Brass Research Articles

The influence of phosphorus microalloying on the structure formation of CuZn32Mn3Al2FeNi multicomponent brass

Phosphorus in brass can have both a positive effect, such as improving mechanical properties, increasing corrosion resistance and machinability, and a negative effect, such as adversely affecting weldability and causing cracking. The study of the role of phosphorus in the processes of brass structure formation is of practical relevance, since it helps optimise the properties of the material, reduce the risk of defects, improve treatment processes and control properties and quality. The work covers the study of the role of phosphorus in brass, the need to control its content during production by limiting the share of secondary use. The study revealed the possibility of a positive effect of modifying copper alloys with phosphorus in order to improve performance properties, as well as the prospects of using phosphorus as a safe replacement for lead in brass. The authors assessed the content and distribution of phosphorus impurity at a concentration of 0.005% in a brass sample of the CuZn32Mn3Al2FeNi grade, studied the nature of its interaction with other components of the alloy and the changes occurring at different temperatures of heat treatment. It has been found that phosphorus actively participates in diffusion processes and forms phosphides in both defective and defect-free blanks. When heated to the hot deformation temperature range, phosphorus redistribution occurs, phosphide locally dissolves, and metastable inclusions form. Due to differences in the concentration of elements in areas adjacent to the phosphide, the brass structure changes leading to the formation of areas different from the matrix β-phase. Manganese phosphide in brass can improve its mechanical properties and cutting ability, but an excess of this compound can lead to problems with strength, crack resistance, and moulding.

The use of lead isotopes for determining sources of lead in drinking water

AbstractA series of paired samples were analyzed to determine if high‐precision lead isotopic fingerprinting could help identify the source of lead in plumbing materials and drinking water. Samples were obtained of plumbing materials (lead service lines, copper pipe with lead solder, galvanized materials, and brass fixtures) from water utilities across the United States. Lead samples were taken from the material itself, from scales, and in some cases from associated water. The lead samples were analyzed to determine the ratios of the four stable lead isotopes present. The results enabled the identification of relationships between various components and further aided in the identification of the source of lead found in water and in pipe scales. Isotopic fingerprinting, as demonstrated in this study, could be used to determine if a galvanized line is a galvanized line requiring replacement (GRR) under the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (USEPA, 2023).

Corrosion performance of naval brass in a simulated ocean water environment under different aqueous conditions

This study assesses the corrosion response of naval brass (NB) (Cu-39.0Zn-1.0Sn-3.5Pb wt.%) with ocean water salt mixture added in distilled water (DW), tap water (TW), and 50%Tap water + 50%Rain water (TW + RW) conditions. The NB in DW exhibited reduced weight loss and corrosion rate compared to TW and TW + RW conditions, which was maximum in TW condition. The electrochemical corrosion rates increased to 168 h and declined at 336 h, with higher corrosion rates witnessed in TW and lowest in DW conditions. The corrosion rate after 168 h in TW was 32 % higher than in DW condition. The corrosion products on NB include cuprite, atacamite, brochantite, and simonkolleite, more prevalent in TW conditions. The dezincification was minimal in DW but increased in TW and TW + RW conditions, peaking in TW condition. Pit number and size were smaller in DW but larger in TW and TW + RW conditions, with TW exhibiting the most extensive and deeper pits, indicating heightened corrosion from localized Zn dissolution. Zn removal from α and β′ phases was lower initially in DW while escalating in TW and TW + RW conditions over time. The NB in the TW condition showed prominent Zn removal than in DW condition, especially after 336 h.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF REMAINS OF METAL RAW MATERIALS ON THE WALLS OF LYCEUM FORMS AND CRUCCILES AS A SOURCE ON THE HISTORY OF JEWELERY PRODUCTION IN THE TERRITORY OF NORTH AND CENTRAL BELARUS IN THE X–XVIII CENTURIES

The article presents the results of a study of the chemical composition of the remains of metal raw materials preserved on the surface of casting devices of the 10th–18th centuries, found on the territory of Northern and Central Belarus. The author has established that the main alloys of non-ferrous metals fixed on the walls of pots and crucibles are multicomponent and lead brass, which allows them to be considered as a distinctive feature of local non-ferrous metalworking. It is noted that lead brasses are most typical for industrial complexes of the 10th–13th centuries, and com-plex copper-zinc alloys are found in crucibles from a workshop of the 17th–18th centuries. The author also determined that some of the clay and stone foundry molds were used for casting metal raw materials. It was established that mainly copper-zinc and multicomponent alloys were melted in the molds.

Effects of Materials and Riblets on Erosion Mitigation Induced by Multiple Collapses of Cavitation Bubbles

The current research investigates the effects of materials and riblets on cavitation-induced erosion morphology, depth, and cross-sectional area through experimental approaches. To achieve these aims, the erosion of pure aluminum (1xxxAl or Al) and alpha brass (CuZn37 or CZ108), in the presence and absence of bio-inspired sawtooth riblets, was examined after exposure to multiple collapses of single cavitation bubbles with a wall distance of 1.8 (dimensionless). The results indicate that the erosion morphology resembles a rounded cone with a circular cross-section. Brass provides 21.6% more erosion resistance compared to that of Al in terms of material properties. Furthermore, the erosion for both Al (depth by 3.8% and width by 18.3%) and brass (depth by 7.9% and width by 27.4%) decreases in the presence of riblets compared to the results for flat surfaces. The greater erosion resistance of brass compared to Al is attributed to the superior mechanical stability of brass, making it a potentially suitable alloy for use in propellers and hulls in the shipping industry. In summary, the results reveal that riblet-equipped materials with high mechanical durability are promising erosion-resistant materials for the shipping industry. However, the potential for chemical reactions in a cathodic environment should be addressed to provide a comprehensive perspective in regards to reducing corrosion intensity.

Numerical analysis of alpha-beta brass by constitutive model for prediction of hot flow stress

Numerical analysis of alpha-beta brass by constitutive model for prediction of hot flow stress

Optimal Leveraging of a Gifford-McMahon Cryocooler’s Regenerative Cooling Power for SNSPD Applications

Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) offer unparalleled efficiency, minimal dark count rates, and picosecond jitter, making them ideal for single photon detector applications across the visible to mid-IR spectrum. A common cryogenic system used to reach these detectors’ optimal operating temperatures (>1 K) consists of Sumitomo’s compact RDK101 Gifford McMahon Cryocooler (GMC) running on an Zephyr air cooled compressor, coupled with a helium four (4He) adsorption stage. In this work, our aim is to provide measurements of the RDK101 GMC second stage regenerator tube cooling power at several locations along its length. We then characterise the performance of the adsorption cooler with heat loads applied to the regenerator tube. Our measurements demonstrate that heat loads of 1.2 W can be intercepted at the tube’s section near the GMC’s first cooling stage, with a negligible effect on the performance of the adsorption cooler. The thermal conductivity of yellow brass coaxial was characterised from 4 K to 40 K. Here we show that the heat load from 64 coaxial cable can be optimally intercepted with the defined regenerator cooling power. These results indicate that a 1024-pixel SNSPD array using a 32x32 row column multiplexing architecture could be successfully implemented in this cryogenic platform.

An investigation into optimizing the friction stir welding factors (FSWF) for yellow brass

An investigation into optimizing the friction stir welding factors (FSWF) for yellow brass

Insight into the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-20wt%Zn-xSn ternary alloy

The main objective of this research is to study the grain refinement and improved trend in mechanical properties of brass (Cu-20wt%Zn) doped with tin. Tin was added in concentrations of (x: 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, and 1wt%). The alloy samples were produced by permanent die casting and machined to the required dimensions for the structural analysis and mechanical tests. Mechanical properties studied were percentage elongation, ultimate tensile strength, and Brinell hardness using a 100KN JPL tensile strength tester (Model: 130812) and portable dynamic hardness testing machine (Model: DHT-6) respectively. The structural analysis was conducted using an optical metallurgical microscope (Model: L2003A) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EDS. The results of the structural analysis showed that the control specimen consisted predominantly of coarse α-phase of zinc in copper (Cu3Zn). The samples doped with tin consisted of refined α-grains with patches of the second phase (Cu8Sn5). Mechanical test results indicated that the addition of tin to alpha brass improved the ultimate tensile strength and hardness with a slight decline in percentage elongation. The values recorded for ultimate tensile strength and Brinell hardness were 322MPa and 176HB respectively.

Piezoelectric Power Generator: a comparison of power generation between the resonant frequency and natural frequencies

The capture of energy from the environment, mostly vibrations using piezoelectric materials is of great interest, justified by the intensive use of low-power portable devices and wireless sensors, without the need to use an external power supply. This presentation is an analysis of the vibration energy in an embedded metal structure, with mass at the free end. The metallic structure is coupled to a piezoelectric plate type PZT-4. The dimensions of the piezoelectric plate are 10x10x0.5 mm. The material used is a brass metal structure and its dimensions are 70x10x0.3 mm. A cam-follower is used to excite the electrical generator with mechanical vibration in the range of 0-30 Hz. Results indicate that the system has a capability of low power generating a range of 200 to 300 mW. A circuit conditioner treats and stores the generated signal. Still, operational analysis on resonance frequency of the structure and natural frequencies of the system will be compared, presented and discussed.

Classification of filigree silver with Artificial Neural Networks according to production methods

The jewelry industry uses precious stones and metals in various ways while ornaments and jewelry are made. One of the methods used is the filigree method. The most critical factor in the filigree method is human and craftsmanship. However, rapid technological developments make the machine use in filigree mandatory. As a result, filigree products produced by handwork can be created using serial molds in the factory environment. This study aims to classify the molded product filigree silver using artificial neural networks. Filigree products produced by filigree masters and as mold products were compared to distinguish the filigree products. The color of the silver jewelry, the state of the jewelry, the silver setting status, the brass metal used in the silver jewelry, the form of the inner filling motif, the shape of the roof wire, the smoothness of the structure, the proper placement of the inner filling, the symmetrical status of the motifs on the jewelry are trained in the system using Deep Learning, which is an artificial neural networks method through thehe data collected from features such as the use of valuable or worthless stones. The success of classifying filigree jewelry handcrafts or mold products using Deep Learning through artificial neural network methods was evaluated. As a result of the study, the classification with deep learning was conducted successfully.

SARUKHETRI PITAL SARAI CLUSTER: ARTISTIC AND AESTHETIC SENSE OF FOLK ART FORMS ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Folk art and craft comprises art created by indigenous cultures, peasants, and other common individuals. It is frequently learned through rigorous apprenticeships or passed down from generation to generation within families. The patterns, themes, techniques, and materials of folk art and craft must have specific importance and convey a great deal about the culture or civilization to which they belong. In Assamese culture, brass metal articles, silk and bamboo articles are used for various purposes daily household activities, religious ceremonies, marriage gift items, musical instruments, etc. As an anthropological researcher when viewing folk art articles a careless inquiry occasionally pops into the researcher’s mind out of curiosity. The question might be, How did this item come into existence? who are the people who make these craft items, how are they skilled and who trains them? It often focuses on the many concerns surrounding traditions influencing and enhancing their learning process. Using an ethnographic methodology and narrative analysis, it is believed that all of these and many other questions will receive proper answers. Many Assamese tribal and folk cultures' traditional arts and crafts are currently in danger of being extinct. This article is an effort to describe and exhibit the rich artistic and craft traditions of the Barpeta district, Assam, which are currently in danger of extinction. In particular, it focuses on the collection of dying arts and crafts made by the metal craft communities of Assam. This research focuses on brass metal craft groups in the Sarukhteri region of Assam through mapping the structure of craft communities and external bodies between which knowledge exchange occurs. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of how knowledge has been transferred in Assam's craft communities and to subsequently identify and comprehend some underlying problem areas.

Colour Stability of Two Different Denture Base Resins and the Efficacy of Two Denture Cleansing Agents after Tea and Coffee Staining: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: In dentistry, colour is one of the most important dimensions of aesthetics. Due to the diverse food habits in India, stains accumulate on dentures. Various denture cleansing agents such as Fittydent and Clinsodent are widely used, emphasising the importance of patient oral hygiene. Aim: To evaluate the colour stability of heat-cure activated acrylic denture base resins {Dental Products of India (DPI) and Trevalon} after staining with tea and coffee, subsequently treated with Clinsodent, Fittydent, and distilled water (control group) as cleansing agents. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted at Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, in the Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge, and Implantology in collaboration with Indorama, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India, over a period of approximately 90 days (August-October 2017). Total 120 samples were prepared in-vitro study using custom-made brass metal discs measuring 10 mm by 2 mm. Trevalon and DPI heat-cure acrylic denture base resins were used for sample preparation. Baseline colour stability values were established after immersing the samples in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. The samples were then stained for eight hours, followed by immersion in different cleansing agents and distilled water for 12 hours. This process was repeated every 24 hours for 60 days, with the staining and cleansing agents replenished daily. Colour measurements were taken at baseline, 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th days. Statistical analysis involved t-tests and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: The DPI denture base resin exhibited a highly significant ∆E (change in energy) at 45 days (p=0.0001), while Trevalon showed significance at 60 days (p=0.0079). The difference in means was statistically significant using t-tests for independent samples, and the variance-measure analysis indicated statistical significance in the means of ∆E. The comparison of the three cleansing agents at 60 days was statistically obtained using one-way ANOVA. Conclusion: Dental Products of India (DPI) showed more colour variation than Trevalon. Tea showed a higher staining than coffee. Staining intensity increased over time, peaking at 45 days and stabilising thereafter. Clinsodent is better than Fittydent in removing stains.

Physicochemical properties of lead brass charge obtained by electroerosion in isopropyl alcohol under optimal dispersion regimes

Physicochemical properties of lead brass charge obtained by electroerosion in isopropyl alcohol under optimal dispersion regimes

Assessing environmental impact in brass component companies through life cycle assessment: a case study of brass crafts smes

Sampurna Kuningan is a small and medium enterprises (SMEs) specializing in creating various brass metal handicraft products. They need to improve their efficiency in producing brass door handles within their manufacturing process. The issues mainly revolve around two tasks - dipping and refining processes. At the finishing stage, the chemical solution left from brass cleaning is improperly treated and disposed of in the sewer, wasting resources. This study’s primary objective is to evaluate the eco-efficiency index (EEI) value and propose improvement strategies to reduce the environmental impact caused by their production activities. The eco-efficiency measurement involves comparing the financial performance represented by the net value and the environmental performance measured as eco-cost. The eco-cost is calculated using a life cycle assessment through the Sima-Pro software. The results of the calculations indicate an EEI value of 2.22. The production process is both economically affordable and sustainable. However, there is a relatively high environmental impact during the finishing process. Improvement scenarios for this process include implementing water treatment or substituting finishing chemicals. Using citric acid for a brass door handle yields a significant average reduction in eco-cost, reaching approximately 50%.

Structural and Mechanical Properties of CuZn30 Cartridge Brass in Real Production Conditions

Structural and Mechanical Properties of CuZn30 Cartridge Brass in Real Production Conditions

Comparative study of the corrosion behavior of three alpha brass alloys used in potable water distribution equipment in aggressive soil using electrochemical measurements

Cu–Zn (brass) materials are widely used in drinking water equipment, including valves, taps, and fittings. However, this brass suffers significant corrosion when buried in aggressive soil. The aim of this study is to investigate the corrosion resistance of three α-brasses (Br1, Br2 and Br3) buried in aggressive soil of the MNASRA region, located in the province of Kenitra, north-west Morocco. This study was carried out by means of potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and open circuit potential (OCP) measurements. A pilot plant was designed to simulate the environment in which the materials were used, and the same materials were buried on the site where they were used for a period of two years. The results show an increase in icorr from 3050 at 24 h to 5400 μA cm−2 at 2016 h for Br3 and from 1330 to 2550 μA cm−2 for Br2. However, Rp decreases from 181.9 to 2.8 kΩ cm2 for Br3 and from 489.9 to 85.2 kΩ cm2 for Br2, indicating that the Br3 and Br2 alloys have undergone significant corrosion in the aggressive soil respectively. Where as a decrease in icorr from 1.280 at 24 h to 0.430 μA cm−2 at 2016 h for Br1. Nevertheless, Rp increased from 192.1 to 881.7 kΩ cm2 indicating an improvement in corrosion resistance due to the formation of a denser protective film on its surface. Moreover, the results show that the presence of a high phosphorus (P) and aluminum (Al) content with a lower percentage of iron (Fe) has a beneficial effect and leads to good corrosion resistance. These results are in agreement with the SEM/EDS and XRD analyses, as well as with the results obtained on-site after two years of immersion by SEM and OP analyses.

Selective phase corrosion and cavitation erosion behaviors of various copper alloys in 3.5% NaCl solutions with different pH values

The stability of each phase in nickel aluminum bronze (NAB), manganese aluminum bronze (MAB) and manganese brass (MB) was characterized by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM). Selective phase corrosion (SPC) and cavitation erosion (CE) behaviors of these materials were studied in 3.5% NaCl solution with different pH values. The results show that the κ phase with the lowest stability is dissolved in the acidic solution (pH 2) for each material. In the neutral solution (pH 6.8), the Al-abundant κ phases in NAB are preserved, whereas the Fe-rich κ phases in MAB and MB are dissolved. In the alkaline solution (pH 12), pitting corrosion occurs at the κ phases in MAB and MB and at the κII phase in NAB. In each solution, NAB possesses the highest CE resistance, followed by MAB and MB. In the acidic solution, SPC remarkably intensifies the CE damage and CE−corrosion synergy contributes largely to the CE degradation. In other solutions, slight SPC occurs and each material exhibits a mechanical attack- dominated CE mechanism.

RAW MATERIALS PRICE VOLATILITY AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS ON THE JAMNAGAR BRASS PARTS INDUSTRY: A STUDY ON MICRO AND SMALL-SCALE UNITS

Most of the production work is carried out by micro and small-scale units in the Jamnagar Brass Parts industry. Brass scrap is most often used in this industry. Brass scrap prices are based on brass metal prices, and Brass is composed of a mixture of copper, zinc, and lead metals, in addition, copper holds the highest position among other related metals. Therefore, the highest percentage of copper can be found in comparison to other metals. When it comes to brass scrap, prices mostly depend on copper prices. Copper is considered a globle metal today, with developed countries dominating both its production and consumption. In this regard, over the past few years, copper prices have experienced significant instability. Consequently, brass prices also exhibit instability. In this research paper focuses on the Jamnagar Brass Parts industry and examines the economic impacts and challenges arising from the volatility in prices of raw materials, such as brass scrap, on both foundry units and manufacturing units. Furthermore, these small-scale units find themselves in an uncertain position as a result of the volatile fluctuations in raw material prices. Consequently, these units react or respond to the price fluctuations of raw materials like brass scrap. This paper also tries to address this issue.

Optimization of the Technological Process of Dispersing Brass Waste in a Carbon-Containing Environment by Setting up a Full Factorial Experiment

Purpose of research. Optimization of the technological process of dispersing brass waste in a carbon-containing environment by setting up a full factorial experiment.Methods. The electroerosion process of LS58-3 alloy waste was carried out on a patented device, LS58-3 alloy waste (GOST 15527-2004) was used as metal waste. Isopropyl alcohol (GOST 9805-84), which is a carbon-containing medium, was chosen as the working fluid (dispersing medium).Variable parameters during operation of the installation were: the voltage supplied to the electrodes (100...200 V); capacity of discharge capacitors (25...65 μF); discharge frequency 50...100 Hz.When an electric discharge occurs, the electrodes and wastes are instantly destroyed and the smallest powder particles are formed. The granulometric composition of the obtained powder was carried out using the Analysette 22 NanoTec particle size analyzer. The development of a mathematical model of the process of obtaining lead brass powder was carried out by conducting a full factorial experiment of type 23.Results. As a result of mathematical calculations, the maximum value of the optimization output parameter (average particle size) was determined, which was 23.8 μm at the following values of the factors (dispersion modes): the voltage supplied to the electrodes is 200 V, the discharge frequency is 100 Hz, and the capacity of the discharge capacitors is 65 μF.Conclusion. On the basis of the obtained results of studies and calculations, it is possible to conclude that by changing the operating modes of the EDM installation, it is possible to obtain powders of different sizes. The voltage applied to the electrodes and the capacity of the discharge capacitors have the greatest influence on the particle size of the resulting charge. When the values of these parameters increase, the mass yield of the powder increases, which directly depends on the size of the obtained particles.The obtained regression equation makes it possible to determine at which operating modes of the installation it is possible to obtain powder of a given particle size.