Branches Of Material Production Research Articles

Problems of implementing the sustainable development concept in the agricultural sector of Ukraine’s economy

The transition to the principles of sustainable development in the agricultural sector of the economy is one of the most urgent and difficult. The reason for this is the greatest dependence of agriculture on environmental conditions compared to other branches of material production. The economic sustainability of agricultural production should be understood as the process of stable growth in the production of agricultural products - agricultural raw materials and products of their processing. This can be achieved only by expanding sales markets. Continuous improvement of labor productivity due to the introduction of technical and technological innovations in the production process is an indispensable condition for increasing the segment of Ukrainian manufacturers in the global market. The social sustainability of agricultural production should be understood as the sustainable development of rural areas and the provision of reliable physical access to food for the country's citizens. The sustainable development of rural areas of Ukraine is the cessation of depopulation, the preservation of the network of rural settlements, the restoration of their social infrastructure, the provision of everyday amenities that are not inferior in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics to similar ones in urban settlements, etc. Environmental sustainability of agricultural production is the use of natural resources, primarily land, which allows meeting the needs of the current generation for safe, high-quality food and ensures the profitability of economic activity without harming the ability of future generations to meet similar needs. The Ukrainian economy is experiencing a recession caused by russian military aggression. Under such circumstances, it is impossible to ensure the transition of agricultural production to the principles of sustainable development at the same time in all components – economic, social, and ecological. It is expedient to apply an approach according to which, carrying out certain measures aimed at the practical implementation of the concept of sustainable development, there will be a priority that depends on the state of the national economy. Keywords: sustainable development, production, rural areas, food security, plowed land, soil fertility, water resources, agrochemistry, biological diversity, state of the economy, priority.

Factors in The Development of Construction in The Russian Federation in 1992–2019 (or a Story About Unsuitable Russian Economic Statistics)

The article analyzes the factors in the development of the construction industry in 1992–2019. This analysis is important not only for understanding the nature of the development of the Russian economy during this period, but also for determining the prospects for its development. The factors are difficult to analyze because the statistics of the construction industry in the post-Soviet period (as well as in the Soviet period) was the most inaccurate among the statistics of all other branches of material production. Therefore, much attention is drawn to determining the actual volume and the dynamics of all general indicators in the building statistics. In some cases, it is inevitable to use indicators of official statistics. Since the reliability of individual indicators is doubtful, where applicable, it is necessary to rely on the indicators related to macroeconomic statistics and other sectors of the economy, including foreign trade statistics. The errors are identified in the use of official statistics related to the volume and structure of capital investments in construction, price policy in construction, and to the system of national accounts. An alternative assessment is determined for the volume and dynamics of building production and labor productivity, capital-labor ratio for the whole period and for individual subperiods. Much attention is paid to determining the actual financial conditions of the construction industry. This analysis makes it possible to identify a much larger reduction in the volume of production and labor productivity in construction than according to official statistics. The author emphasizes the need for a radical improvement in the quality of official economic statistics in order to provide scientific research with reliable data and to develop a sound economic policy. The author has come to the conclusion that based on the current state of construction, the industry tends to grow in the coming years. However, it is utterly insufficient to provide multiple growth of capital investments required for the modernization of the economy.

The impact of economic sanctions on the industrial regions of Russia (the case of Sverdlovsk region)

Relevance. The turbulence of the global economy and pressure from sanctions have become a serious challenge for the Russian economy. Industry is hit the hardest as it is involved in the international division of labor and creation of value chains, unlike other branches of material production. It is, therefore, necessary to conduct in-depth research on these processes in order to provide Russian industrial regions with effective strategies to adapt to this new geo-economic reality. Research objective is to identify trends and prospects for the development of Russian industrial regions in the context of international sanctions pressure. A particular focus is made on the case of Sverdlovsk region, which has a high concentration of mining and manufacturing enterprises. Data and methods. The study applies a systematic approach by using methods of structural, statistical and comparative analysis. Statistical materials of relevant ministries and departments of the government of Sverdlovsk region as well as the data from international databases comprise the empirical basis of the study. The results of the survey of 50 managers from 12 logistics companies of Sverdlovsk region have been analyzed as well. The survey was carried out from January, 2022 to August, 2022. Results. The study has shown the complex effects of the international economic sanctions on the trajectory and dynamics of the development of the industrial sector in Russia. The study describes the scenarios of the industrial development of Sverdlovsk region involved in the process of import substitution and transformation of logistics and value chains. Conclusions. These findings can be of interest to policy-makers on the national and regional levels as well as businesses involved in import substitution programs.

Updating and methodological research of the construction complex (a review)

The purpose of the research is to summarize the experience in updating and methodological research of the building complex. The scientific novelty of the results of the performed review consists in formulating the features of construction as a key branch of the economy, defining the concept and structure of the building complex; analysis of the current state of the building complex. Construction has specific features that distinguish it from other branches of material production. The location of the construction complex is extremely uneven, due to the economic development of the state territory. Perspective in the construction complex should be considered: construction technological clusters, uniting the production link of the construction complex; construction economic clusters developing due to groupings of industrial and economic companies within the framework of investment and construction projects; construction of economic sub-clusters that unite the private and public sectors on the basis of common interests. The main factors influencing the level of innovative development of the investment and construction complex of the region are factors of the business climate and personnel policy; strong correlations between indicators of the economic environment in the investment and construction complex.

Потребности региональной социально-экономической системы в транспортных услугах

The subject of the article is the relationship between the parameters of the regional socio-economic system and the transport complex. Transport is a: 1) independent branch of the economy, 2) element of the regional infrastructure, providing conditions for functioning of the other branches of material production and the social sphere. The purpose of this article is to present methodological approaches to the study of needs of the regional socio-economic system in the transport services and to conduct experimental needs assessment on the example of the Khabarovsk territory. Methodology is presented as a set of sequential stages, including the analysis of features of the regional economy and transport, study of the relationship of their parameters. The structure of the economy and key indicators of the transport complex of the Khabarovsk territory are considered. Experimental assessment of the demand for freight transportation from the socio-economic system of the region using methods of econometric analysis was carried out. Models of simple linear regression vector and auto-regression vector are tested. The data on the volume of cargo transportation and cargo turnover for the period 1995–2019, as well as the index of industrial production and gross regional product were used. It is determined that linear regression does not allow obtaining meaningful and correct estimates. The vector auto-regression model shows a significant relationship between the indicators of the economy and the volume of rail transport, the general indicator of transportation, as well as cargo turnover by road (with a lag of one period), no significant connection with the road transport was found. The results obtained can become the basis for assessing the future needs for transport services, based on the future parameters of the economic development of the region. This will allow for timely and adequate development of transport infrastructure without turning it into a limitation of economic growth. In the future, it is necessary to detail the analysis by studying the relationship of need for transport services with the parameters of the functioning of individual sectors of the socio-economic system of the region.

Механизм формирования товарных цен при системе кредитных денег

The pricing of goods on the market is influenced by the spontaneously emerging supply and demand. However, the spontaneity of pricing is based on internal laws, primarily on the law of value, which implies that the prices of goods are ultimately governed by the proportions of the distribution of hired labor among the branches of material production. The mechanisms of formation of the system of commodity prices can be understood on the basis of the use of the theory of chaos, which is based on the subordination of random processes of a certain regularity, which is called the “attactor». The price of a commodity is the expression of its value basis in monetary terms, in the form of currency. Since modern credit money is a banknote that is not an image of gold, the price of a commodity depends on the value the market attaches to the modern monetary unit. The monetary unit is the sign of value, the marginal value of which (or the money attractor) is the quotient of dividing the total value of the goods by the number of currency in circulation.

Інноваційний розвиток транспортної системи України

Дослідження складових транспортного комплексу (залізничний транспорт, автомобільний, водний) дало змогу стверджувати, що транспортна система є важливим сегментом для економіки країни, стабільне функціонування якого забезпечує необхідні умови цілісності держави та підвищення рівня життя населення. Проаналізовано стан транспортної системи України та розглянуто перспективи її розвитку в контексті кризових змін. Визначено негативні тенденції у перевезеннях. Відзначено зменшення вантажообігу залізничного, автомобільного, водного, трубопровідного й авіаційного транспорту. Ринок транспортних послуг задовольняє тільки базові потреби економіки України та населення у перевезеннях. Виявлено, що нерозвинена система управління транспортною системою, стан виробничо-технічної бази і технологічний рівень організації перевезень за багатьма параметрами не відповідають зростаючим потребам суспільства, що негативно впливає на транспортну систему країни. Перспективним для держави визначено інноваційні перетворення в напрямку удосконалення структури міжнародних транспортно-логістичних систем, запровадження інноваційних інформаційно-управлінських технологій, побудованих на моделюванні інтегрованих транспортних систем, розвиток мультимодальних перевезень та пришвидшене інтегрування національної транспортної системи.

The system of indicators for regional cluster formation assessment

The article shows the result of working-out the cluster formation assessment system, and each indicator of this system reflect the specific clusters property - cooperation and efficiency Completeness and depth of the system of indicators provided by systematic approach and a representing of quantitative and qualitative aspects of cluster formation process. A feature of the technique is the use of indicators that require a special accounting and enable tracking of a certain stage of cluster development. Testing the system of indicators produced by the example on the tourism industry, which is due, firstly, the high development rate of the tourist services sphere in comparison with the branches of material production, and, secondly, the increased interest in the establishment of regional tourism and recreation clusters with the country's leadership. Quantitative indicators of the formation and development of tourism and recreation clusters – geographic proximity of companies cluster members, the effectiveness of the sector for the regional economy, innovation activity, exports of goods and services, intended for the regions of the South and the North Caucasian Federal District. Universality technique ensures its empirical base - official data from Rosstat, the Federal Agency for Tourism, as well as the results of mass opinion polls carried out in all regions of the country as part of the annual “"Monitoring the quality of public and municipal services” (on the Republic of Kalmykia material). In general, we believe that the application of the developed system of indicators will contribute to intensify and improve the quality of cluster policy, implemented by the regional executive bodies and local authorities.

How Are We Living?: The Dynamics of the Population's Money Income in 1992

The sphere of centralized regulation of the population's income became much narrower with the beginning of the country's economic reforms. In 1992, federal government agencies carried out a number of national measures to raise wages in individual branches of material production, in organizations in the budget sphere, and also in the area of pensions, scholarships, and grants. However, the growth of the incomes of the population of a specific republic, krai, or oblast depends to an ever-increasing degree on the activity of enterprises in the state and private sectors operating in a given region, and also on the independent policy pursued by regional authorities in the area of employment, income, and prices. Regions whose enterprises were in a relatively more advantageous position than others because of favorable conditions in the external and internal market sharply increased the wages of their personnel and increased social aid both by holding consumer prices down and by raising the population's income.

The Construction Complex as a Part of The Investment Potential

In the stage of developed socialism, the economic potential of the USSR forms as a system of large interbranch complexes (fuel-energy, metallurgical, chemical, machine building, construction, food, etc.) encompassing all branches of social production. The most important part of the economic potential is the investment potential. It includes branches of investment machine building (machine tool construction, power machine building, technological machine building, transport machine building) that produce elements of functioning fixed productive capital for branches of material production and the nonproductive sphere, as well as the group of branches in the construction complex proper that are the material base of capital construction.

Differential Rent Under Socialism

Differential rent as an economic category under socialism expresses planned production relations in branches of material production that operate under different natural and geographical conditions and therefore, ceteris paribus, produce different quantities of products in various zones per unit of aggregate labor. The sphere of influence of rent relations is not confined to agriculture but also extends to the extractive industry, construction, woodlands, fisheries, and the utilization and control of water. The scale of rent relations can be judged by the following data. In 1975-77 our country's average gross social product was 904.0 billion rubles a year, including 130.9 billion (14.5%) in agriculture, 42.4 billion (4.7%) in the extractive industry, and 92.4 billion rubles (10.4%) in construction. Accordingly, the sphere of direct application of rent relations during this period, if determined on the basis of the share of the corresponding branches in the value of the gross social product, was 29.6% of the entire productive sphere.

The Specialization of Higher-Education Institutions

With systematic growth in the number of specialists being trained and increase in the expenditures for these purposes, the need arises to find the most economical ways to organize instruction in both higher education and other types of education. In dealing with this problem, experience accumulated in other branches of the economy can be of value. In particular, the advantages of specialized production are being extensively used in all branches of material production to improve quality and reduce current and capital outlays per unit output.

Methodological Problems in Defining a National Economic Agroindustrial Complex

Agriculture is one of the most important branches of the national economy, and to an immense degree the realization of the basic goal of socialist production — the fullest satisfaction of the ever growing needs of members of society — depends on the level of its development. Approximately three-fourths of the entire personal consumption of material goods by the population is made up of agricultural products and products produced from agricultural raw materials. In 1973, 25 percent of the entire work force in the national economy and approximately one-third of the work force in branches of material production were employed in agriculture (including private subsidiary farming). The fixed productive capital of this branch (excluding land) amounted to 137 billion rubles in present prices at the beginning of 1974, or 20 percent of the value of all fixed productive capital in the national economy. The share of net agricultural output calculated in existing prices equals 19-20 percent of all national income crea...

Structure of Production in the USSR and Foreign Countries

Interindustry balance sheets characterizing the interrelations between branches of material production provide extensive material for studying the structure of production and the influence exerted on it by technical progress. The structure of social production depends on the level of development of the productive forces and on the nature of the social system of the given country. It is out of the question, therefore, to think in terms of copying the structure of production of the more technically developed capitalist countries in our long-term plans. However, a discerning study of the production structures of the capitalist countries, chiefly those with a high level of technical development, is of considerable interest to planning personnel.

The Level of Labor Productivity in the USSR and the USA

The building of communist society, which is being carried on successfully in the Soviet Union, is proceeding under conditions of peaceful economic competition between socialism and capitalism. The level and rates of growth of labor productivity are one of the major indices of the course of the competition, a requisite for accomplishing the main economic task of the USSR. V. 1. Lenin pointed out that socialism will finally demonstrate its superiority over capitalism when it achieves a higher level of labor productivity than prevails under capitalism. Moreover, socialism must outstrip capitalism in labor productivity not only in industry, but also in all other branches of material production.