Braided Cables Research Articles

Introduction and Investigation into Oil Well Logging Operations (Review)

ole in all sta Oil well logging, also known as wireline logging, is a method of collecting data from the well environment to determine subterranean physical properties and reservoir parameters. Measurements are collected against depth along the well's length, and many types of wire cabling tools depend on the physical property of interest. Well probes generally has a dynamic respon to changes in rock layers and fluid composition. These probes or well logs are legal documents that record the history of a well during the drilling stages until its completion. Well probes record the physical properties of the well, which must then be interpreted in petrographic terms to obtain the characteristics of the rocks and fluids associated with the well. Many bases on which well probes are depend on obtaining information, and preventing the rocks from responding to stimuli sent by special devices, whether those stimuli are electrical, radioactive, or acoustic. In addition, there are electrically controlled mechanical bases used to measure the diameter of the well, its flow, pressure, perforation, and taking samples. Wireline refers to the technique of using the cable to deliver special equipment to the bottom of the well to repair, evaluation, or equipment recovery. A simple wireline consists of a shiny metal wire (called a slickline) that is very durable for tensile and wear operations. It is of (0.108" or 0.125") diameter. The equipment is installed at the end of the wire. Still, sometimes a braided cable is used from many small steel wires (Braided line), which makes it stronger and heavier than the first type. The information obtained from the logs is considered to assess geological areas based on porosity, permeability, hydrocarbon fluids, and shale ratio. Well logging uses logs that are much cheaper than core operations and also cheaper than the information obtained from drilling mud. This review aims to pinpoint on the most important logging processes used in oil wells, as well logs have an effective role in all stages of the oil industry.

A Wide Frequency Range Relationship Between Transfer Impedance of Braided Cables and Shielding Effectiveness of Corresponding Plate Shields

Electromagnetic shielding properties of cables can be characterized by transfer impedance and planar shields by shielding effectiveness. Both properties are associated with measurement techniques, which have their own frequency limitations. The concept of sheet transfer impedance is proposed to allow the transition of complex cylindrical structures to planar configurations through a simple and efficient formula. Three-dimensional full-wave simulations of the periodic pattern of plate shields and planar braid shields are performed and compared to cylindrical analytic models. The proposed formula is validated by a good concordance between shielding effectiveness and transfer impedance values. Consequently, the industrial qualification tools such as transfer impedance and shielding effectiveness can then be linked to each other, and the two techniques can be used complementarily to cover a wide frequency range. Moreover, complex cylindrical structures can be more easily simulated using planar periodic patterns.

Istraživanje oksidacije kod pocinkovanih čeličnih kablova

The automotive component industry has been constantly being studying to improve its performance. Bowden cables are present in opening doors, moving windows and others. In braided cables formed by galvanized wires with Zn steel exposed to the usual environmental conditions, the generation of ZnO appears, a phenomenon known as "white corrosion". The investigation consisted of mitigating the causes of the ZnO formation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer (EPMA) technology, allowed to detect that the generation of ZnO was induced by the presence of nucleating elements of ZnO on the surface of the steel cable before galvanizing with Zn. The S, Cl and O became visible in the interface between coating and substrate. This allowed concluding, under the coating, there were harmful products capable of triggering the ZnO nucleation reaction. So, the storage and cleaning of the steel wire before galvanizing is essential to prevent the ZnO formation.

Low-Frequency Relation Between Transfer Impedance and Shielding Effectiveness of Braided Cables and Grid Shields

Metal textile fabrics used in electromagnetic shielding are often complex structures, and manufacturers need approximate models to predict their performance. In addition, different physical phenomena make their behavior varying according to the frequency bands. We propose to develop a model to determine the response of these materials in different frequency bands, and this article presents the low-frequency part of the model. A simple method of modeling braids and metallic grids at low frequency is proposed. Because of their periodic nature, these textile structures can be reduced to an elementary pattern that constitutes them. The calculus of the shielding effectiveness (SE) is then possible for complex structures. The concept of sheet transfer impedance has been defined to allow the passage of complex cylindrical structures to planar forms through a simple and efficient formula. The industrial qualification tools such as transfer impedance and SE can then be linked to each other. Full-wave three-dimensional simulations of periodic pattern of braids and grids show a very good agreement (around 0.1 dB) with the proposed analytical model in the low-frequency band up to 100 kHz and an acceptable approximation up to 1 MHz.

The effects of heat-treatment and braiding parameters on the flexural fatigue property of Ni-Ti braided cables for an implantable lead

The effects of heat-treatment and braiding parameters on the flexural fatigue property of Ni-Ti braided cables for an implantable lead

Development of High Current Capacity Mono- and 18-Filament <italic>in situ</italic> <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\hbox{MgB}_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> Cables by Varying the Twist Pitch

Undoped and carbon doped magnesium diboride <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$(\hbox{MgB}_{2})$</tex-math></inline-formula> cables have been assembled by braiding six Nb/Monel and Nb/Cu/stainless steel (SS) sheathed mono- and multifilament strands with a central copper stabilizer for improving the operational environment. This paper presents the fabrication and characterization of two types of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> powder-in-tube processed mono (pure) and multi- filament (carbon doped) <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\hbox{MgB}_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> cables with different twist pitch lengths; thereby making them possible candidates for industrial AC applications. Critical current is not influenced by the cabling that results in various twist lengths. The total critical current of the braided cables is obtained by multiplying the critical current of six single wires without any dissipation. The critical current density <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$(J_{\rm c})$</tex-math></inline-formula> of pure (mono) and carbon doped (18-filament) six stranded cable reached 10 000 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\hbox{A/cm}^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 5.5 and 10 T, respectively; without any observable deleterious effect caused by varying the twist pitch. The engineering current density <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$(J_{\rm e})$</tex-math></inline-formula> of both cables reached the same value of 10 000 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\hbox{A/cm}^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 3.5 and 6.5 T, respectively. Compared to the literature, this work reports some of the highest <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$J_{\rm c}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$J_{\rm e}$</tex-math></inline-formula> values for carbon doped multifilament cables that remain unaffected upon varying the twist pitch. The present results are promising in terms of scaling up these cables to industrial lengths for transformers, fault-current limiters-based applications and paves the way for the development of optimal protocols for practical functionality.

The roles of CHPD: superior critical current density and n-value obtained in binary in situ MgB2 cables

A binary magnesium diboride (MgB2) cable has been assembled by braiding six Nb/Monel sheathed monofilament strands around a central copper stabilizer for improving the operational environment. The total critical current (Ic) of the braided cable is obtained by multiplying the Ic of six single wires, without any dissipation. In this work, various mechanical deformations, i.e., swaging, two-axial rolling, groove rolling, and cold high-pressure densification (CHPD) at 1.8 GPa have been applied to the 6-stranded cable to obtain additional densification. The highest critical current density at both 4.2 and 20 K has been achieved in this work through the CHPD treated cable due to higher filament mass density. The present results are promising in view of the cable, particularly in power applications at industrial lengths that pave the way to seeking an optimal protocol to meet a practical functionality.

A low cost and portable single finger assistive device using air muscles

The paper shows the development of a low cost, lightweight and portable device to assist index finger movement for people with limited or no ability to use their hands. The mechanical system consists of a pair of air muscles connected to braided polymer cables applying force to the finger. The distal joints are actuated simultaneously by a single air muscle and rotational lever system while a second air muscle acts on the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints joint with a minor positive effect on the distal joints. The distal interphalangeal (DIP) and MCP joints are capable of achieving rotations up to 40° from resting and the proximal interphalangeal joint up to 65°. The device is capable of producing forces over 1 kg for a single finger. Force from the muscle itself increasing up to 3 kg at maximum contraction, producing a strong compliant force. Finger movement is similar to the curling motion of the human finger and can quickly and firmly grasp medium sized objects such as a plastic bottle of water.

Fatigue properties of superelastic Ti–Ni filaments and braided cables for bone fixation

This work is focused on the fatigue properties of the braided hollow tubular cables for bone fixation made of superelastic Ti-Ni filaments. To evaluate the fatigue life of the cable and the impact of braiding on fatigue life, a comparative study was conducted on both the braided cable and the single filament. The results of strain-controlled fatigue testing under variable mean and alternating strain conditions demonstrated that: (a) even though alternating strain is the most influent parameter, mean strain also has a significant impact on the fatigue life of both the filament and the braid; an improvement in the braided cable's fatigue life is observed under mean strains corresponding to the middle of the superelastic loop plateau; and (b) run-out (10(5) cycles) is reached at 1% of alternating strain for the filament, and at 0.3% for the braided cable. It was proved that the negative impact of braiding on fatigue life is caused: (a) by friction-induced damage of the braided filaments during cable manufacturing and (b) by locally occurring bending in the vicinity of the filaments' crossing, combined with the interfilament fretting during repetitive stretching of the braided cable.

Optimal Fixation for the Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy: A Pilot Study Comparing 3 Cables vs 2 Cables

The extended femoral trochanteric osteotomy allows excellent exposure of the proximal femoral canal, which facilitates resection of the canal's contents during revision total hip arthroplasty. Once the proximal femoral canal has been evacuated and a new femoral component has been placed, the osteotomy should be fixed in proper position to allow healing. The purpose of our study was to compare the fixation of an extended trochanteric osteotomy using 2 vs 3 braided cables with regard to stiffness, peak force, axial displacement, transverse displacement, and angular displacement using an in vitro biomechanical model. Nine paired cadaver femurs were loaded to failure. Movement at the osteotomy site before failure was recorded using a motion analysis system. There was no statistically significant difference between 2 vs 3 cables with regard to stiffness, peak force, or displacement in the 3 planes tested. Peak force and stiffness were both greater in the 3-cable group, whereas angular and transverse displacement were less in the 2-cable construct.

Current flow in coaxial braided cable shields

In the last few years, much effort has been made to describe the behavior of shielded cables. Many researchers have attempted to understand how an electromagnetic field couples into a braided coaxial cable. There are some important publications on this topic. Nevertheless, up to now, it has not been possible to predict analytically the coupling through a braid shield. An electromagnetic field outside a cable induces a disturbance current in the cable shield. The coupling from the current in the shield into the cable can be described by the transfer impedance. How the current flows in the cable shield is an important quantity in this coupling process. Therefore, to understand the coupling mechanism into a cable, it is necessary to understand the behavior of the current flow in such a braided shield. The paper discusses the current flow in a braided cable shield. The assumption often made in the literature, that a braided shield behaves like a homogeneous tube with apertures, is shown to be inaccurate. It is also shown that the standard braid of the shield used had the same properties as a braid made with insulated wires.

Stabilization of an acetabular fracture with cables for acute total hip arthroplasty

A critical stage of total hip arthroplasty for an acute acetabular fracture where extensive comminution, impaction, and osteopenia thwart the application of conventional open or closed methods, especially in the elderly, is stable fixation of the acetabulum. The use of 2-mm braided cables permits effective immobilization of the fracture for use in conjunction with a hybrid arthroplasty. The method is consistent with the use of a conventional arthroplastic incision and is suitable for other applications including the fixation of periprosthetic fractures, bulk allografts, and conventional acetabular fractures.

First results of a parametric study on coupling loss in subsize NET/ITER Nb/sub 3/Sn cabled specimen

The cable in conduit conductor for the ITER coils is required to function under pulse conditions and fields up to 13 T. A parametric study, restricted to a limited variation of the reference cable lay out, is necessary to identify the quantitative impact of manufacturing parameters on the coupling loss and to find out more precisely the value of the coupling loss time constant to be used in the AC loss computation. Here we present the first results of the AC coupling loss measurements on jacketed sub size conductors with variations in type of cabling, cabling stage, twist pitch and void fraction. The AC loss is determined mainly by the calorimetric way but partly also using a magnetometer. A sinusoidal AC field amplitude of 15-400 mT, superposed on a DC background field of B/sub dc/=0, 1 or 1.5 T, is applied to determine the coupling loss time constants for different specimens. The results up to now show large coupling current time constants especially for braided cables, for which n./spl tau/ can reach more than 1000 ms. For twisted cables with 81 strands n./spl tau/ values up to 300 ms are attained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The Application of Braided Cables for Posterior Pelvic Fixation

The Application of Braided Cables for Posterior Pelvic Fixation

An improved analytical model for braided cable shields

A simplified model for braided cables is presented. Based on this model, formulas of transfer impedance and inner and outer surface impedances that are different from those of one-cylindrical shells are derived. The formula for the diffusion term for the shield of braided cables is consistent with E.F. Vance's assumed formula (see ibid., vol.EMC-17, p.71-7, (1975)) which is verified by experiment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Time-domain calculation of the leakage of SGEMP transients through braided cable shields

The author presents a time-domain technique for calculating the leakage of SGEMP (system-generated electromagnetic pulse) transients through braided cable shields. Detailed numerical results are given to illustrate the effects of spatial and temporal variations in shield current and voltage on the transient that penetrates to the inner conductor of a braided shield cable. Results are presented for various types of SGEMP shield excitations, including electric-field excitation, magnetic-field coupling, and direct drive due to knock-on electrons. The variability of results obtained indicates that it is necessary to consider details of the expected transients when using low-weight braided shield cables for SGEMP protection. >

Losses in a twisted multifilamentary superconducting composite submitted to any space and time variations of the electromagnetic surrounding

Using a circuit model, loss calculations have been carried out for coils and short samples, made of twisted multifilamentary composites or flat braided cables, which undergo any space and time-variations of the magnetic induction, of the transport current and of the temperature. This model has been tested by measuring losses in short samples submitted to a rotating magnetic field and to a longitudinal magnetic field and in solenoids and ‘special coils’ which look like small Tokamaks, where the composite which carries a time dependent current, is submitted to simultaneous transverse and longitudinal magnetic induction changes. Experimental and theoretical values are in good agreement within about 20% for hysteretic losses and for eddy current losses.

Superscreened cables

The fundamental phenomena involved in the screening of braided cables are discussed and knowledge of these is shown to aid in improving this screening as expressed in terms of surface transfer impedance. It is shown how the use of magnetic materials between two braids, coupled with knowledge of the above optimization techniques, can lead to enormously improved screening which can be maintained by proper application of the magnetic tape.

Stored Charge Release in Cables in Low Fluence X-Ray Environments

The anomalous behavior of shielded satellite cables exposed to X-rays in the Simulation Physics facilities is investigated. Anomalous responses are found to occur for all cables, but braided shield cables only show anomalies in air; semi-rigid cables only show them in vacuum. For braided cables the anomalous response is correlated with charge which resides on or near the surfaces of cable insulation. For semi-rigid cables the anomalous response is strongly correlated with the degree of bending of the cable and the consequent introduction of gaps between shield and dielectric insulation.

Propagation Along a Braided Coaxial Cable Located Close to a Tunnel Wall (Short Papers)

A previous development is extended to permit attenuation calculations when a braided cable is located close to a tunnel wall. This is an important case in mine communications utilizing leaky feeders. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the effects of numerous parameters on mode attenuation. A principal finding is that the attenuation rate for the bifilar mode is hardly affected at all by the finite conductivity of the wall. On the other hand, the monofilar mode suffers a very high attenuation when the cable approaches the wall.