosolarization performance and final pest inactivation levels. This study suggests that organic waste management practices can be leveraged to improve pest control and soil quality. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

An improved method for rapid analysis of promoters using modified sonication-assisted transient assay.

We present here a modified, sonication-assisted transient transformation assay for rapid analysis of cis-regulatory elements. We tested promoter elements from MIR159B locus of Brassica juncea by generating stable transgenic lines and compared the transcriptional activity of GUS reporter with that of the transient assay method. To obtain reliable and repeatable results, and to omit false-positive data, we optimized several parameters including sonication duration and cycle and concentration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens measured as optical density (O.D.) at 600nm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of promoter characterization of MIR159B from Brassica juncea, and comparative analysis of stable and transient lines. Our analysis shows that the protocol described herein allows understanding promoter activity/transcriptional control in tissues other than leaf or protoplast which have remained the mainstay for transient analysis thus far. We tested reporter gene GUS under the control of constitutive promoter, CaMV 35S, and MIR159b from Brassica juncea. We optimized the duration of sonication (5-, 10- and 15-min cycle), bacterial density (measured as O.D at 600nm = 0.6/0.8/1.0) and Agro-infection time (5, 10, 15min), and co-cultivation (12-, and 24-h). Sonication cycle of 10-min, followed by Agro-infection and co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens with O.D. 600nm = 0.8 and for 12h was found to be optimum. We could successfully express reporter genes in deep-seated tissues such as floral organs and pollen grains where it was previously not possible to perform transient assay. Constitutive GUS activity was observed when reporter was placed under control of the constitutive promoter of CaMV 35S. Reporter GUS when placed under transcriptional control of MIR159b promoter from Brassica juncea showed reporter activity in floral tissues, in mature pollen grains. Comparative analysis of reporter activity from stable transgenic lines at T2 generation with that of transient assay system reveals identical to near-identical reporter activity. Transient assay could be successfully performed in tissues collected not only from Arabidopsis thaliana, but also from Brassica juncea and Brassica nigra to demonstrate its wide applicability. Our modified method thus has the potential of quick and rapid analysis of promoter activity and allows us to record the developmental dynamics and spatio-temporal expression pattern driven by specific promoters. Suitable modification and controls should also allow analysis of hormonal regulation and identification of trans-factors via DNA-protein interactions. Furthermore, this method can also be extended to study promoters under various environmental conditions that otherwise do not allow growth and complete life cycle of healthy plants and can be modified to test reporter activity in other non-model plants or plants with long life cycle.

Alterations in HO-1 expression, heme oxygenase activity and endogenous NO homeostasis modulate antioxidant responses of Brassica nigra against nano silver toxicity

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most widely-used nanomaterials, which are toxic and can cause physiological disorders in plants. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a possible signaling link between heme oxygenase (HO) and nitric oxide (NO) is implicated in alleviating the toxicity of AgNPs as well as AgNO3. The results showed that exposure to 400 mg L−1 of AgNPs or AgNO3 reduced the chlorophyll content and the growth parameters in Brassica nigra. Data on Ag accumulation as well as the evaluation of lipid peroxidation and the H2O2 content in roots and shoots revealed that AgNP exerted more toxicity than AgNO3. Applying AgNP and AgNO3, respectively, increased HO transcripts by 87.5 and 37.3% and elevated the endogenous NO content 51.8 and 28.5%. The application of both hematin (as an inducer of HO) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, as a NO donor) reversed the chlorosis and improved plant growth under AgNP and Ag+ ions stresses. Hematin decreased Ag accumulation in plants, indicating that this compound triggered an avoidance mechanism. Hematin and SNP enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and proline accumulation, in parallel to increasing HO transcripts and NO release levels in the roots. ZnPPIX, as the inhibitor of HO, and cPTIO, as the specific NO scavenger, differentially blocked these effects. These findings revealed for the first time that HO might confer an increased tolerance to AgNP by activating the antioxidant systems, which was partially mediated by NO signal.

Sequence and functional characterization of MIRNA164 promoters from Brassica shows copy number dependent regulatory diversification among homeologs.

The impact of polyploidy on functional diversification of cis-regulatory elements is poorly understood. This is primarily on account of lack of well-defined structure of cis-elements and a universal regulatory code. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on characterization of sequence and functional diversification of paralogous and homeologous promoter elements associated with MIR164 from Brassica. The availability of whole genome sequence allowed us to identify and isolate a total of 42 homologous copies of MIR164 from diploid species-Brassica rapa (A-genome), Brassica nigra (B-genome), Brassica oleracea (C-genome), and allopolyploids-Brassica juncea (AB-genome), Brassica carinata (BC-genome) and Brassica napus (AC-genome). Additionally, we retrieved homologous sequences based on comparative genomics from Arabidopsis lyrata, Capsella rubella, and Thellungiella halophila, spanning ca. 45 million years of evolutionary history of Brassicaceae. Sequence comparison across Brassicaceae revealed lineage-, karyotype, species-, and sub-genome specific changes providing a snapshot of evolutionary dynamics of miRNA promoters in polyploids. Tree topology of cis-elements associated with MIR164 was found to re-capitulate the species and family evolutionary history. Phylogenetic shadowing identified transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) conserved across Brassicaceae, of which, some are already known as regulators of MIR164 expression. Some of the TFBS were found to be distributed in a sub-genome specific (e.g., SOX specific to promoter of MIR164c from MF2 sub-genome), lineage-specific (YABBY binding motif, specific to C. rubella in MIR164b), or species-specific (e.g., VOZ in A. thaliana MIR164a) manner which might contribute towards genetic and adaptive variation. Reporter activity driven by promoters associated with MIR164 paralogs and homeologs was majorly in agreement with known role of miR164 in leaf shaping, regulation of lateral root development and senescence, and one previously un-described novel role in trichome. The impact of polyploidy was most profound when reporter activity across three MIR164c homeologs were compared that revealed negligible overlap, whereas reporter activity among two homeologs of MIR164a displays significant overlap. A copy number dependent cis-regulatory divergence thus exists in MIR164 genes in Brassica juncea. The full extent of regulatory diversification towards adaptive strategies will only be known when future endeavors analyze the promoter function under duress of stress and hormonal regimes.

Silence of the plants

Chemical ecologist James Blande at the University of Eastern Finland finds that plants release volatile chemicals into the atmosphere which can be viewed as a language in the sense that a plant releasing the chemicals can be viewed as 'speaking' and the plant receiving them as 'listening' and then responding. pollution can disrupt these communications. In one study, Blande and his colleagues put individual bumblebees into a chamber containing paper flowers resembling those of black mustard. When the scientists injected the scent of real black mustard flowers that grew in either a clean or polluted atmosphere the bumblebees' reactions were unequivocal: they were immediately attracted to the unpolluted scent, while that from polluted air left them buzzing around aimlessly.

Brassicaceae Mustards: Traditional and Agronomic Uses in Australia and New Zealand.

Commonly cultivated Brassicaceae mustards, namely garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), white mustard (Brassica alba), Ethiopian mustard (B. carinata), Asian mustard (B. juncea), oilseed rape (B. napus), black mustard (B. nigra), rapeseed (B. rapa), white ball mustard (Calepina irregularis), ball mustard (Neslia paniculata), treacle mustard (Erysimum repandum), hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale), Asian hedge mustard (S. orientale), smooth mustard (S. erysimoides) and canola are the major economically important oilseed crops in many countries. Mustards were naturalized to Australia and New Zealand and Australia is currently the second largest exporter of Brassicaceae oilseeds to meet the global demand for a healthy plant-derived oil, high in polyunsaturated fats. Apart from providing edible oil, various parts of these plants and many of their phytochemicals have been used traditionally for both agronomic as well as medicinal purposes, with evidence of their use by early Australian and New Zealand settlers and also the indigenous population. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of traditional and agronomic uses of Brassicaceae oilseeds and mustards with a focus on their importance in Australia and New Zealand.

Dealing with mutualists and antagonists: Specificity of plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores and flower visitors, and consequences for plant fitness

Abstract Plants need to deal with antagonists, such as herbivores, while maintaining interactions with mutualists, such as pollinators that help plants to maximize their reproductive output. Although many plant species have inducible defences to save metabolic costs of defence in the absence of herbivores, plant responses induced by herbivore attack can have ecological costs. For example, herbivore‐induced responses can affect flower traits and alter interactions with flower visitors. Such plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores and flower visitors can affect plant reproductive output. Current knowledge on the generality and specificity of plant‐mediated herbivore–flower–visitor interactions and its consequences for plant fitness is limited. In this study, we investigated whether a broad range of herbivores feeding on the annual plant Brassica nigra affect interactions with flower visitors, whether the direction of interactions is predicted by the feeding modes (chewing and sap‐feeding) and sites (above‐ and belowground) of the herbivores, and whether it results in fitness consequences for the plant. Our results show that attack of B. nigra by a range of different herbivores influenced plant interactions with mutualist pollinators and an antagonist florivore, the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus. Pollinator community composition was affected by herbivory, whereas overall pollinator attraction was maintained. Pollinator community composition of uninfested plants differed from that of chewing and root herbivore‐infested plants. Main responders in the pollinator communities to changes induced by herbivory were syrphid flies, bumblebees, and solitary bees. Although the preference of pollen beetle adults was not affected by herbivory, beetle larvae performed best on plants infested with the nematode Heterodera schachtii. The changes in pollinator community composition and syrphid fly visitation can explain the observed increase in seed set of root herbivore‐infested plants. Interactions of flowering B. nigra plants with mutualist and antagonist insects are well integrated and conflicting interactions do not reduce reproductive output. Our results suggest some degree of specificity in herbivore–flower–visitor interactions with consequences for plant fitness. Specificity of plant responses were determined at the species level as well as the herbivore functional group level, and differed depending on the flower visitor. Because plant reproduction was affected by indirect plant‐mediated interactions, these can potentially result in selection on plant strategies to optimize growth, defence and reproduction. A plain language summary is available for this article.

Importance of allelopathy in agriculture: Bioavailability and functions of allelochemicals in soil environment

Weed invasion and subsequent infestation represents a major problem in crop production. Chemical weed control is the major management tactic used in conventional agriculture. Complementary strategies to herbicides are increasingly being investigated. The importance of allelopathy has been considered for weed management over the years. However, the relevance of allelopathy has been highly discussed due to the lack of phytotoxic concentrations of allelochemicals under field conditions. Avena fatua, Brassica nigra, Fagopyrum esculentum, Secale cereale, Sorghum bicolor, Triticum aestivum and other cover crops have been used in weed management on a limited basis. Crop residues from existing crop or rotational crops can provide selective weed suppression through their physical presence on the soil surface and/or through the release of allelochemicals. Some of the allelochemicals have been reported to play a role in weed management, including phenolic acids, DIBOA, DIBOA-glycoside, and BOA, dhurrin, fatty acids, hydroxamic acids, isoflavonoids, isothiocyanate, juglone, momilactone, scopoletin, and sorgoleone. The soil system, a living and dynamic, influences the fate and functions of allelochemicals in time and space. The bioavailability of allelochemicals in the soil is dependent on processes such as adsorption, leaching and degradations by abiotic and biotic factors. The clay types, organic matter, and soil pH can affect the bioavailability of allelochemicals in the soil. Thus, the allelopathic potential of many compounds may not be expressed in some soils because of the chemical adsorption to soil colloids. The resulting concentrations (sub-toxic) of any of these allelochemicals in soil matrix may have a variety of functions that influence seed germination, seedling emergence, plant growth suppression, nutrient acquisition or soil microbial activity. Examples of such compounds are benzoic acid, catechin, coumaric acid, dihydroxyphenylalanine, ferulic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, sorgoleone, vanillic acid, and others.

Nusproizvodi semenske dorade crne (Brassica Nigra) i bele (Sinapis Alba) slačice kao hrana za životinje - mogućnosti i opasnosti

Nusproizvodi semenske dorade crne (Brassica Nigra) i bele (Sinapis Alba) slačice kao hrana za životinje - mogućnosti i opasnosti