Brackish Water Ponds Research Articles

Harmful algal blooms and their impact on fish mortalities in Lampung Bay: an overview

The first disaster caused by harmful algal blooms in Lampung Bay was reported in 1991, where mass mortality of cultivated shrimp occurred in the brackish water ponds due to a Trichodesmium bloom. After this incident, the phenomenon reoccured in the following years continuously. Around nine species bloom makers in this bay are namely Pyrodinium sp., Noctiluca sp., Phaeocystis sp., Dinophysis sp., Trichodesmium sp., Ceratium sp., Prorocentrum sp., Pseudonitzhia sp., and Cochlodinium sp. The most frequent causative species, such as green Noctiluca and Trichodesmium, co-occurring during blooms and causing fish mortalities in the fish farming floating nets (KJA). Two species are known as the most potentially harmful species, namely Pyrodinium sp. and Cochlodinium sp. Cochlodinium blooms happened at the end of 2012, and since then, this species has continuously reappeared in the following years. The outbreak of Cochlodinium sp. still appeared in 2017 and 2018, but no fish-killing occurred. Phytoplankton bloom events occur at specific locations, mainly at fish farming floating nets on the west side of the bay, next to Hurun Cove. This paper discusses the occurrence of algal blooms in Lampung Bay and the triggering factors for increasing phytoplankton populations that cause harmful algal blooms.

Composition of Plankton in Water and Stomach Milkfish at Brackish Water Ponds

Abstract- Milkfish which cultivated in brackish water ponds utilize plankton as their natural feed. This study aimed to compare the abundance and type of phytoplankton, zooplankton in waterand stomach milkfish also the water quality of brackish water ponds. This research uses survey method, samples were taken in 3 brackish water ponds. The composition of phytoplankton wasfound in three brackish water ponds with 4 divisions, in the fish stomach 6 divisions, zooplankton composition was founded 2 divisions and fish stomach 2 divisions. Milkfish consumed allcomposition of plankton in water. Based similarity index of plankton composition in water and stomach milkfish about 73%-80%. The water quality of the three brackish water ponds is classified as oligotrophic, abundance of phytoplankton in the range of 630 - 1122 cell/ ml and zooplankton 0-30 ind/ml. Water qualities are classified as good for milkfish cultivation. Therefore, it is recommended to keep the good condition of brackish water ponds.

The socio economic challenge to improve the productivity of brackish water aquaculture business in Aceh Tamiang Regency

There were 3,624.5 hectares of the brackish water pond in Aceh Tamiang, which can support the national shrimp export program. The problems arise due to the pond ownership matter, the source of financing, the technology used, and the institutionalization action to improve productivity. The purpose of this research is to improve brackish water pond productivity based on socio-economic aspects in the location. The survey to achieve these aims conducted from April - May 2021, in eight villages in Aceh Tamiang. Data and information were interviewed from 160 pond farmers. Simple statistics and descriptive techniques were used to analyse the data. The main findings are: 91.1 % of the traditional brackish water farmers depend on commercial seed and feed; the productivity of the brackish water pond is between 1.2 tonnes/hectares/year - 2.4 tonnes/hectares/year; the average pond ownership is between 1.1 and 3.4 hectares/farmer; 60% - 94,1% of financial funding to run business depends on their source and the rest from investor or trader. This research recommends: the brackish water farmers in all villages should be organized in one “corporate business” to improve productivity. This institution is owned by farmers based on money stock and managed by professionals.

Soil quality and its implication for brackishwater pond soil management option in East Java Province, Indonesia

East Java Province has a vast area for brackishwater pond culture, but its pond production is still low, one of the reasons is that soil management is not optimal. This study was conducted in brackishwater ponds in Sidoarjo Regency and used the previous data from the Tuban, Gresik, Lamongan, Pasuruan, and Probolinggo Regencies to obtain information about pond soil quality and offer the option of pond soil management. The variable of soil quality measured and analyzed in this study included: pH, macronutrients, micronutrients, and texture. Before data were descriptively analyzed, data analysis was previously done to detect outlier. The result of the study showed that pond soil in East Java Province belonged to volcanic soil which is characterized by neutral pH soil yet slightly acid at certain places in Pasuruan and Probolinggo Regencies, relatively low N and C content, and relatively high PO4 content and C: N ratio. Microelement content, such as Al and Fe is relatively low. Soil texture is relatively varied but generally classified as coarse. The soil management option offered is liming with agricultural lime at a dose up to 1,500 kg/ha and application of urea fertilizer at the dose of 100-150 kg/ha. The use of PO4 solubilizing bacteria is recommended to increase PO4 availability in pond soil, followed by the application of SP-35 fertilizer at the dose of 75-100 kg/ha. The use of organic fertilizer up to 2,500 kg/ha could increase organic C content and improve the soil structure of brackishwater pond, particularly in Sidoarjo, Tuban, and Probolinggo Regencies.

Analysis of bacterial diversity in pond water through the addition of microalgae Nannochloropsis sp and two Porphyridium spp using NGS (New Generation Sequencing)

Research of disease management in shrimp culture by the use of microalgae have been carried out in the RICAFE since 2016. Later, in 2020, trial application of whole-cell microalgae for treating vibriosis in shrimp grow-out pond was done using microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. and Porphyridium spp. There are three treatments of microalgae applied in this study, namely Nannochloropsis sp, Porphyridium sp, and P. aerugineum, and one Control treatment (without the addition of microalgae). In this research, 12 brackishwater ponds of 25 × 10 m2 at water depth of 80 cm were each stocked with 8 pcs of PL16 tiger shrimp/m2. Sampling for NGS analysis was done at the end of study by taking three liters of pond water then filtered using a vacuum pump and 0.2 µm Whatmann filter. Furthermore, genomic DNA extraction from the pond water samples was carried out using the ZymoBIOMICS DNA Mini Kit. The sequencing analysis was carried out by the 1st Base Singapore Laboratory. The results showed that the use of Nannochloropsis sp resulted in higher diversity of bacteria than other treatments. The treatment with the highest number of bacteria species was found in the use of Porphyridium sp and the lowest was found in Control. The most common bacterial phylum found in all treatments except Control was Proteobacteria, followed by Actinobacteria, and Cyanobacteria. The results of this study indicated that microalgae administration provides better microbial diversity compared to control.

Effects of an ex situ shrimp-rice aquaponic system on the water quality of aquaculture ponds in the Pearl River estuary, China

Integrated shrimp-rice systems have been widely applied in paddy fields around the world but have never been constructed in brackish water ponds. In this study, two types of rice cultivars and three shrimp varieties with different salinity requirements were cocultured in two freshwater ponds (local rice-Litopenaeus vannamei and local rice-Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and two brackish water ponds (sea rice-Litopenaeus vannamei and sea rice-Penaeus monodon) under practical shrimp farming conditions. The nutrient removal ability and water stability of these four integrated systems were tested by comparing the nutrient concentrations and water parameters with those of shrimp monoculture ponds. The rice and shrimp varieties alone and their interaction had differential effects on the studied parameters. The results showed that dissolved nitrogen (ammonia-N, nitrate-N and nitrite-N), phosphorus concentration and CODMn in shrimp-rice ponds were significantly lower than those in shrimp monoculture ponds, with reductions of 74.32%, 76.29%, 85.57%, 35.93% and 10.64%, respectively. Nitrate-N was significantly lower (55.88%) in the sea rice pond than in the local rice ponds. The nutrient content in monoculture ponds changed dramatically over time, especially during the middle and late stages of breeding, but was relatively stable in shrimp-rice ponds without extreme values occurring for any analyzed water parameters. The results of this study suggested that integrated shrimp-rice pond culture was an effective method to improve nutrient utilization efficiency and helped to illustrate the potential applications of integrated brackish water shrimp-rice models in coastal areas of China and other countries.

Effect of varying dietary protein levels on growth performance and survival of milkfish Chanos chanos fingerlings reared in brackish water pond ecosystem

The present study investigated the effects of different dietary protein levels on the growth and survival of milkfish Chanos chanos for 90 days feeding trial. Milkfish with an average body weight of 10.81 ± 0.07 g were collected from the coastal zone using a manual dragnet. The study tested four diets, 10% (T1), 15% (T2), 30% (T3) and 38% (T4) of proteins containing feed with triplicates. These diets were offered to the milkfish juveniles in triplicate earthen ponds (1.5 ha). Juveniles were stocked at 10,000 ind./1.5 ha, and initially feeding rate of 10% biomass per day. The feeding rate adjusted according to fish biomass on a weekly basis. The present results showed that fishes fed 30% of proteins-containing feed have the highest weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), average daily weight gain (ADWG), survival, and the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the other treatments. The present study suggested that 30% crude protein is the optimum level for the best growth performance and for obtaining a high yield of milkfish C. chanos reared in the brackish water ponds.

Growth, length-weight relationship, and condition factor of NIFI (Oreochromis sp.) and Srikandi Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus x niloticus) at the grow-out stage in the high salinity brackishwater ponds

Tilapia strain of NIFI (Oreochromis sp.) and Srikandi (Oreochromis aureus x niloticus) are superior strain of tilapia that able to grow well in brackish water ponds. However, an increasing water salinity might have an impact on a series adaptation process on fish that leads to various morphological changes. This study aimed to analyze the growth and length-weight relationship of both tilapia strain in brackishwater pond with salinity of 25-30 ppt. Research was conducted in brackishwater pond in Losari, Brebes Regency. Fish were reared in 5x5x1 m3 hapas installed in the pond for four months. At the end of experiment period, body length and weight measurement were carried out for 26 males and 34 females of NIFI strain and 31 males and 28 females of Srikandi strain. The result showed that the highest growth rate was shown by Srikandi strain and the highest length was shown by NIFI. Positive allometric growth was found in the Srikandi females, while Srikandi males as well as NIFI tilapia males and females showed a negative allometric growth. Length-weight relationship on males and females of NIFI strain followed the formula of W = 0.0583L2,632 and W = 0.0452L2,665, respectively. Whereas, on males and females of Srikandi strain followed the formula of W = 0.0358L2,8545 and W = 0.0287L3,1580, respectively. There was a strong correlation between length and weight of fish from both strains with the R2 value ranged between 0.80 – 0.87. Condition factor of males and females of NIFI were 1.853 and 2.009, while Srikandi tilapia males and females were 2.308 and 2.665, respectively. Red NIFI and Srikandi tilapia are able to adapt in a high salinity level of brackish water pond.

Culture Performance and Economic Return of Brown Shrimp (Metapenaeus Monoceros) at Different Stocking Densities Reared in Brackishwater Pond

Shrimp recognized as the white gold of Bangladesh because it is the second largest export earning product after garments sector. The brown shrimp (M. monoceros) have high growth rates together with that they tolerate wide ranges of salinity and environmental parameters which makes them highly attractive for culture purposes. The purposes of this research were to assess the culture performance and economic profitability of brown shrimp (Metapenaeus monoceros) in brackish water ponds. This research lasted from February to June 2020 under three different stocking densities such as 35, 45 and 55 individuals/m2 in treatments T1, T2 and T3 at Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Brackishwater Station, Paikgacha, Khulna. After 90 days culture periods the total production was 1703.32±144.48, 2768.25±167.63 and 2535.03±253.52 kg/ha in T1, T2 and T3 respectively which was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T2 compared to T1 and T2. Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was 0.32, 0.87 and 0.52 in T1, T2 and T3 respectively and found significantly higher (p<0.05) in T2 than T1and T3. Both culture performance and economic analysis implies that brown shrimp (M. monoceros) with a stocking density of 450000 individuals/ha might be environment conciliatory and economically enduring in coastal areas of Bangladesh.

Grow-out of mud crab crablets, Scylla paramamosain in brackishwater pond with different feeding strategy

This research aimed to know the crablet growth and survival rate after cultured in brackishwater pond with different feeding strategy. Nine ponds fenced by black plastic net, each size of 100 m2 and pond water level at 60-80 cm. Crablets (weight size of 1.51+0,15 g/ind) from hatchery stocked at the density of 1 ind./ m2. Chopped trash fish at biomas 3-5% was given to the crablets as feed at every day (A), at every two days (B) and at every three days (C). Each treatment in three replications. At the three months of culture the highest final weight (128.23+21.19 g/ind.) in treatment A, then treatment C (107.04+25.24 g/ind.) and treatment B (95.60+5.79 g/ind.). Treatment A with the highest daily growth rate (1.41+0.1 g/day) and significantly different (P<0.05) with the daily growth rate in treatment B (1.04 +0.06 g/day) and treatment C (1.17+0.09 g/day). The highest survival rate (39.7%) after four months cultured was obtained in treatment B. High salinity attained to 54 ppt in the end of third month of culture was caused the high numbers of mud crab mortality in all treatments.

Occurrence of microplastic particles in Milkfish (Chanos chanos) from brackishwater ponds in Bonto Manai Village, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Pangkep Regency in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, is a milkfish producing region from which milkfish are distributed to fish markets or other regions. The location of the brackishwater ponds which are close to the sea and human settlements could allow microplastics as suspended particles to enter the milkfish gut. This study aimed to observe the number, shape, and color of microplastics in the guts of milkfish (Chanos chanos) from ponds in Bonto Manai Village, Pangkep Regency, and to analyze the relationship between the microplastics found and the hepatosomatic index (HSI). Milkfish samples were collected randomly from one brackishwater pond. Visual identification of the microplastics present in milkfish guts was carried out under a stereomicroscope. The results show that 46 out of 50 (92%) of milkfish sampled had microplastics in their digestive tracts. The average number of microplastics in Chanos chanos milkfish guts was 3.5 items/fish. The microplastic shape was dominated by line (92%) and blue (40%) was the most prevalent color. There was no correlation between the mean number of microplastics in milkfish guts and the mean hepatosomatic index (HSI); however, increasing value of HSI with the increase in number of microplastics found in the gut might indicate a reduction in the health condition of the fish.

Survival rate of brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus cultured with seaweed Gracilaria changii in multitrophic microcosm models

Groupers (Epinephelus) are economically important fish. Gracilaria changii is a red alga with a high economic value that is widely cultivated in brackish water ponds. In this study, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and G. changii were polycultured in a multitrophic microcosm model. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of these two species being cultured multitrophically. In this study we analysed the survival rate of groupers under two seaweed cultivation models (a bottom method and floating method). A control microcosm had no seaweed (grouper monoculture). Fish weight used in the treatment was 135.94 to 359.36 g. The study lasts 47 days at the controlled indoor tanks. The survival rate is lower than the results in previous studies. The condition of water quality parameters was quite good during the treatment, except for ammonia and phosphate. The high ammonia and phosphate content is thought to be the cause of the low survival rate. The survival rate ranges from 47-87%.

High salinity effect on mortality of sandfish Holothuria scabra (Jaeger, 1833)

The sandfish Holothuria scabra is a sea cucumber with a very high economic value. Sandfish cultivated in brackish water ponds will face a high salinity problem in the dry season. This study aimed to analyse the effect of high salinity on sandfish mortality. The study was done in a controlled tank in which the sea water was allowed to evaporate naturally, without the addition fresh water, so that the salinity increased continually. High salinity can cause injury and death to sandfish; before death, there was an evisceration. The death salinity of sandfish was 47 ppt. Sandfish have a greater range of tolerance to salinity than other sea cucumber species.

Effect of salinity on the growth of seaweed Gracilaria changii (Xia and Abbott, 1987)

Gracilaria changii is a seaweed species that is widely cultivated in brackish water ponds. G. changii cultivated in brackish waters will face high salinity problems in the dry season. This study aimed to analyse the effect of salinity on the growth of G. changii. The study was conducted in a controlled tank which was allowed to evaporate naturally, and without the addition of fresh water so that salinity can increase progressively. This study indicates that high salinity significantly affects the growth of G. changii. G. changii is a true euryhaline, can live at a salinity of 7 to 115 ppt. At salinity levels above 100 ppt, G. changii growth was negative and thallus has discoloration, but still survive. The different salinity at the beginning of cultivation produces a different maximum weight; this shows that G. changii can form an ecotype based on a salinity gradient.

Adoption Level of Good Aquaculture Practices in Brackish Water Pond Aquaculture, Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi Province

Pinrang Regency is a center of brackish water pond aquaculture production in South Sulawesi Province in which some of brackish water pond farmers in this regency have adopted Good Aquaculture Practices (GAqP). A study was conducted to determine GAqP adoption level, to identify GAqP aspects required to be improved, and to determine the category of GAqP adoption level as the first step to maximize the GAqP adoption level in the brackish water ponds. Primary data were obtained from 76 respondents consisted of pond farmers who already have adopted and or obtained GAqP certificates. On the basis of the adoption level, the adoption level classification is carried out into three categories, namely low adopters, medium adopters, and high adopters. The results showed that the highest GAqP adoption levels in brackish water ponds were in food security (89.41%) and technical aspects (78.57%). The lowest GAqP adoption levels were in management (8.71%) and environmental aspects (0%). It was also reported that the GAqP adoption level in brackish water ponds varied from 40.58 to 67.01% with an average of 42.86% and was categorized as moderate adopters. Based on this study, management and environmental aspects were found to be the aspects that need serious attention to increase the GAqP adoption level in the brackish water ponds.

Genetic parameter estimates for important traits on the fifth generation in red tilapia in Vietnam

Genetic parameters comprising heritability, genetic correlation and genotype by environment interaction (GxE) for growth survival rate and body colour at harvest were estimated on the 5th selective generation of red tilapia grown in two environments, freshwater and brackishwater ponds. A total of 116 full-half-sib families was produced as well as 4,432 and 3,811 tagged individuals were tested in freshwater and brackishwater ponds, respectively. Genetic parameters were estimated by ASReml 4.1 software. The heritability for body weight and survival rate was high while medium heritability for body colour in freshwater was observed. The heritability for those traits of red tilapia in brackishwater. Together with the figures in earlier publication on previous generations (G1 to G4) in the same selective population, the expected medium to high response acquires if selection is done for each trait. Genetic correlations among harvest body weight, survival rate and body colour are insignificantly different and ranging from -0.25 to 0.37 (P &gt; 0.05). These results implied that selection on one trait do not influence on responses of the other traits. GxE interaction for body weight and body colour between two tested environments is mostly negligible with genetic correlations ranging from 0.63 - 0.80 while it is important for survival trait (rg = -0.17 ± 0.40).

Associated Vibrio Species in Shrimp Vibriosis from Traditional Brackish Water Pond in the North Coastal of Central Java, Indonesia

Indonesian shrimp cultures are threatened by vibriosis. Some traditional brackish water ponds remained along the north coast of Central Java after the disease outbreaks destroyed the shrimp culture. This study aimed to discover the Vibrio diversity associated with shrimp vibriosis in traditional brackish water ponds. An exploratory method with purposive sampling was used in this study. Twenty-four shrimps presumably infected with vibriosis were collected from two district regions on the north coast of Central Java in July–September 2018. The bacteria associated in shrimp vibriosis were isolated from the telson and inner part of the hepatopancreas with TCBS medium. Forty-one bacteria associated with shrimp vibriosis were obtained, and then repetitive-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) was performed to obtain Vibrio strains. On the basis of rep-PCR results, five respresentative strains were selected for further study. The results of 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that the JKP03, JKP05, JKP19, JKM01, and JKM06 isolates were closely related to Vibrio rotiferianus, Vibrio diabolicus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Shewanella algae, respectively. Vibrio biodiversity in shrimp vibriosis was high. These results confirmed that traditional shrimp farming was susceptible to vibriosis. Therefore, control methods such as vaccines, probiotics, and immunostimulant formulas must be developed to prevent and control the outbreak of shrimp vibriosis in traditional brackish water pond.

PROFIL OSMOTIK GELONDONGAN IKAN BANDENG (Chanos chanos Forsskal) SELAMA PROSES KULTIVASI DI TAMBAK BANDENG DESA WONOREJO KABUPATEN KENDAL

Milkfish is euryhaline fish that can live in wide range salinity, so it will affect with osmoregulation processes. This research aimed to examine the osmotic response of milkfish fingerling during cultivation processes in brackishwater ponds at Wonorejo Village district of Kendal. The research was conducted on July-October 2016. The cultivation process of milkfish fingerling has been cultured for 60 days in 2000 m2 brackishwater pond. The initial density of milkfish larvae was 100 individuals /m2 with a lenght size of 10 mm on average and 15 days old. Samples of milkfish fingerling were taken on the 20th, 40th and 60th days, the number of samples was 3 individuals every size. The measurement result of blood osmolarity was 460, 05 to 490.10 mOsm / l H2O higher than media osmolarity 38,98 – 194,5 mOsm/l H2O. The osmotic response of milkfish fingerling were hyperosmotic to the hypotonic environment and osmoregulator fish.

The contribution of phytoplankton in the carbon adsorption and stock during shrimp culture in brackishwater ponds

Abstract. Widigdo B, Rifqi M, Mashar A, Nazar F, Wardiatno Y. 2020. The contribution of phytoplankton in the carbon adsorption and stock during shrimp culture in brackishwater ponds. Biodiversitas 21: 5170-5177. In environmental point of view, it is important to determine the potential of adsorption and stock of blue carbon during shrimp farming in ponds with three cultivation technologies namely: extensive/traditional, semi-intensive, and intensive. The aquatic primary productivity approach is used to measure the potential of carbon adsorption in shrimp ponds, while the carbon conversion of chlorophyll-a content is used to measure its stock. The primary productivity and chlorophyll-a content were measured using three ponds for each cultivation technology every ten days from stocking (DOC 0) until the harvest period. The sampling location is in the BLUPPB shrimp pond area of Karawang, West Java - Indonesia. The study concluded that the adsorption and stock of blue carbon varied during shrimp farming in ponds. The primary productivity and chlorophyll-a content of the three cultivation technologies were the significant difference as the results of ANOVA Single Factor. Carbon adsorption average during extensive/traditional, semi-intensive, and intensive shrimp farming in ponds was 1.912832 g C m-3 day-1, 7.097145 g C m-3 day-1 and 8.250195 g C m-3 day-1, respectively. While, the average carbon stock during shrimp farming in extensive/traditional, semi-intensive, and intensive ponds were 0.64896 g m-3, 14.97473 g m-3, and 25.11102 g m-3, respectively.

Brackish water pond management strategies based on salinity and pyrite distribution in the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan

Brackish water ponds in the Mahakam delta are located in the area that has acidic soil and is affected by the distribution of salinity. This study aims to analyze brackish water pond management strategies based on salinity and pyrite distribution. The location of this research was in the local farmers’ brackish water ponds in the Mahakam delta, East Kalimantan. Sampling collection was carried out on several brackish water ponds with different salinity, namely salinity of 0 – 10 ppt, 11 – 20 ppt, and 21 – 30 ppt. Each type of salinity was represented by 10 brackish water ponds. Samples were selected using a purposive sampling technique in which respondents consisted of farmers, academics, and the government. Data were analyzed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process and qualitative descriptive methods. The results indicated that the alternative pond management strategies employed in the Mahakam delta were brackish water pond management with salinity and pyrite management approaches (0.312), brackish water pond management with pyrite management approach (0.222), and brackish water pond biophysical management (0.155).