Volume Of Box Research Articles

ECOLOGICAL AND FISCAL ELUCIDATION IN SOLID SCRAP MANAGEMENT COMPUTING USING WOT

Squander electric and electronic hardware or e-squander age has been recognized as a critical angle in strong scrap administration; however e-garbage removal in landfills isn't recommended because of the harmful synthetic compounds and substantial metals in it. A shrewd family e-squander assortment box was planned, fitted with e-squander level estimation sensors to record the removal information. A backend worker was created which consequently advises and plans e-squander authorities to dispatch and gather the e-squander when the volume of the assortment box arrives at a specific edge (for example box is 80% filled. In this paper WOT empowered trash assortment framework has been proposed. This paper presents a method to distinguish the constant degree of trash in the dustbins. The level is detected with the assistance of IR sensors using WOT. This strategy changes over the dustbins into a brilliant dustbin which can be associated with the end green figuring accentuations and making more recyclable items. Electronic scrap is probably the most concerning issue that our reality is confronting today. The always developing interest and utilization of electronic devices in this crown period add to this E-Scrap undeniably. The entirety of this can be forestalled by proficiently overseeing E-Scrap . Many created nations are discarding their E-Scrap in non-industrial nations like India and China. These non-industrial nations have an immense populace influenced by this E-squander as there is no coordinated framework for overseeing it. To shorten these issues, in this work, the impact of WoT (Web of Things) is utilized to store and gather E-squander effectively. The fundamental target is to bring the investors (individuals who dispose of E-scrap ) and authorities (individuals who gather and reuse E-squander) into a solitary stage and further develop the proposed E-Scrap administration productivity Computing.

Research on forming technology and experiment of high strength aluminum alloy locomotive traction gearbox

Gearbox is a widely used component in mechanical transmission and plays a vital role in the operation of locomotive. With the development of aluminum alloy materials and molding technology, the monolithic casting gearbox has a widely application prospect. This paper focuses on the manufacturing method of Selective Laser Melting processing for high strength aluminum alloy locomotive traction gearbox. Firstly, the influence factors of laser melting process on the placement angle, support type and support spacing are studied through orthogonal experimental design. It is found that the placement angle has the greatest impact on the forming accuracy, the support spacing takes the second place, and the support type has the least impact on the forming accuracy. When the placement angle is 45°, the support spacing is 1 mm, the steel wire support is added to the support type, which has the least impact on the forming accuracy. Then, the processing ability of the whole box structure is verified by using the Fused Deposition Modeling technology. With using the optimized optimal parameter combination, it can be found that the volume of the printing box is 100 cm3, the mass is 280 g, the surface roughness is 6 μm, and the precision is 0.15 mm. Then the laser melting forming process is carried out in the selected box area. Through experimental analysis, a prototype is developed. At the same time, the process parameters of selective laser melting forming for the whole box structure can be obtained.

‘Some Time We Have Trouble in Getting Mail. And Everything Else Here’: Black Women, Freedom Food and the US Postal System

ABSTRACTThis article puts food at the centre of the Civil Rights Movement by illuminating rural Black women's experiences accessing food and survival goods in Mississippi from 1964 to 1968. Examining letter correspondence, it demonstrates how Black women strategically participated in the little‐known postal benevolence programme, ‘Box Project’, to feed their families. Within the context of surplus commodities and the food stamp programme, the article reveals how the postal system allowed Black women to acquire food and engage in conversations with northern sympathisers about the insidious state welfare structure under which they lived. As the volume of boxes and letters entering Mississippi increased, so did the risk of Black women's strategic use of the interstate mail services. The US Postal System, as quotidian and seemingly benign a state apparatus, was a battleground for food and freedom for ordinary rural Black women.

Accreted or Not Accreted? The Fraction of Accreted Mass in Galaxies from the Magneticum Simulations and Observations

In the two-phase scenario of galaxy formation, a galaxy’s stellar mass growth is first dominated by in-situ star formation, and subsequently by accretion. We analyze the radial distribution of the accreted stellar mass in ∼500 galaxies from the (48 Mpc/h)3 box volume of the hydrodynamical cosmological simulation Magneticum, in a stellar-mass range of 1010 to 1012 M ⊙. We find that higher-mass galaxies have larger accreted fractions, as found in previous works, but predict generally higher accretion fractions for low-mass galaxies. Based on the 3D radial distribution of the accreted and in-situ components, we define six galaxy classes, from completely accretion to completely in-situ dominated, and measure the transition radii between in-situ and accretion-dominated regions for galaxies that reveal a transition. About 70% of our galaxies have one transition radius. However, about 10% of the galaxies are accretion dominated everywhere, and about 13% have two transition radii, with the center and the outskirts both being accretion dominated. We show that these classes are strongly correlated with the galaxy merger histories, especially with the cold gas fraction at the time of merging. We find high total in-situ (low accretion) fractions to be associated with smaller, lower-mass galaxies, lower central dark-matter fractions, and larger transition radii. Finally, we show that the dips in observed surface brightness profiles seen in many early-type galaxies do not correspond to the transition from in-situ to accretion-dominated regions, and that any inferred mass fractions are not indicative of the true accreted mass but contain information about the galaxies’ dry-merger history.

Association of stroke lesion shape with newly detected atrial fibrillation - Results from the MonDAFIS study.

Paroxysmal Atrial fibrillation (AF) is often clinically silent and may be missed by the usual diagnostic workup after ischemic stroke. We aimed to determine whether shape characteristics of ischemic stroke lesions can be used to predict AF in stroke patients without known AF at baseline. Lesion shape quantification on brain MRI was performed in selected patients from the intervention arm of the Impact of standardized MONitoring for Detection of Atrial Fibrillation in Ischemic Stroke (MonDAFIS) study, which included patients with ischemic stroke or TIA without prior AF. Multiple morphologic parameters were calculated based on lesion segmentation in acute brain MRI data. Multivariate logistic models were used to test the association of lesion morphology, clinical parameters, and AF. A stepwise elimination regression was conducted to identify the most important variables. A total of 755 patients were included. Patients with AF detected within 2 years after stroke (n = 86) had a larger overall oriented bounding box (OBB) volume (p = 0.003) and a higher number of brain lesion components (p = 0.008) than patients without AF. In the multivariate model, OBB volume (OR 1.72, 95%CI 1.29–2.35, p < 0.001), age (OR 2.13, 95%CI 1.52–3.06, p < 0.001), and female sex (OR 2.45, 95%CI 1.41–4.31, p = 0.002) were independently associated with detected AF. Ischemic lesions in patients with detected AF after stroke presented with a more dispersed infarct pattern and a higher number of lesion components. Together with clinical characteristics, these lesion shape characteristics may help in guiding prolonged cardiac monitoring after stroke.

Packing placement method using hybrid genetic algorithm for segments of waste components in nuclear reactor decommissioning

As Kori unit 1 is undergoing the decommissioning process, estimating the disposal amount of waste from the decommissioned nuclear reactor has become one of the challenging issues. Since the waste disposal amount estimation depends on the packing of the waste, it is highly desirable to optimize the waste packing plan. In this study, we developed an efficient scheme for packing waste component segments. The scheme consists of 1) preparing three-dimensional models of segments, 2) orienting each segment in such a way to minimize the bounding box volume, and 3) applying hybrid genetic algorithm to pack the segments in the disposal containers. When the packing solution converges in the algorithm, it comes up with the number of containers used and the placement of segments in each container. The scheme was applied to Kori-1 reactor pressure vessel. The required number of containers calculated by the developed scheme was 24 compared to 42 that was the estimation of the prior packing plan, resulting in disposal volume savings by more than 40%. The developed method is flexible for applications to various packing problems with waste segments from different cutting options and different sizes of containers.

Enhancing low frequency sound radiation of electrodynamic loudspeakers with acoustic metamaterials

Since the radiation resistance of a vibrating membrane in the air is proportional to frequency in the subwavelength range, low frequency (&amp;lt;100Hz) sound radiating devices generally require a large vibrating diaphragm and a bulky enclosure to be efficient and loud enough for practical use. The tapped horn topology, where the front radiation of an electrodynamic driver adds up with the back radiation after propagating through the internal volume of a speaker box, has been widely used in custom audio to provide low-frequency enhancement to the bass unit. Recently, people have demonstrated the application of acoustic metamaterials based on multiple Helmholtz resonators (HRs) in sound absorption, sound insulation, directivity control, impedance matching, etc. In this presentation, we show that by branching the sound path of a tapped horn speaker box with multiple Helmholtz resonators and fine-tuning the geometry of each individual element, we can produce high and relatively constant sound pressure levels at sub-wavelength frequencies, making our methodology a good candidate for compact subwoofer design. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to bring forth optimal performance within the geometric framework. Both transfer matrix method and numerical simulation are employed to derive the sound output of a particular subwoofer.

Discrete element modeling of strongly deformed particles in dense shear flows

The discrete element method (DEM) proposed by Cundall and Strack [1] is a widely used numerical approach to study the fundamentals of particulate matter at the particle scale. In our present study, the flow behavior of dense configurations of soft particles was studied by means of a new formulation of the multi-contact force closure for the DEM. The first step was to verify the response of the new force closure, and calibrate its parameters based on a comparison of the results for simple uniaxial compression with results from a reference simulation. This reference simulation used a highly accurate nonlocal formulation of contact mechanics in the quasi-static limit [2], which accounts for the interplay of deformations due to multiple contact forces acting on a single particle. The newly developed and calibrated model results show significant improvement over those derived via the existing multi-contact model. Also, the dependence of the stress in the sheared granular matter on the Poisson's ratio was unveiled when using the newly derived advanced multi-contact force closure. Therefore, an extensive campaign of simple shear flow simulations was performed (at a fixed volume of the simulation box) to probe the effect of particle volume fraction and the speed of shearing. These simulations show that the stress at particle volume fractions larger than a critical value depends not only on the friction coefficient and particle stiffness, but also on the Poisson's ratio of the material. Finally, we report a response surface for the pressure in a sheared particle bed as a function of all key influence parameters. This response surface is beneficial for calibrating DEM model parameters in extremely dense flow configurations.

Deterministic Constructions of High-Dimensional Sets with Small Dispersion

The dispersion of a point set Psubset [0,1]^d is the volume of the largest box with sides parallel to the coordinate axes, which does not intersect P. It was observed only recently that, for any varepsilon >0, certain randomized constructions provide point sets with dispersion smaller than varepsilon and number of elements growing only logarithmically in d. Based on deep results from coding theory, we present explicit, deterministic algorithms to construct such point sets in time that is only polynomial in d. Note that, however, the running-time will be super-exponential in varepsilon ^{-1}. Our construction is based on the apparently new insight that low-dispersion point sets can be deduced from solutions of certain k-restriction problems, which are well-known in coding theory.

The effect of arrangement in multi-cyclone filters on performance and the uniformity of fluid and particle flow distribution

In this research, a design algorithm of a multi-cyclone filter box based on available volume is proposed. The influence of arranging cyclones in the box and the uniformity of fluid and particle flow distribution is also studied. After introducing domain physics, used governing equations are expressed. Grid generation and validation of the numerical solution are then examined. Design of the quantity, diameter, and performance parameters of the cyclone in the filter set is performed by presenting an algorithm. This study shows that adding only 10% to the volume of the filter box reduces the pressure drop by 40 to 50%. For filters consisting of many cyclones, the optimized arrangement of cyclones next to each other is introduced which can improve the standard deviation of flow distributions by 27.5%. Increasing the inlet flow rate can make the distribution of larger diameter particles among cyclones non-uniform by up to 85%.

High-Performance Multi-MHz Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer System for EV Charging Utilizing Interleaved-Foil Coupled Inductors

This article introduces a kilowatt-scale large air-gap capacitive wireless power transfer (WPT) system for electric vehicle (EV) charging that achieves high-power transfer density and high efficiency. High-power transfer density is achieved by operating at a multi-MHz frequency (13.56 MHz), and by utilizing innovatively designed matching networks that enable effective power transfer by providing gain and reactive compensation while absorbing the parasitics present in the EV charging environment. High efficiency is achieved through the use of new interleaved-foil air-core coupled inductors in the matching networks. Interleaved-foil inductors provide a better tradeoff between quality factor, size, and self-resonant frequency compared to conventional solenoidal inductors, making them suitable for compactly and efficiently processing kilowatt-scale power at multi-MHz frequencies. Two variants of the interleaved-foil concept are presented: a semi-toroidal interleaved foil (STIF) inductor and a toroidal interleaved-foil (TIF) inductor. The superior performance of interleaved-foil inductors is demonstrated using analytical formulations, which are validated through finite-element analysis and measurements. Compared to the highest-quality-factor solenoidal inductor, the STIF inductor is shown to achieve 32% smaller box volume while having only 3% lower measured quality factor, while the TIF inductor is shown to achieve an even better tradeoff with 27% smaller box volume and 30% higher measured quality factor. A 13.56-MHz, 12-cm air-gap prototype capacitive WPT system utilizing TIF inductors with a quality factor of 2055 in its matching networks is designed, built, and tested. This system achieves record-breaking performance for a capacitive EV charging system, with an efficiency of 94.7% while transferring 3.75 kW using 22-cm-diameter coupling plates, corresponding to a power transfer density of 49.4 kW/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . This TIF-inductor-based prototype is also shown to outperform a second high-performance prototype utilizing STIF inductors.

RE-DESIGN SOLID BOX AND AIR BAG CONFIGURATIONS ON UNSINKABLE SMALL PASSENGER BOAT

Previous works were conducted by the authors concerning the performance of unsinkable small passenger boat. The boat was designed and constructed in model scale and full-scale ship. The model was tested in tank and full-scale ship was tested at open sea to verify the design parameters. The research is continued in order to improve the boat performance. A re-design process was executed in order to modify the boat, air bags and centralised air supply system. The modified unsinkable boat was tested with the full passengers at sea for floating and sinking purposes. The required volume of solid boxes and air bags on board and outside are1.12 m3, 0.563 m3 and 0.213 m3 respectively. The result of test at sea showed that the modified boat was floating, unsinkable at static condition even with full water in board and keep running with flooding conditions. It is found that the boat is stable due to its positive value of GMt and GZ. The recommendation was made for future application for the stakeholders.

Using TLS-Measured Tree Attributes to Estimate Aboveground Biomass in Small Black Spruce Trees

Research Highlights: This study advances the effort to accurately estimate the biomass of trees in peatlands, which cover 13% of Canada’s land surface. Background and Objectives: Trees remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it as biomass. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has become a useful tool for modelling forest structure and estimating the above ground biomass (AGB) of trees. Allometric equations are often used to estimate individual tree AGB as a function of height and diameter at breast height (DBH), but these variables can often be laborious to measure using traditional methods. The main objective of this study was to develop allometric equations using TLS-measured variables and compare their accuracy with that of other widely used equations that rely on DBH. Materials and Methods: The study focusses on small black spruce trees (&lt;5 m) located in peatland ecosystems of the Taiga Plains Ecozone in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Black spruce growing in peatlands are often stunted when compared to upland black spruce and having models specific to them would allow for more precise biomass estimates. One hundred small trees were destructively sampled from 10 plots and the dry weight of each tree was measured in the lab. With this reference data, we fitted biomass models specific to peatland black spruce using DBH, crown diameter, crown area, height, tree volume, and bounding box volume as predictors. Results: Our best models had crown size and height as predictors and outperformed established AGB equations that rely on DBH. Conclusions: Our equations are based on predictors that can be measured from above, and therefore they may enable the plotless creation of accurate biomass reference data for a prominent tree species in a common ecosystem (treed peatlands) in North America’s boreal.

Design modifications affect bat box temperatures and suitability as maternity habitat

Abstract Artificial roosting structures (e.g. bat boxes) are widely used as conservation tools for many animals, including bats. Although it is relatively easy to monitor bat box temperatures, we know little about the effect of design on temperatures within a box. Box microclimate affects energy budgets and physiological processes and, thus, suitability as a roost. Optimal temperature varies during the period when reproductive females aggregate to rear pups; warm roosts enhance pup development during gestation and lactation, while cool roosts facilitate energy savings by torpor, which is often important during post‐lactation. To better understand the relation of design to internal temperature, we simultaneously compared 20 box designs (19 variations of a rocket box and one three‐chamber flat box) in an open site, May to September 2018. We measured temperatures at the top, middle and bottom of each box and tallied counts of daytime and nighttime cool (≤30°C; TCOOL), permissive (30.1–39.9°C; TPERM) and stressful (≥40°C; TSTRS) temperature observations. We also measured temperature, solar radiation and wind speed at the site. We used generalized linear models with negative binomial distributions to test the effects of design, environmental variables and their interactions. Adding an external jacket or decreasing ventilation increased daytime and nighttime counts of TPERM. Increasing box volume (i.e. lengthening box by 50%) also positively affected daytime counts of TPERM, whereas decreasing box volume (by 50%) had the opposite effect. Adding an external water jacket was the only modification we tested that decreased counts of TCOOL at night. Counts of TSTRS were elevated by warmer, sunnier and less windy conditions outside, but these effects were lessened by increasing roof shading or reflectivity, adding ventilation or external jackets, or decreasing box volume. These results inform the development and implementation of novel bat box designs as conservation and management tools for maternal colonies of bats, with consideration for the effects of weather on internal temperatures.

Predicting Human Discretion to Adjust Algorithmic Prescription: A Large-Scale Field Experiment in Warehouse Operations

Conventional optimization algorithms that prescribe order packing instructions (which items to pack in which sequence in which box) focus on box volume utilization yet tend to overlook human behavioral deviations. We observe that packing workers at the warehouses of the Alibaba Group deviate from algorithmic prescriptions for 5.8% of packages, and these deviations increase packing time and reduce operational efficiency. We posit two mechanisms and demonstrate that they result in two types of deviations: (1) information deviations stem from workers having more information and in turn better solutions than the algorithm; and (2) complexity deviations result from workers’ aversion, inability, or discretion to precisely implement algorithmic prescriptions. We propose a new “human-centric bin packing algorithm” that anticipates and incorporates human deviations to reduce deviations and improve performance. It predicts when workers are more likely to switch to larger boxes using machine learning techniques and then proactively adjusts the algorithmic prescriptions of those “targeted packages.” We conducted a large-scale randomized field experiment with the Alibaba Group. Orders were randomly assigned to either the new algorithm (treatment group) or Alibaba’s original algorithm (control group). Our field experiment results show that our new algorithm lowers the rate of switching to larger boxes from 29.5% to 23.8% for targeted packages and reduces the average packing time of targeted packages by 4.5%. This idea of incorporating human deviations to improve optimization algorithms could also be generalized to other processes in logistics and operations. This paper was accepted by Charles Corbett, operations management.

Feature-refined box particle filtering for autonomous vehicle localisation with OpenStreetMap

Vehicle localisation is an important and challenging task in achieving autonomous driving. This work presents a box particle filter framework for vehicle self-localisation in the presence of sensor and map uncertainties. The proposed feature-refined box particle filter incorporates line features extracted from a multi-layer Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) sensor and information from OpenStreetMap to estimate vehicle states. A particle weight balance strategy is incorporated to account for the OpenStreetMap positional inaccuracy, which is assessed by comparing it to a high definition road map. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated on a LiDAR dataset and compared with box particle filter variants. Experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves respectively 10% and 53% localisation performance improvement with reduced box volumes of 25% and 41%, when compared with the state-of-the-art interval analysis based box regularisation particle filter and the box particle filter.

Research on Three-Dimensional Packing Model and Analysis of Spatial Algorithms for Distribution Center

The B2C retail e-commerce logistics center is constantly developing towards the intelligence and unmanned direction. In the automatic packaging, there are problems of low efficiency and low utilization of box volume caused by packing algorithm. The current common spatial analysis algorithm and three-dimensional packing algorithm and so on are analyzed. Based on the above analysis and combined with the order characteristics of retail e-commerce, a three-dimensional packing model of multi-box with multi-commodity is established. Hybrid Genetic Algorithm and MATLAB are used to solve the model and its solution method are verified by a retail e-commerce data.

LiPyphilic: A Python Toolkit for the Analysis of Lipid Membrane Simulations.

Molecular dynamics simulations are now widely used to study emergent phenomena in lipid membranes with complex compositions. Here, we present LiPyphilic-a fast, fully tested, and easy-to-install Python package for analyzing such simulations. Analysis tools in LiPyphilic include the identification of cholesterol flip-flop events, the classification of local lipid environments, and the degree of interleaflet registration. LiPyphilic is both force field- and resolution-agnostic, and by using the powerful atom selection language of MDAnalysis, it can handle membranes with highly complex compositions. LiPyphilic also offers two on-the-fly trajectory transformations to (i) fix membranes split across periodic boundaries and (ii) perform nojump coordinate unwrapping. Our implementation of nojump unwrapping accounts for fluctuations in the box volume under the NPT ensemble-an issue that most current implementations have overlooked. The full documentation of LiPyphilic, including installation instructions and links to interactive online tutorials, is available at https://lipyphilic.readthedocs.io/en/latest.

A Bead Movement Based Computational Framework for 3-Dimensional Analysis of Biofilm Material Heterogeneity

Differences in the material properties of bacterial biofilms have been observed in biofilms of different bacterial species, within the same species under different growth conditions and after treatment with matrix modifying molecules. To better quantitate the material properties of 3D biofilms, an experimental and computational workflow was developed and applied to examine differences between Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and Escherichia coli biofilms as well as the role of the amyloid curli in confirming rigidity to Enterobacteriaceae biofilms. The spatio-temporal dynamics of 1 µm carboxylate beads in biofilms were tracked in 20 µm 3D biofilms over 20 minutes. The 4D image stacks were processed using the Mosaic plugin in ImageJ to produce 3D trajectory data of bead movement. This trajectory data was analyzed with a newly developed Bead Evaluator toolbox, where movement data, including trajectory lifespans, bead velocities, cell densities along trajectories, and bounding box information were computed and stored in csv-files. This paper presents the workflow from experimental setup and image recording to bead trajectory computation and analysis. The structure of curli-containing biofilms resulted in more stable bead interactions and less bead movement than in curli-mutant and Enterococcal biofilms. Bead movement did not appear strongly dependent on cell density when measuring the bead velocity and trajectory bounding box volume, supporting the hypothesis that other material properties of the biofilms control the bead dynamics. This technique is widely applicable to quantitating differences in biofilms of different matrix compositions as well as biofilms before and after matrix-modifying treatments.

Window queries for intersecting objects, maximal points and approximations using coresets

We present data structures that can answer window queries for a sequence of geometric objects, such as points, line segments, triangles and convex c-gons. We first present data structures to solve windowed intersection decision problems for line segments, triangles and convex c-gons. We also present data structures to count points on maximal layer, k-dominated and k-dominant points for some fixed integer k, and to decide whether a given point belongs to a maximal layer for a sequence of points in Rd, d≥2. Finally we present techniques to approximate window-aggregate queries for (1+ε)-approximations for various geometric measures such as diameter, width, radius of a minimum enclosing ball, volume of the smallest bounding box, and the cost of ℓ-center clustering (ℓ≥2) for a set of points using coresets. All data structures presented in this paper answer queries in polylogarithmic time and use subquadratic space.