Box-shaped Research Articles

Experimental study and mathematical modeling on the unsteady galloping of a bridge deck with open cross section

Galloping instability can potentially threaten the modern launching of steel-concrete composite bridge girders, due to light weight and bluff shape of the steel box, which is normally launched first. A bridge deck with typical open cross section was selected and investigated in smooth flow through wind tunnel techniques. Aeroelastic tests showed that the classical instability arising from the interaction between vortex-induced vibration and galloping may occur for a mean flow incidence of 4°, fixing the actual galloping onset at the Kármán-vortex-resonance wind speed up to a high value of the mass-damping parameter. In contrast, a different and more complicated behavior was observed for a mean flow incidence of 0°, where the actual galloping instability occurs at a wind speed clearly higher than the Kármán-vortex-resonance wind speed even for a very low value of the mass-damping parameter. Static tests further indicated that the most evident difference between the two cases is the magnitude of the vortex shedding force, which is much lower for a null angle of attack. A rectangular cylinder with the same side ratio was also tested for the sake of comparison. Finally, Tamura’s wake-oscillator model was implemented for the bridge deck at a mean flow incidence of 4°, following a recently proposed parameter identification method. The mathematical model was found to be able to give some promising predictions even for a complex bridge deck profile.

Improving heat transfer and eliminating Geyser boiling in loop thermosyphons: Model and experimentation

This work presents theoretical and experimental analysis of a new loop thermosyphon, which evaporator has a flat box shape, manufactured by diffusion bonding, designed to promote passive thermal control of avionics. Transient start-up and steady state conditions were considered in this study. The thermal performance of the device was experimentally accessed, with special attention to the Geyser Boiling phenomenon, which is undesirable for aeronautics applications. The phenomenon was eliminated by covering one of the evaporator internal walls by a wick structure. An electrical circuit analogy model was proposed to estimate the overall thermal resistance and the temperature distribution, which depends of the thermal load position in the evaporator external wall. Theoretical predictions were compared favorably with wicked evaporator.

Composite damage zones in the subsurface

SUMMARYThe cumulative displacement by multiple slip events along faults may generate composite damage zones (CDZ) of increasing width, and could modify the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the faults. The internal architecture and fracture distribution within CDZs at the subsurface are analysed here by using seismic attributes of variance, curvature and dip-azimuth of the 3-D seismic reflection data from tight sandstone reservoirs in northeast Sichuan, China. The analysed faults intersect the reservoir within a depth range of 2.4–3.0 km. The damage intensity mapping revealed multiple CDZs with thicknesses approaching 1 km along faults ranging 3–15 km in length, and up to 1000 m of cumulative slip. The identification of numerous fault cores and associate damage zones led us to define three classes of CDZs: banded shape, box shape and dome shape. The mechanical strength contrasts and distortion of fault cores suggest potential weakening and strengthening (healing) mechanisms for formation of CDZs that can be extended to faulting processes and earthquake simulations.

Pliocene hyperpycnal flow and its sedimentary pattern in D block of Rakhine Basin in Bay of Bengal

Abstract Based on core, logging, lab test and seismic data, sedimentary characteristics and pattern of marine hyperpycnal flow, the distribution rules of hyperpycnal flow reservoir, prediction method of favorable hyperpycnal flow reservoir zones, hydrocarbon accumulation model in hyperpycnal flow reservoir in D block of Bay of Bengal were investigated, and the favorable exploration zone and well sites were predicted. Pliocene in D block has typical hyperpycnal flow sediment, which is a set of fine-medium sandstone held between thick layers of marine mudstone and features a series of reverse grading unit and normal grading unit pairs. The hyperpycnal flow sediment appears as heavily jagged box shape, bell shape and tongue shape facies on log curves with linear gradient, and corresponds to multiple phases of deep channels on the seismic section and high sinuous channel on stratal slices. The sedimentary bodies formed by a single phase hyperpycnal flow which include five types of microfacies, namely, supply channel (valley), channel complex, branch channel, levee and sheet sand. The hyperpycnal flow sediments appear in multiple branches, multiple generations and stages in space, forming high-quality reservoirs in strips on the plane and superposition vertically, with fairly good physical properties. The channel complex sandstone, with large thickness, coarse particle size and good physical properties, is the most favorable exploration facies. Based on the guidance of the sedimentary model, distribution of the channel complex microfacies was delineated in detail by seismic reflection structure analysis, spectrum waveform characteristic analysis, slice and attribute fusion, and combined with the structural feature analysis, the favorable drilling zone was sorted out, effectively guiding the exploration deployment of the block.

Development of Parametric Drawing System of Corrugated Boxes Based on SolidWorks

Corrugated box is a widely used means of transportation packaging, there are various box types such as slotted type, nested type, folding type, slide type, fixing type, automatic type and other types of boxes, special standards on the type and size of corrugated box is formulated by Chinese national standards. However, when drawing corrugated boxes with various CAD software now, we need to model and edit according to the box shape, specific size of corrugated boxes and the drawing efficiency is low. In this paper, on the basis of the established corrugated box access database, we use the Visual Basic to develop corrugated box parametric drawing system on SolidWorks platform. The users only need to select the desired corrugated box carton and the key parameters, then can get the 2D expansion diagrams and 3D stereoscopic diagrams in accordance with the national standard, which significantly improve the efficiency of the corrugated box drawing.

Experimental studies on the aerodynamic performance of two box girders with side openings

A butterfly web girder is a box-shaped girder with discretely distributed side openings along the spanwise direction. Until now, there have been few studies related to the aerodynamic performance of the butterfly web bridge. The objective of the current study was to clarify the effects of the side openings on the aerodynamic performance of the girder. Two butterfly web girders with side ratios B/D = 3.24 and 5, where B is the girder width and D is the depth, were examined through a series of wind tunnel tests. A comparison of the results for butterfly web girders and conventional box girders of the same shape confirmed that the side openings stabilized the vortex-induced vibration and galloping when B/D = 3.24, whereas the vortex-induced vibration and torsional flutter were stabilized when B/D = 5. The change in the flow field due to the side openings contributed to the stabilization against the vibration. These findings not only confirmed the good aerodynamic performance of the butterfly web bridge but also provided a new method to stabilize the box girder against aerodynamic instabilities via discretely distributed side openings.

Quench dynamics of Rydberg-dressed bosons on two-dimensional square lattices

We study the dynamics of bosonic atoms on a two-dimensional square lattice, where atomic interactions are long-ranged with either a box or soft-core shape. The latter can be realized through laser dressing ground-state atoms to electronically excited Rydberg states. When the range of interactions is equal or larger than the lattice constant, the system is governed by an extended Bose-Hubbard model. We propose a quench process by varying the atomic hopping linearly across phase boundaries of the Mott insulator-supersolid and supersolid-superfluid phases. Starting from a Mott insulating state, the dynamical evolution of the superfluid order parameter exhibits a universal behaviour at the early stage, largely independent of interactions. The dynamical evolution is significantly altered by strong, long-range interactions at later times. Particularly, we demonstrate that density wave excitation is important when the quench rate is small. Moreover, we show that the quench dynamics can be analyzed through time-of-flight images, i.e., measuring the momentum distribution and noise correlations.

The density and distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in reproductive organs of wild taro (Colocasia Esculenta (L.) Schott)

The study’s aim was to investigate the density and the distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in reproductive organ of “green” morph type of wild taro (Colocation esculent (L.) Schott). Reproductive organs of “green” wild taro included flowers, fruits, and seeds. Morphological features of wild taro were evaluated based on the physiognomic characteristics of fresh specimens. Reproductive organs of “green” type were sliced thin horizontally and vertically, and double-stained with carmine alum claque–iodine green dye. The results showed that three types of crystals (druse, rawhide bundle, and free needle-liked crystals) were detected at wild taro. Calcium oxalate crystals, depend on types, were endowed very frequently at spandex pith, female flower, male flower, fruit, and seed. Druses were located in parenchyma and collenchyma cells, and present in almost parts of reproductive organs except ovule, placenta, and seed. Druse crystals were founded dense on the top of synandrium. Rawhide bundles were observed in shape of box, before or biforine-liked cells, and often located in parenchyma or collenchyma area. Free needle-liked crystals were dispersed scatteredly or gathered in clusters. It presumed that three types of crystals in reproductive organs played an important role in self-protection against herbivorous animals or insects.

Inline corrugated board creasing

Corrugated board sheets that are used in corrugated boxes have to be cut and creased before being folded and glued in the shape of the final box. Cutting and creasing are done by rolling a sheet of corrugated between rollers, carrying ribs that either cut or crease the corrugated. This technology is applied for decades and performs very well. However the rollers have to be prepared in advance and one pair of rollers is required for each type and each dimension of a box.In case boxes have to be produced on demand, each and every box might have a specific size. Cutting and creasing between rollers is not possible and an alternative method is required. A corrugated board is put on an air permeable carpet. Underneath the carpet vacuum is created to prevent the board from moving. It is then cut using a sliding or a rolling knife. Creasing is done by a small wheel that is rolled over the cardboard along the folding lines, called top side creasing.Numerous types of corrugated board exist in terms of flute sizes and paper types. Creasing can be done parallel to the flutes or under an angle. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the optimal shape of the creasing wheel used for top side creasing. This paper presents experimental research aiming at the optimal shape of a multi-purpose creasing wheel.

Experimental Harmonization of Shape Intuitive Interaction

Abstract With the increasing functionality and complexity of the material environment it is becoming important to universally improve the quality of its shape design for people with different knowledge. When the material environment shape does not match its value content or acquire unpredictable meaning, it creates disharmony between the function and user that requires intellectual and / or emotional effort for interaction. The intuitive design improves user’s interaction because the information is presented on the subconscious level, hence it is accepted as a natural part of our environment and demands less effort to grasp and evaluate it. In this study, the scientific context of intuition is examined to determine methods and values of shape intuitive expression modeling. The goal of the study is to assess the effectiveness of shape experimental intuitive harmonization methodology using qualitative and quantitative methods. Functional and interaction restrictions are integrated into the object’s shape by employing experimental modeling techniques. Surveys, controlled observations and MaxDiff analysis were used to monitor intuitive harmonization effects on car body split-line and box shape physical models. Experimental results show that the majority of participants consider conceptual shape models to be more intuitively attractive and informative. The study concludes that it is possible and viable to employ a proposed shape intuitive harmonization variable to achieve a universally positive effect.

Effect of Crash Box Shape with Elliptical Hole Cell Structure on Impact Crushing Characteristics

Effect of Crash Box Shape with Elliptical Hole Cell Structure on Impact Crushing Characteristics

IOT-based monitoring of lab scale constitutive landfill model of food waste

Landfill are engineered dumpsite that are capable of the processing waste after undergoing proper form of degradation. In India around 55–60 landfills were constructed and operated and it will be twice and thrice in upcoming decades owing to the Emerging population growth in our country. On another side, the source of landfill, Solid waste were dumped in huge quantities in and around the country on daily basis with or without proper knowledge of processing it. One of the Major kinds of waste produced is the kitchen and it is vulnerable of releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Municipal Solid waste is generated every day and increasing in alarming rate, in our study area Trichy is produced about 0.3–0.7 Kg/day for an individual. If we properly degrade and utilized the waste, the methane gases obtained were used in the production of Biogas rather than taking methane from the earth and simultaneously reducing the emissions of harmful gases. The lab scale model of Landfill was designed and fabricated as Box shape model with measurement of 15 * 30 * 15 cm. The waste was collected and kept for Decomposition using citric acid which acts as a catalyst to speed up the Entire process of degradation in a confined environment and it will be transfer to the landfill setup. The setup will be provided with the sensors will detected the presence of methane gas coming out from the setup and it will display the analog value as an output. It will be converted as levels of gases from the Dumpsite in real time studies without accessing the landfill site directly.

A novel productivity evaluation approach based on the morphological analysis and fuzzy mathematics: insights from the tight sandstone gas reservoir in the Ordos Basin, China

Tight gas reservoirs have rich potential resources, which are hot spots in unconventional oil and gas exploration and development. Due to their strong heterogeneity and complex pore structures, the conventional approaches of productivity evaluation always have difficulty in predicting the gas content. This study aims to devise a new method to interpret the productivity of LX Block in the Ordos Basin using the morphological theory and fuzzy mathematics. First, core test results were used to investigate the reservoir quality and physical properties. Then, the change law of gas content was defined by the morphological theory of logging and mud logging curves. Assignments of those factors that affected the final production were provided based on fuzzy mathematics. Finally, the prediction model of productivity was established. The results show that the lower limit of the reservoir thickness in the LX Block is 3.1 m, whereas the porosity and permeability are 5% and 0.15 × 10−3 μm2, respectively. The morphological characteristic of the gas logging curve for those layers with high potential production normally presents a box shape with a high relative number of serration. The reservoir in the studied area can be classified into four categories according to the relationship between the logging curve shape and daily production, and each category is automatically identified. The coincidence rate between the prediction results and the gas test results is 84.1%, which satisfies the demand on the field. The findings have important theoretical and practical significance for screening the location of fracturing spots and predicting the production of tight gas reservoirs.

The ability of gold nanoclusters as a new nanocarrier for D-penicillamine anticancer drug: a computational chemistry study

In this work, we study the interactions between gold nanocluster (AunNCs, n = 2, 4, and 6) and D-penicillamine (DPA) anticancer drug by different computational methods to study the ability of AunNCs to act as a nanocarrier for DPA for the first time. We calculated the binding energies of all AunNCs-DPA complexes in the gas and water phases by density functional theory. The binding energies calculated by two different functionals, B3LYP and M062X, of the AunNCs-DPA complexes in the solvent phase are lower than those in the gas phase, suggesting that the partially covalent and partially electrostatic bonding stabilizes the complexes. Atoms-in-molecules analysis showed that the intermolecular hydrogen and covalent bonding play an important role in the formation of these complexes. The interactions between AunNCs-DPA complexes and water molecules also were studied by molecular dynamics simulations to summarize the effect of solvent on the binding between AunNCs and DPA. Radial distribution functions and coordination numbers of the interactions between AunNCs-DPA complexes and water are computed and showed that Au6NCs has the strongest interactions with DPA with compared to other complexes. The adsorption and deformation energies of DPA molecules on AuNCs surface has a 6 nm size with different shapes (sphere and box) and are calculated by MC simulations; the adsorption energies for all configurations in sphere and box shapes are negative which revealed that the adsorption of the drug molecule is exothermic and energetically favorable, and this indicated that the adsorption of DPA on the AuNPs surface is spontaneous due to existence of the weak intermolecular interaction. So, the drug molecule can be easily released from AunNPs.

Comparing shape descriptor methods for different color space and lighting conditions

AbstractDetecting and recognizing objects is one of the most important uses of vision systems in nature and is consequently highly evolved. This paper aims to accurately detect an object using its shape and color information from a complex background. In particular, we evaluated our algorithm to detect 19 different integrated circuits (IC) from 10 different printed circuit boards (PCB) of different colors. We have compared three different shape descriptors for four different color space models. We have evaluated shape detection algorithms in different lighting conditions (indoor, outdoor, and controlled light source) to find suitable illumination for image acquisition. We undertook statistical hypothesis testing to find the effect of color space models and shape descriptors on the accuracy, false positive and false negative rates. While measuring accuracy, we have noted that L*a*b* color space is significantly worse, and the best result is obtained in YCbCr color space using bounding box shape descriptors for 2500 Lux using LED.

Application of Flexibility Index Approach for Sustainable Operation of Heat-integrated Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion System

The present study proposes a decision-making approach based on flexibility index calculation of already obtained solutions of a stochastic multi-scenario optimization model for redesign of heat-integrated two-stage Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion (ATAD) bioreactors system for municipal wastewater treatment operating under uncertainties. Obtained solutions with minimal costs for redesign were presented in Vladova et al. (2018). Aiming to find the solution which provides sustainable operation of the heat-integrated ATAD system within the widest range of variation of its uncertain parameters, the Flexibility Index (FI) approach should be applied. A fast approach for evaluation of the flexibility index by presenting it as an inscribed a hyper-rectangle in the scaled hyper-space of variation of the uncertain parameters so as to ensure no violation of the process feasibility constraints is proposed. An optimization problem for determining the maximal flexibility index is formulated and solved for each solution obtained in Vladova et al. (2018). Decision making is carried out to choose most sustainable solutions for redesigned ATAD system. Analyzing the results obtained, it can be concluded that not always the solutions with the minimal annual costs for redesigning provide the sustainable operation of the ATAD system.

Building the Black Box: Cyberneticians and Complex Systems

In the 1950s and 1960s, cyberneticians defined and utilized a concept previously described by electronic engineers: the black box. They were interested in how it might aid them, as both a metaphor and as a physical or mathematical model, in their analysis of complex human-machine systems. The black box evolved as they applied it in new ways, across a range of scientific fields, from an unnamed concept involving inputs and outputs, to digital representations of the human brain, to white boxes that might be used to replicate black boxes. The diversity of understandings of the black box reflected the diversity of scientific perspectives and goals brought under the label of cybernetics. In this paper, I examine how cyberneticians drew upon the black box in their personal writings and publications. My goal is to unpack what the black box meant to these theorists as a starting framework from which we may understand the initial shape of the black box.

Small vehicles detection based on UAV

In recent years, with the development of deep neural networks, object detection has been widely used in many fields such as video surveillance, face recognition, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, small objects detection is still a challenge for the most of existing methods due to its low resolution and limited information. Here, the authors use an effective object detector single shot multi-box detector (SSD) as base architecture to detect small vehicles shot by UAV platform. First, in order to improve the performance for small objects, an extended-layer feature method is proposed for introducing more small-scale information. Second, the shapes of default boxes on specific feature maps are adjusted to balance the performance loss caused by adding feature maps. Experimental results show that this method reached the accuracy of 78.6% on PASCAL VOC object-detection dataset, which has a 1.8% bonus compared with the baseline. Moreover, in order to show the effectiveness on small vehicles, an additional experiment is conducted on the UAV123 dataset, which gets a 3.1% bonus. The speed of the proposed method has a 39 fps on a NVIDIA GTX Titan X.

Formulasi dan Analisis Nilai Gizi Bakso Kotak dari Jamur Tiram Putih (Pleurotus Ostreatus)

Meatballs are processed meat products that very popular in Indonesia. Making meatballs is not just using animal material only, but also can be used plant materials such as oyster mushrooms. The meatballs can be made in various forms, such as a round shape or a box shape. This study aims to determine the nutrient content (moisture, ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrates) in several formula meatballs box of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and find the best formula on the meatballs box oyster mushrooms, the nutrients (fat, protein, and carbohydrates), as well as the ash and moisture content. The study was designed using completely randomized design (CRD), which consists of six treatments and two replications. Parameters measured were as hedonic organoleptic include color, aroma, flavor and texture, using 15 panelists and nutrient analysis includes the levels of fat, protein, carbohydrate, ash content and water content. The results showed that the formulation of meatballs box, panelists preferred the formula II from another formula with a value of 3.06 based on color, aroma, flavor, and texture. The results of nutritional analysis were fat content of 0.77, protein content of 16:28 value, carbohydrate content of 31.4, ash content of 1:46 and water content of 9.44.

Formulasi dan Analisis Nilai Gizi Bakso Kotak dari Jamur Tiram Putih (Pleurotus Ostreatus)

Meatballs are processed meat products that very popular in Indonesia. Making meatballs is not just using animal material only, but also can be used plant materials such as oyster mushrooms. The meatballs can be made in various forms, such as a round shape or a box shape. This study aims to determine the nutrient content (moisture, ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrates) in several formula meatballs box of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and find the best formula on the meatballs box oyster mushrooms, the nutrients (fat, protein, and carbohydrates), as well as the ash and moisture content. The study was designed using completely randomized design (CRD), which consists of six treatments and two replications. Parameters measured were as hedonic organoleptic include color, aroma, flavor and texture, using 15 panelists and nutrient analysis includes the levels of fat, protein, carbohydrate, ash content and water content. The results showed that the formulation of meatballs box, panelists preferred the formula II from another formula with a value of 3.06 based on color, aroma, flavor, and texture. The results of nutritional analysis were fat content of 0.77, protein content of 16:28 value, carbohydrate content of 31.4, ash content of 1:46 and water content of 9.44.