Brands Of Gasoline Research Articles

Оценка электростатических свойств средств защиты головы, применяемых во взрывопожароопасных зонах

Problems of prevention of explosions and fires caused by the accumulation of electrostatic charge and the following discharge able to ignite an explosion and hazardous medium are well known in global practices. These conditions are specific, inter alia, to engineering industries and determined by the technological necessity to wash or process product surfaces in the medium of flammable liquids. At the same time, explosion and fire safety is primarily ensured by the requirements for non-excess of the minimum value of ignition of medium containing flammable liquids. As a potential source of accumulation of electrostatic charges, personal head protection equipment (safety helmets) required for mechanic safety is considered. Their base and tooling are usually made of polymer materials naturally prone to electrification. The article aims to resolve the problem of assessing the potential accumulation of electric charges during the contact of the scalp with elements of safety helmets. In conditions of current production, the electrostatic potential relative to the earth occurring on the scalp, cheeks, chin, and elements of safety helmet during putting on and off has been studied; the results of the study are provided. The energy of accumulated charges has been determined and compared with the value of minimum energy of ignition of different gasoline brands; conclusions regarding the sufficiency of energy to generate a discharge capable of causing an initiating ignition of flammable liquids have been made. The impact of the length of the employee’s scalp hair on the level of accumulation of electrostatic charges potentially causing ignition of the working medium containing flammable liquids has been determined. The results of the study can be used for the development of a methodology to assess a potential spark hazard occurring due to contact electrification during the use of safety helmets in conditions of explosion and fire-hazardous media and potentially causing fire and explosion.

Определение давления насыщенного пара автомобильных бензинов для расчёта размеров зон взрывоопасных концентраций

PURPOSE. The article examines the problem of assessing fire hazard in tank farms in Russia when storing gasoline in steel vertical tanks (SVT). The greatest danger is represented by emissions of oil product vapors from the respiratory systems of tanks of SVT type, which leads to the formation of explosive concentrations zones. To assess the possibility of an explosive concentration formation in the gas space of a tank, it is necessary to know the value of the saturated vapor pressure at different temperatures. Data on the fire and explosion properties of the new brands of gasoline, which are stored in tank farms in Russia, in particular, on the saturated vapors pressure, are not available in the reference literature. This fact makes it difficult to provide an impartial quantitative assessment of the fire and explosion hazard of SVT and tank farms in general. The article substantiates the assessment of fire danger mainly using experimental data. METHODS. In the course of the study, analytical and experimental methods to determine the motor gasoline saturated vapor pressure were used. FINDINGS. Using the experimentally obtained pressure of saturated vapor of AI-95-K5 gasoline (рн = 64.97 kPa), the sizes of the explosive concentrations zones formed in the open space in the vicinity of SVT pressure vent valves with a capacity of 1 000 m3 to 50 000 m3 were determined. The analysis of data on the pressure of motor gasoline saturated vapor obtained both analytically and experimentally was carried out, as a result discrepancies in its numerical value by 20% were revealed. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. Conducting experimental research will update the numerical value of the saturated vapor pressure of currently implemented liquid motor fuel brands. CONCLUSIONS. The experimental method is more expensive and time consuming than the analytical one, but it allows obtaining more reliable values of the gasoline saturated vapor pressure, which in turn directly affects the size of explosive concentration zones at industrial facilities.

Focusing Plasma Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry.

A plasma-based source named focusing plasma desorption/ionization (FPDI) is described, which applies a high direct current voltage between a metal wire inside a polymeric hollow truncated cone and a piece of a one-sided coated conducting paper substrate. The conducting paper acts as both the counter electrode and the sample carrier. Upon the generation of a visible plasma beam, it would directly ionize the samples spotted on the conducting paper substrate or located around the plasma beam. The signal intensity of target analytes in mass spectrometric analysis is dependent highly on whether the conducting paper substrate is grounded or not, the type of conducting paper substrate, the inside diameter of the polymeric hollow truncated cone tip, the metal wire tip-to-polymer tip distance, the polymer tip-to-paper substrate distance, the applied voltage, and the helium flow rate. Based on the experimental observation, a plausible mechanism is proposed for the generation of the plasma beam from FPDI. Compared to the available low-temperature plasma, flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow, and helium plasma ionization sources, FPDI has demonstrated higher sensitivity and better compatibility with commercial mass spectrometers without any extra power supplies. As a proof of concept, FPDI coupled with a mass spectrometer has also been applied for the discrimination of different brands of gasoline and determination of solid tablets and pesticides with limits of detection in the range of 2.2 to 30.7 ng mL-1.

РОЗНИЧНЫЕ ЦЕНЫ НА БЕНЗИН В МОСКВЕ В ПЕРИОД ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19

The article is devoted to the analysis of retail gasoline prices in Moscow in the period after the start of the spread of coronavirus infection. We analyze the statistical data on changes in wholesale and retail prices for the main brands of gasoline and diesel fuel during the pandemic. Empirical data reveal the effect of the damper price regulation mechanism, which makes it possible to soften the reaction to sharp fluctuations in world oil prices. It is shown that positive and negative price shocks in the world oil market during the pandemic smoothed out at the level of wholesale prices for oil products in Russia, and practically neutralized at the level of retail prices.

Determining the influence of cavitation treatment on the octane number of gas-condensate gasoline modified with isopropanol

This paper reports a study into the effect of cavitation on the octane number of gas-condensate gasoline with the addition of isopropanol in the amount of 0‒12 % by volume. The papers that confirm the impact of cavitation on the intensification of oil cracking reactions have been analyzed. Cavitation also initiates reactions of interaction between free radicals and alcohols. A laboratory installation scheme has been proposed to investigate the cavitation treatment process on the characteristics of gasoline modified with alcohols. A methodology has been devised for studying the effect of cavitation treatment intensity on the octane number of gasoline. A 0.3‒0.9-point increase in the octane number of gas-condensate gasoline modified with isopropanol was experimentally proven following its cavitation treatment. The effect of the number of cavitation treatment cycles on the octane number indicator has been studied; it is shown that the stable value of an increase in the octane number is achieved over 7‒8 cycles of cavitation treatment at a pressure at the outlet from the nozzle of 9.0 MPa. A reduction in the isopropanol additive, required to produce gasoline brands A-95 and A-98, when using a cavitation treatment technology was substantiated. It has been experimentally confirmed that compared to simple mechanical mixing of alcohol and hydrocarbon gasoline, the application of cavitation reduces the consumption of isopropanol by 17 % (from 3.0 % to 2.5 % by volume) in the production of gasoline brand A-95; and by 14 % (from 8.1 % to 7.0 % % by volume) in the production of gasoline brand A-98. The effect of isopropanol concentration on the increase in the octane number of gasoline, measured by research method, under conditions of cavitation treatment is nonlinear in nature: with highs at concentrations of 1.0 % by volume, 3.5 % by volume, and 6.5 % by volume. Varying the initial concentration of isopropanol and the octane number of a hydrocarbon gasoline fraction can optimize the technological mode of production of gasoline brands A-95 and A-98 in terms of raw materials and energy consumption

Discrimination of brands of gasoline by using DART-MS and chemometrics

In this study, Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS) was used to analyze four different brands of gasoline collected from five local fuel service stations. Chemometric methods including analysis of variance-principal component analysis (ANOVA-PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to classify the gasoline samples based on brand and identify characteristic features for gasoline discrimination. To test the robustness of this method, the gasoline samples were collected once per week for eight weeks and they were analyzed by DART-MS within 24 h of collection and again two weeks after the last sample collection. Both full DART-MS spectra data and selected ion spectra data were used to construct PLS-DA models and the average classification rates of both models were 99.9 ± 0.1% for 100 independent evaluations with bootstrapped Latin partitions and were 100% for a new validation set collected two weeks later with no parametric changes. The major characteristic features corresponded to polymeric compounds in fuel additives which supported our hypothesis that proprietary additives blended in gasoline should be the marker components to distinguish gasoline with different brands. The weathered gasoline samples at different extents, i.e. 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%, were studied and compared with un-weathered samples. The polymeric compound patterns in gasoline were found to be brand dependent and weathering extent dependent and the patterns for the weathered gasoline with different brands were still significantly different. DART-MS is demonstrated as a promising tool for the discrimination of brands of gasoline.

Использование метода импедансной спектроскопии для анализа бензанольного топлива

The authors have developed a method for express control of three component «gasoline-alcohol-water» fuel mixtures based on the spectral impedance investigation of benzanol mixture in the frequency range of 500 Hz — 10 kHz. A correlation dependence between the dielectric constant and the specific resistance of the fuel mixture on content of ethanol and water in the mixture has been found. On the basis of this dependence a calibration nomogram to quantify the gasoline and water-alcohol components content in the test benzanol fuel in the actual range of concentrations has been formed. The nomogram allows determining the water-alcohol and gasoline parts in the analyzed fuel with an error of no more than 1% vol., while the strength of water-alcohol solution is determined with an error of no more than 0.8% vol. The obtained nomogram can also give information about critical water content in the benzanol fuel to prevent its eventual phase separation. It is shown that the initial component composition of different gasoline brands has no significant effect on the electrical characteristics of the studied benzanol fuels, which makes the evaluation of alcohol and water content in the fuel sufficiently accurate. for practical applications.

Determination of nitrogen compounds in gasoline by gas chromatography-surface ionization detector

Nitrogen compounds in gasoline were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-surface ionization detector (GC-SID). Compared with the chromatograms obtained from GC-flame ionization detector (FID), GC-thermal ionization detector (NPD) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS), the peaks in the chromatogram obtained by GC-SID were assigned to the nitrogen compounds in gasoline. Most of these nitrogen compounds could not be detected by FID or NPD, which demonstrated the high selectivity and sensitivity of the SID. The types of nitrogen compounds in three gasoline samples (90#, 93#, 97#) were similar, but their contents varied with different gasoline brands. The extracted nitrogen compounds were mainly anilines, the amounts of which in the three gasoline samples were different. Trace amounts of several high boiling point nitrogen compounds were successfully detected because of the high sensitivity of SID. The SID is superior to the commercial NPD in detecting the nitrogen compounds in gasoline samples. In view of its high sensitivity and selectivity, the SID is a promising GC detector.

Green Marketing and Consumer Behavior: The Case of Gasoline Products

The purpose of this research is to ascertain the manner in and extent to which consumers' environmental attitudes affect their purchasing behavior regarding a competitively uniform product such as gasoline. The research initially undertakes a comprehensive literature review on green marketing and contemporary consumer behavior to develop the necessary theoretical basis on which primary research is founded. The latter has collected data using a survey method and has analyzed them using multiple regression analysis. The results indicated a clear purchase pattern that favors gasoline brands perceived to be the most environmentally friendly, in fact, to a degree that consumers are willing to drive far to locate their favorite gasoline stations. This research, fits the findings of past generic research on contemporary consumer behavior, though contrary to other past findings, did not indicate any gender consumer behavior differences. The theoretical basis and primary research results are subsequently utilized toward the development of an innovative green marketing perspective with explicit managerial implications.

Carbonyl and Nitrogen Dioxide Emissions From Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Motor Vehicles

Carbonyls can be toxic and highly reactive in the atmosphere. To quantify trends in carbonyl emissions from light-duty (LD) vehicles, measurements were made in a San Francisco Bay area highwaytunnel bore containing essentially all LD vehicles during the summers of 1999, 2001, and 2006. The LD vehicle emission factor for formaldehyde, the most abundant carbonyl, did not change between 1999 and 2001, then decreased by 61 +/- 7% between 2001 and 2006. This reduction was due to fleet turnover and the removal of MTBE from gasoline. Acetaldehyde emissions decreased by 19 +/- 2% between 1999 and 2001 and by the same amount between 2001 and 2006. Absent the increased use of ethanol in gasoline after 2003, acetaldehyde emissions would have further decreased by 2006. Carbonyl emission factors for medium- (MD) and heavy-duty (HD) diesel trucks were measured in 2006 in a separate mixed-traffic bore of the tunnel. Emission factors for diesel trucks were higher than those for LD vehicles for all reported carbonyls. Diesel engine exhaust dominates over gasoline engines as a direct source of carbonyl emissions in California. Carbonyl concentrations were also measured in liquid-gasoline samples and were found to be low (< 20 ppm). The gasoline brands that contained ethanol showed higher concentrations of acetaldehyde in unburned fuel versus gasoline that was formulated without ethanol. Measurements of NO2 showed a yearly rate of decrease for LD vehicle emissions similar to that of total NOx in this study. The observed NO2/NOx ratio was 1.2 +/- 0.3% and 3.7 +/- 0.3% for LD vehicles and diesel trucks, respectively.

Automotive Gasolines. Long-Term Requirements for Composition and Properties

The requirements for the composition and quality of automotive gasolines by 2010 for reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases are examined. Data on the component composition and environmental indexes of all brands of gasoline manufactured in 2002–2003 and tested with a set of qualification evaluation methods are generalized. The possibility of meeting the demand of Russian motor vehicles for Euro–2 and Euro–3 gasolines in 2005 is demonstrated. Expansion of manufacture of these gasolines is limited by the total aromatic hydrocarbon content, including benzene. The use of iron– and manganese–containing antiknock compounds at a maximum metal concentration of 18 mg/dm3 could be a temporary measure.

Groundwater Data Analysis for MTBE Relative to Other Oxygenates at Gasoline-Impacted Sites

This article describes the results of a statistical analysis on MTBE relative to other gasoline oxygenates based on groundwater monitoring data collected in Los Angeles County, CA. The other gasoline oxygenates in this study include di-isopropyl ether (DIPE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME), and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA). Correlation coefficients were calculated between MTBE and other oxygenates, and between the gasoline oxygenates and depth to groundwater and geological material type of aquifer. The correlation coefficients indicated poor correlation among all components mentioned. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare MTBE concentrations detected in aquifers comprised chiefly of coarse-grained material with those comprised of fine-grained material. The ANOVA results indicated that the difference is not statistically significant between MTBE detected in the two types of aquifer materials. Similar results were also reached for TBA. The oxygenate concentration distributions were further studied by grouping the data according to different gasoline brands. There is not an overall statistically clear trend on whether certain brands of gasoline contain MTBE and TBA consistently higher than other brands, or whether TBA is consistently higher than MTBE among all brands of gasoline. However, TBA shows statistically higher than MTBE in the mean, the median, and the 95th percentile in the overall groundwater data studied. Therefore, further studies on the relationship between MTBE and TBA are warranted.

The Gas Station in America by John A. Jakle, Keith A. Sculle

1044 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Art of Beautifying Suburban Home Grounds of Small Extent (New York: D. Appleton, 1870, 1872, 1873, 1883, 1886)—was written by an archi­ tect who was also one of the principal real estate developers of To­ ledo, Ohio, and who usually took his own advice. Most important in all this, however, is the reminder both authors provide, that we have chosen to organize our domestic space the way we have and can choose some other way when we want to. Henry D. Shapiro Dr. Shapiro is emeritus professor of history at the University of Cincinnati and an editor of the Urban Life and Urban Landscape series published by the Ohio State University Press. The Gas Station in America. By John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. Pp. xi + 272; il­ lustrations, tables, notes, bibliography, index. $32.95. Long a staple of interest in the Held of commercial archaeology, the gas station (perhaps best thought of as a “retail petroleum outlet”) is significant in a technological context, if only because of its role in the automobile’s conquest of the once seemingly invincible railroad. Published as part ofJohns Hopkins’s series on Creating the American Landscape (and in concert with the Center for American Places in Harrisonburg, Virginia), The Gas Station in America is oriented by the authors’ backgrounds in geography, landscape study, and historic preservation and their close familiarity with the cultural environment of the Midwest (in particular, Wisconsin and Illinois and greater Champaign-Urbana). It is also oriented by a desire to interpret gas stations in the context of “place-product-packaging” that is defined as “the networking of lookalike places defining trade territories, all supported through coordinated advertising. Consumers enter envi­ ronments carefully calculated as corporate sign. Today placeproduct -packaging is a major weave in America’s cultural fabric” (pp. 1—3). To flesh out their analysis, John Jakle and Keith Sculle lay out a detailed review of nationwide corporate marketing strategies (covering the entire 20th century), the concept of “corporate territori­ ality,” and the physical form of gas station design and—in a particu­ larly intriguing chapter—its place in the evolving urban landscape of commercial/transportation “strips.” The book’s focus is on the omnipresent character of large-scale oil companies and their concomitant ability to define and control gaso­ line distribution throughout the United States; perhaps not surpris­ ingly, great reliance is placed on photographs obtained from official corporate archives (such as the Chevron Corporate Library) and on articles published in the industry-sponsored National Petroleum News. While an emphasis on the hegemony of Big Oil in the historical devel­ opment of American gas stations may be valid, I am not entirely TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 1045 swayed by the assertion that “small ‘branded’ dealers and indepen­ dents alike have existed in every period but hardly flourish. . . . Such ‘mom and pop’ arrangements subsist but in decided disadvantage to the bigger entrepreneur” (p. 198). Although the major oil companies (and the publications they supported) apparently did not wish to draw attention to them, during the 1920s and 1930s the landscape was suffused with many so-called split pump stations (featured in numer­ ous noncorporate postcard views) that sold upward of four different brands of gasoline at the same time. Jakle and Sculle offer only brief reference to such stations, and I discerned no attempt to discuss this once (relatively) common type of facility within a larger analytic framework. On a more personal level, I vividly recall that during the pre—oil embargo 1960s, by far the most popular gas station in my suburban Boston town was “Tony’s,” a gritty mom-and-pop store on a local thoroughfare. The store nominally sported an Esso sign, but, as Tony never hesitated to tell customers (or several of my teenage friends who worked for him), he marketed gasoline delivered by whatever refinery/distributor offered the best deal. Tony sold his product (gas­ oline and oil only, no other services except for candy bars, bread, and milk) at a discount and, despite the lack of overt corporate design treatments, did year-round, land-rush business serving...

Contesting Images: Photography and the World’s Columbian Exposition by Julie K. Brown

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 1045 swayed by the assertion that “small ‘branded’ dealers and indepen­ dents alike have existed in every period but hardly flourish. . . . Such ‘mom and pop’ arrangements subsist but in decided disadvantage to the bigger entrepreneur” (p. 198). Although the major oil companies (and the publications they supported) apparently did not wish to draw attention to them, during the 1920s and 1930s the landscape was suffused with many so-called split pump stations (featured in numer­ ous noncorporate postcard views) that sold upward of four different brands of gasoline at the same time. Jakle and Sculle offer only brief reference to such stations, and I discerned no attempt to discuss this once (relatively) common type of facility within a larger analytic framework. On a more personal level, I vividly recall that during the pre—oil embargo 1960s, by far the most popular gas station in my suburban Boston town was “Tony’s,” a gritty mom-and-pop store on a local thoroughfare. The store nominally sported an Esso sign, but, as Tony never hesitated to tell customers (or several of my teenage friends who worked for him), he marketed gasoline delivered by whatever refinery/distributor offered the best deal. Tony sold his product (gas­ oline and oil only, no other services except for candy bars, bread, and milk) at a discount and, despite the lack of overt corporate design treatments, did year-round, land-rush business serving an eager sub­ urban clientele—the station was by far the busiest in town. Perhaps my recollections of Tony’s are filtered through a prism of youthful remembrance. But it also may be that Jakle’s and Sculle’s fervor to explore the broader significance of “place-product-packaging,” espe­ cially as it relates to national marketing initiatives, fosters a perspec­ tive of their overall subject that inappropriately marginalizes an estab­ lishment like Tony’s. Minor reservations aside, The Gas Station in America stands as a major work of scholarship that, quite rightfully, will constitute the measure for all future research in the field. It is handsomely pro­ duced, clearly written, and suitable for a wide audience of serious readers. Donald C. Jackson Dr. Jackson teaches history at Lafayette College. Contesting Images: Photography and the World’s Columbian Exposition. By Julie K. Brown. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994. Pp. xvi+ 185; illustrations, notes, glossary, appendix, bibliography, in­ dex. $60.00 (cloth); $27.50 (paper). Julie Brown’s model case study takes an original approach to a much-discussed event. Brown tracks photography at the 1893 Colum­ bian Exposition from the subject of technological display to its ap­ pearance within exhibits and discusses the many photographers, of- 1046 Book Reviews technology and culture ficial and unofficial, whose images documented the fair. Brown uses photography to analyze the fair and the social forces that created it and, more important, she is also able to follow the fair’s legacy as its contradictions continue to inform familiar institutions, such as the Smithsonian museums, and the practice of documentary image mak­ ing as it appears in museums, and in the media, today. Brown’s success comes in large part from her skillful application of current theoretical arguments by scholars such as John Tagg, Donna Haraway, Janet Wolff, and Alan Sekula, historical studies by Alan Trachtenberg and Lawrence Levine, and an impressive array of pri­ mary source materials. Most engaging of all, Brown has found a his­ torical vantage point that allows us to view the fair at close range without becoming mired in its many familiar conflicts. Instead of siding with a fortunate victor (or the unlucky losers), she has recast the story in terms of the contest in which each competitor played a part. After the 1876 Centennial’s splendid Photographic Pavilion, the assignment of photography to the exposition’s Liberal Arts Hall in an exhibition category shared with time clocks and other instruments of precision seemed demeaning to contemporary photographers. But visitors could see that if photographic technology had lost status, pho­ tographic images had gained. Photographs were everywhere: in na­ tional exhibition spaces, photographs promoted products and accom­ plishments; in large categorical sections, photographic images filled displays. One visitor...

Determination of Methanol and Methyl tert-Butyl Ether in Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy Using the CIRCLE® Cell and Multivariate Calibration

The feasibility of predicting concentrations of methanol and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in gasolines from the mid-infrared absorption spectra was investigated. The C-O bond stretching band region was related to these oxygenated compounds' levels with the aid of multivariate statistics. The sample spectra were taken with the use of a circular internal reflectance (CIRCLE®) cell. With the use of partial least-squares (PLS) regression a model with 18 samples was built and used to predict a set of 10 gasolines with good agreement. Two additional samples prepared with other brands of gasoline were analyzed with the same model and no matrix effects were found.

The development of a gas chromatography-furnace atomic absorption combination for the determination of organic lead compounds. Atomization processes in furnace atomizers

A carbon furnace atomizer has been developed which can be directly attached to a gas chromatography column. The atomizer exhibits high sensitivity and eliminates many of the problems involved with interferences encountered with furnace atomization. The functioning of the instrument is demonstrated for tetraalkyllead in various brands of gasoline, and for organic lead compounds in air. The process of atomization in furnace atomizers, and the numerous problems which lead to sensitive but unreliable data when normal commercial furnace atomizers are used, are discussed. The atomizer described overcomes most of the problems discussed.

Flame Photometric Detector: The Application of a Specific Detector for Phosphorus and for Sulfur Compounds -- Sensitive to Subnanogram Quantities

The principle revealed by Draegerwerk for the detection of phosphorus and sulfur compounds has been applied to produce a detector for gas chromatography which is compact, sensitive and specific. This detector is sensitive to parts per billion (p.p.b.) of the phosphorus compounds and less than parts per million (p.p.m.) for the sulfur compounds. The response to phosphorus compounds is linear over a range of at least four decades of concentration. The response to sulfur compounds varies exponentially (approximately 2) in the range of 1 to 100 p.p.m. concentration. The principle upon which the detector is based is the photometric detection of flame emission of phosphorus and sulfur compounds in a hydrogenair flame. The unit described here uses narrow bandpass interference filters for spectral isolation of the phosphorus emission at 526 mµ and sulfur emission at 394 mµ. Interferences from the flame emission produced by other elements is eliminated by an optical arrangement whereby only the portion above the tip of a normal flame envelope is viewed by the photomultiplier tube. Specificity is demonstrated in the utilization of the detector in conjunction with a gas chromatograph by the full scale response obtained for 0.25 p.p.m. triethyl phosphate while a mixture of other organic compounds containing chlorine, nitrogen and oxygen were barely detectable at 250 p.p.m. The detector is sensitive to 0.25 nanograms of malathion and parathion using the 526 mµ filter; the response (peak height) is linear from 6 parts per billion to 60 parts per million. An example of the utility of the detector in the sulfur mode in conjunction with gas chromatograph is demonstrated by comparison of high test and regular grades of four brands of gasoline. Significant differences in concentrations of the sulfur compounds were detected.

A Comparison of Five Brands of Gasoline

A Comparison of Five Brands of Gasoline