Branches Of Physics Research Articles

Adaptive mesh extended cubic B-spline method for singularly perturbed delay Sobolev problems

The purpose of this paper is to develop a robust numerical scheme for a class of singularly perturbed delay Sobolev (pseudo-parabolic) problems that have wide application in various branches of mathematical physics and fluid mechanics.For the small perturbation parameter, the standard numerical schemes for the solution of these problems fail to resolve the boundary layer(s) and the oscillations occur near the boundary layer. Thus, in this paper to resolve the boundary layer(s), im-plicit Euler scheme for the time derivatives on uniform mesh and extended B-spline basis functions consisting of free parameter λ are presented for spatial variable on Bakhvalov type mesh. The stability and uniform convergence analyisis of the proposed method are established. The error estimation of the developed method is shown to be firts order accurate in time and second order accurate in space. Numerical exprementation is carried out to validate the applicability of the developednumerical method. The numerical results reveals that the computational result is in agreement with the theoretical estimations

Bank Branches Expansion and Corporate Cash Holdings: Evidence from the Distribution of Bank Branches in China

ABSTRACT Using the geographical distribution data of banks’ physical branches at micro-firm level, this paper investigates the impact of bank branches expansion on corporate cash holdings. We find that the more the number of bank branches around firms, the less corporate cash holdings, implying that bank branches expansion helps reduce the level of corporate cash holdings. And the negative effect is more prominent in small-sized firms and non-SOEs. Further mechanism tests show that bank branches expansion reduces cash holdings mainly through intensified bank competition and shortening the geographical distance between bank and firm. We also find that bank branches expansion speeds up the dynamic adjustment to the target level of corporate cash holdings and mitigates agency problems. Our study highlights the crucial role played by the geographical distribution of bank branches in shaping corporate financial decisions and provides important policy implications for banking sector reform.

On α-Fractional Bregman Divergence to study α-Fractional Minty’s Lemma

In this paper fractional variational inequality problems (FVIP) and dual fractional variational inequality problems (DFVIP), Fractional minimization problems are defined with the help of fractional Caputo differential operator and Reimann-Liouville differential operator. The equivalence theorem of Caputo FVIP and fractional minimization problem is established. The equivalence between FVIP and DFVIP is studied with the help of fractional Bregman divergence to establish the fractional Minty’s lemma. Introduction: The theory of variational inequality problems is one of the best tool to solve the equilibrium and non-equilibrium problems arises in the branches of Applied Mathematics, Applied Physics, Engineering, Medical, Financial and many more. On the other hand, fractional calculus manages to study various types of dynamic problems arises in real and complex analysis It is certain for the development of fractional calculus because the fractional derivative has global correlation, which can reflect the historical process of the systematic function.With regard to the definition of fractional derivatives, many mathematicians studied fractional derivatives from different aspects and advanced different definitions for them, for example Riemann-Liouville (RL) derivative, Caputo derivative and other derivatives. Conclusions: The concept of -fractionally differential inequality problem is defined and studied its existence theorem with the help of -fractionally convex function. The concept of -fractionally Bregman divergence is developed and using it the existence of -fractionally minimization problem and -fractionally differential inequality problem are studied. Equivalence theorem in between -fractionally differential inequality problem and -fractionally dual differential inequality problem is studied to establish the Minty’s lemma in fractional calculus.

Observation of Ultra-High-Q Resonators in the Ultrasound via Bound States in the Continuum.

The confinement of waves in open systems represents a fundamental phenomenon extensively explored across various branches of wave physics. Recently, significant attention is directed toward bound states in the continuum (BIC), a class of modes that are trapped but do not decay in an otherwise unbounded continuum. Here, the theoretical investigation and experimental demonstration of the existence of quasi-bound states in the continuum (QBIC) for ultrasonic waves are achieved by leveraging an elastic Fabry-Pérot metasurface resonator. Several intriguing properties of the ultrasound quasi-bound states in the continuum that are robust to parameter scanning are unveiled, and experimental evidence of a remarkable Q-factor of 350 at ≈1 MHz frequency, far exceeding the state-of-the-art using a fully acoustic underwater system is presented. The findings contribute novel insights into the understanding of BIC for acoustic waves, offering a new paradigm for the design of efficient, ultra-high Q-factor ultrasounddevices.

Analytic continuations and numerical evaluation of the Appell F1, F3, Lauricella [formula omitted] and Lauricella-Saran [formula omitted] and their application to Feynman integrals

We present our investigation of the study of two variable hypergeometric series, namely Appell F1 and F3 series, and obtain a comprehensive list of its analytic continuations enough to cover the whole real (x,y) plane, except on their singular loci. We also derive analytic continuations of their 3-variable generalization, the Lauricella FD(3) series and the Lauricella-Saran FS(3) series, leveraging the analytic continuations of F1 and F3, which ensures that the whole real (x,y,z) space is covered, except on the singular loci of these functions. While these studies are motivated by the frequent occurrence of these multivariable hypergeometric functions in Feynman integral evaluation, they can also be used whenever they appear in other branches of mathematical physics. To facilitate their practical use, for analytical and numerical purposes, we provide four packages: AppellF1.wl, AppellF3.wl, LauricellaFD.wl, and LauricellaSaranFS.wl in Mathematica. These packages are applicable for generic as well as non-generic values of parameters, keeping in mind their utilities in the evaluation of the Feynman integrals. We explicitly present various physical applications of these packages in the context of Feynman integral evaluation and compare the results using other packages such as FIESTA. Upon applying the appropriate conventions for numerical evaluation, we find that the results obtained from our packages are consistent. Various Mathematica notebooks demonstrating different numerical results are also provided along with this paper.

Development of the full Lagrangian approach for modeling dilute dispersed media flows (a review)

Continuum models of media with zero pressure are widely used in various branches of physics and mechanics, including studies of a dilute dispersed phase in multiphase flows. In zero-pressure media, the particle trajectories may intersect, “folds” and “puckers” of the phase volume may arise, and “caustics” (the envelopes of particle trajectories) may appear, near which the density of the medium sharply increases. In recent decades, the phenomena of clustering and aerodynamic focusing of inertial admixture in gas and liquid flows have attracted increasing attention of researchers. This is due to the importance of taking into account the inhomogeneities in the impurity concentration when describing the transport of aerosol pollutants in the environment, the mechanisms of droplet growth in rain clouds, scattering of radiation by dispersed inclusions, initiation of detonation in two-phase mixtures, as well as when solving problems of two-phase aerodynamics, interpretation of measurements obtained by LDV or PIV methods, and in many other applications. These problems gave an impetus to a significant increase in the number of publications devoted to the processes of accumulation and clustering of inertial particles in gas and liquid flows. Within the framework of classical two-fluid models and standard Eulerian approaches assuming single-valuedness of continuum parameters of the media, it turns out impossible to describe zones of multi-valued velocity fields and density singularities in flows with crossing particle trajectories. One of the alternatives is the full Lagrangian approach proposed by the author earlier. In recent years, this approach has been further developed in combination with averaged Eulerian and Lagrangian (vortex-blob method) methods for describing the dynamics of the carrier phase. Such combined approaches made it possible to study the structure of local zones of accumulation of inertial particles in vortex, transient, and turbulent flows. This article describes the basic ideas of the full Lagrangian approach, provides examples of the most significant results which illustrate the unique capabilities of the method, and gives an overview of the main directions of further development of the method as applied to transient, vortex, and turbulent flows of “gas-particle” media. Some of the ideas discussed and the results presented below are of a more general interest, since they are also applicable to other models of zero-pressure media.

Abundant solitary wave solutions to the new extended (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation arising in fluid dynamics

Nonlinear evolution equations appear in various branches of physics, including fluid dynamics, solid mechanics, quantum mechanics, and other fields. They are essential for describing systems where interactions and nonlinearity play a significant role, providing a more accurate representation of real-world phenomena than linear equations in certain cases. The study of nonlinear evolution equations involves exploring their solutions, stability properties, and the behavior of the systems they describe over time. In this study, we provide plenty of analytical solutions to a very recently proposed water wave model using the modified generalized exponential rational function, modified extended tanh-function, and the [Formula: see text]-expansion methods. To examine the dynamic characteristics of these results, we displayed three-dimensional (3D), contour, and two-dimensional (2D) visual representations of specific solutions. The outcomes reveal a multitude of novel solutions, emphasizing the robustness and effectiveness of the applied methodologies. It is important to note that all the solutions derived in this study are original and have not been previously documented in the existing literature. These novel solutions hold significant value for researchers in the realms of fluids and plasma physics, providing insights into the dynamics of nonlinear waves within various physical systems. Furthermore, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the nature of nonlinear waves prevalent in seas and oceans, offering valuable knowledge for the broader study of such phenomena.

Exploring New Traveling Wave Solutions to the Nonlinear Integro-Partial Differential Equations with Stability and Modulation Instability in Industrial Engineering

In this research article, we demonstrate the generalized expansion method to investigate nonlinear integro-partial differential equations via an efficient mathematical method for generating abundant exact solutions for two types of applicable nonlinear models. Moreover, stability analysis and modulation instability are also studied for two types of nonlinear models in this present investigation. These analyses have several applications including analyzing control systems, engineering, biomedical engineering, neural networks, optical fiber communications, signal processing, nonlinear imaging techniques, oceanography, and astrophysical phenomena. To study nonlinear PDEs analytically, exact traveling wave solutions are in high demand. In this paper, the (1 + 1)-dimensional integro-differential Ito equation (IDIE), relevant in various branches of physics, statistical mechanics, condensed matter physics, quantum field theory, the dynamics of complex systems, etc., and also the (2 + 1)-dimensional integro-differential Sawda–Kotera equation (IDSKE), providing insights into the several physical fields, especially quantum gravity field theory, conformal field theory, neural networks, signal processing, control systems, etc., are investigated to obtain a variety of wave solutions in modern physics by using the mentioned method. Since abundant exact wave solutions give us vast information about the physical phenomena of the mentioned models, our analysis aims to determine various types of traveling wave solutions via a different integrable ordinary differential equation. Furthermore, the characteristics of the obtained new exact solutions have been illustrated by some figures. The method used here is candid, convenient, proficient, and overwhelming compared to other existing computational techniques in solving other current world physical problems. This article provides an exemplary practice of finding new types of analytical equations.

Hypergeometric Function and its Application on Heat Kernel in a Torus Surface with a Rectangular Lattice

Hypergeometric functions are transcendental functions that are applicable in various branches of mathematics, physics, and engineering. They are solutions to a class of differential equations called hypergeometric differential equations. In this paper we will be using theta functions, null zeta function and Ramanujan’s identities to study the behavior of heat kernel in a torus surface with rectangular Lattice.

Observation of acoustic meron textures

Merons, as a member of quasiparticle family characterized by half-integer of the skyrmion topological charge with nontrivial topological textures, are of great interest in various branches of physics. Here, we report the first experimental observation of a meron texture configuration in acoustic waves. A squared metastructure is designed to support the spoof acoustic surface wave, forming meron lattice patterns in the acoustic velocity field vectors. The experimental results indicate that the meron textures can be moved and shaped by tuning the phase and amplitude differences between the excited sound sources, respectively. To demonstrate the topologically protected character of meron against structure defects, we further measure the acoustic pressure and velocity field distributions on a defective surface. The acoustic meron texture not only provides potential applications toward topologically robust ways to manipulate vectorial characteristics of the acoustic waves but also instills confidence for exploring other members of the quasiparticle family, such as the acoustic hopfion in acoustic waves.

Stability Analysis, Modulation Instability, and Beta-Time Fractional Exact Soliton Solutions to the Van der Waals Equation

The study consists of the distinct types of the exact soliton solutions to an important model called the beta-time fractional (1 + 1)-dimensional non-linear Van der Waals equation. This model is used to explain the motion of molecules and materials. The Van der Waals equation explains the phase separation phenomenon. Noncovalent Van der Waals or dispersion forces usually have an effect on the structure, dynamics, stability, and function of molecules and materials in different branches of science, including biology, chemistry, materials science, and physics. Solutions are obtained, including dark, dark-singular, periodic wave, singular wave, and many more exact wave solutions by using the modified extended tanh function method. Using the fractional derivatives makes different solutions different from the existing solutions. The gained results will be of high importance in the interaction of quantum-mechanical fluctuations, granular matters, and other applications of the Van der Waals equation. The solutions may be useful in distinct fields of science and civil engineering, as well as some basic physical ones like those studied in geophysics. The results are verified and represented by two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and contour graphs by using Mathematica software. The obtained results are newer than the existing results. Stability analysis is also performed to check the stability of the concerned model. Furthermore, modulation instability is studied to study the stationary solutions of the concerned model. The results will be helpful in future studies of the concerned system. In the end, we can say that the method used is straightforward and dynamic, and it will be a useful tool for debating tough issues in a wide range of fields.

Digital finance reduces urban carbon footprint pressure in 277 Chinese cities

As global warming's impact on humanity surpasses initial predictions, numerous countries confront heightened risks associated with escalating urban carbon footprints. Concurrently, digital finance has flourished, propelled by advancements in digital technology. This convergence underscores the urgency of exploring digital finance's role in mitigating urban carbon footprint pressures. This study analyzes data spanning 277 Chinese cities from 2011 to 2020, yielding several key findings: Firstly, we developed a dataset detailing the carbon footprint pressures in these cities, revealing that variations in these pressures predominantly correlate with economic growth. Secondly, our analysis indicates that digital finance has a significant impact on reducing urban carbon footprint pressures, through mechanisms such as reducing the number of physical bank branches and enhancing residents' environmental awareness. Thirdly, the study identifies that the efficacy of digital finance in reducing carbon footprint pressures varies according to factors like sunshine duration and geographic location. The insights from this research aim to contribute substantively to strategies for sustainable urban development.

Stochastic Differential Equations in Physics

Stochastic Differential Equations (SDEs) are powerful mathematical tools used to model systems subject to random fluctuations. In physics, SDEs find widespread applications ranging from statistical mechanics to quantum field theory. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the theoretical foundations of SDEs in physics, their applications, and their implications in understanding complex physical phenomena. We delve into the mathematical framework of SDEs, their numerical solutions, and their role in modeling various physical processes. Furthermore, we present case studies illustrating the practical relevance of SDEs in different branches of physics.

The Roles of Thomson and Rutherford in the Birth of Atomic Physics:The Interaction of Experiment and Theory

AbstractThe discovery of the electron in 1897 by J. J. Thomson meant that the atom was no longer the smallest unit of matter. This led to a set of responses both experimental and theoretical which consolidated a new branch of physics—atomic physics. What were the tools available at the time to address atomic physics and how were they deployed? The research begins with Thomson who sought to describe a structure of the atom that accommodates both mechanical and electromagnetic properties, but he had little experimental data to base it on. It was indeed an experimental finding which paved the way for the modern conception of the structure of the atom—Rutherford's scattering experiment. A complex relation between theory and experiment in a new domain of physics is uncovered. While the revolutionary discovery of the electron was the result of a classical propagation experiment, the discovery of the concentrated charge at the center of the atom was an outcome of a scattering experiment—a bombardment technique. This technique has turned out to be the hallmark of experimental atomic physics.

Dimensions of Risk in the Effect of Customers’ Awareness and Knowledge on the Readiness to adopt Neobanks

The majority of conventional banks offer digital services during pandemics, while the government promotes cashless transactions in daily life. In India, the Neobanking industry is developing at an increasing rate. It’s a purely online bank with no physical branches; all transactions are made through mobile applications. The purpose of this study is to find out how aware consumers are about neobanks, as well as risk factors and readiness for neobank adoption. additionally, the study builds the SEM model from the survey data of 169 respondents that had access to online banking services. The findings indicates that while financial risk and security risk have no obvious association with knowledge, whereas awareness and social risk have a substantial link with knowledge that results in readiness to use neobanks. As a result, in order to boost client usage in the future, it is essential to raise knowledge about neobanks through media advertising and provide comprehensive information about the applications.

Understanding dynamical phase transitions in a spinor Bose–Einstein condensate via quantum and semiclassical analyses

Phase transitions in nonequilibrium dynamics of quantum many-body system, known as dynamical phase transitions (DPTs), play an important role for understanding various dynamical phenomena observed in different branches of physics. In general, there are two types of DPTs, the first one is characterized by distinct evolutionary behaviors of a physical observable, while the second one is marked by the vanishing overlap between the time-evolved and initial states. Here, we focus on exploring such DPTs from both quantum and semiclassical perspectives in a spinor Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC), an ideal platform for investigating nonequilibrium dynamics. Utilizing the sudden quench process, we demonstrate that the system exhibits both types of DPTs as the control parameter is quenched through the critical value, referring to as the critical quenching. We show analytically how to determine the critical quenching via the semiclassical approach and carry out a detailed examination of both semiclassical and quantum signatures of DPTs. In particular, we reveal that the occurrence of DPTs is triggered by the separatrix in the underlying semiclassical system. Our findings offer deeper insights into the properties of DPTs and verify the usefulness of semiclassical analysis for studying DPTs in quantum systems with well-defined semiclassical limit.

The evolution of technology and the transformation of the banking sector under the influence of digital trends

Banks have been using technology for decades to improve their operations. However, the pace of digital transformation has accelerated in recent years.The impact of digital transformation on the banking sector is very significant. Traditional banks must adapt to the changing digital landscape or risk losing customers to more digitally savvy competitors. One of the most significant consequences of digital transformation for ordinary banks is the change in customer expectations. Now customers expect uninterrupted and efficient banking services through all channels, including digital ones. This forces ordinary banks to invest in digital technologies in order to remain competitive.Another impact of digital transformation on conventional banks is the change in the way banks interact with customers. In the past, banks used physical branches as the main means of interacting with customers. Something more is needed to remain competitive. Banks now have to interact with customers through several channels, including mobile apps, online portals and chatbots.All these and many other digital innovations are transforming the banking sector and necessitate the study of these phenomena.

Exploration of branches of physics for handling several cases in sports applications: A systematic literature review

The principles of physics have become a primary focus in the development of sensory technology and biomechanical analysis in the context of modern sports. This study aims to explore the contributions of physics in enhancing athlete performance and reducing injury risks. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to identify relevant empirical studies highlighting the role of physics in sports. Data were analyzed from Scopus database sources with criteria as specified in the SLR study and with the PRISMA method. Search strategies using predefined keywords referring to the current topic were employed. The results of the literature review indicate that the application of sensory technology and biomechanical analysis has provided profound insights into human body movements in sports. Technologies such as motion capture and 3D analysis have enabled the identification of specific aspects of athlete techniques that require improvement. Furthermore, real-time feedback from sensor technology has assisted in direct adjustments during training, potentially enhancing the quality of athlete techniques and reducing injury risks. Integrating the principles of physics in sports not only enhances athlete performance but also constitutes an integral part of injury prevention efforts and effective care. Thus, understanding and applying the principles of physics in the context of sports can provide significant benefits to athletes, coaches, and sports health professionals in efforts to enhance athlete well-being and performance. Keywords. Sports, biomechanics, kinematics, physics

Classifying Multiparticle Entanglement with Passive State Energies

AbstractThermodynamics as a fundamental branch of physics examines the relationships between heat, work, and energy. The maximum energy extraction can be characterized by using the passive states that have no extracted energy under any cyclic unitary process. In this paper, the focus is on the concept of marginal passive state energy and derive polygon inequalities for multi‐qubit entangled pure states. It is shown that the marginal passive state energies collectively form a convex polytope for each class of quantum states that are equivalent under SLOCC. Multipartite passive state energy criteria is introduced to classify multipartite entanglement under SLOCC. The present result provides a thermodynamic method to witness multipartite entanglement.

Control of non-Hermitian skin effect by staggered synthetic gauge fields

Synthetic gauge fields introduce an unconventional degree of freedom for studying many fundamental phenomena in different branches of physics. Here, we propose a scheme to use staggered synthetic gauge fields for control of the non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE). A modified Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model is employed, where two dimer chains with non-reciprocal coupling phases are coupled, exhibiting non-trivial point-gap topology and the NHSE. In contrast to previous studies, the skin modes in our model are solely determined by the coupling phase terms associated with the staggered synthetic gauge fields. By manipulating such gauge fields, we can achieve maneuvering of skin modes as well as the bipolar NHSE. As a typical example, we set up a domain wall by imposing different synthetic gauge fields on two sides of the wall, thereby demonstrating flexible control of the non-Hermitian skin modes at the domain wall. Our scheme opens a new avenue for the creation and manipulation of NHSE by synthetic gauge fields, which may find applications in beam shaping and non-Hermitian topological devices.