Box-Behnken Model Research Articles

Fermentative molecular biohydrogen production from cheese whey: present prospects and future strategy.

Waste-dependent fermentative routes for biohydrogen production present a possible scenario to produce hydrogen gas on a large scale in a sustainable way. Cheese whey contains a high portion of organic carbohydrate and other organic acids, which makes it a feasible substrate for biohydrogen production. In the present review, recent research progress related to fermentative technologies, which explore the potentiality of cheese whey for biohydrogen production as an effective tool on a large scale, has been analyzed systematically. In addition, application of multiple response surface methodology tools such as full factorial design, Box-Behnken model, and central composite design during fermentative biohydrogen production to study the interactive effects of different bioprocess variables for higher biohydrogen yield in batch, fed-batch, and continuous mode is also discussed. The current paper also emphasizes computational fluid dynamics-based simulation designs, by which the substrate conversion efficiency of the cheese whey-based bioprocess and temperature distribution toward the turbulent flow of reaction liquid can be enhanced. The possible future developments toward higher process efficiency are outlined.

Manufacturing, modeling, and optimization of nickel-coated carbon fabric for highly efficient EMI shielding

In the current study, some important parameters for nickel deposition of the carbon fabric surface were analyzed and optimized. The Box-Behnken approach was applied to conduct the nickel electroplating process. The influence of current density, temperature, and time on the weight gain and electrical conductivity of nickel-coated carbon fabric has been investigated. The Box-Behnken model confirmed that the temperature of the electroplating bath has no significant effects on the weight gain, and the applied current density and time only control the weight of the samples. The special effects of the current density and time are higher than that of temperature on the electrical conductivity. As for surface morphology results, the smooth and micro-cone shapes were formed with lower and higher values of electroplating parameters, respectively. The optimization results showed that the most optimal weight gain and electrical conductivity were to be 38 wt% and 585 S/cm, respectively, and achieved at the electrical current density of 2.5 A/dm2, the electroplating temperature of 25 °C and time of 20 min. The shielding efficiency (SE) of optimized nickel-coated carbon fabric increased up to −63.71 dB. The results indicated that the Box-Behnken design is an appropriate approach for the development of the nickel-coated carbon fabric for lightweight and high performance shielding materials.

Mycoremediation of azo dyes using Cyberlindnera fabianii yeast strain: Application of designs of experiments for decolorization optimization.

This study investigated the dye decolorization capacity of three yeast strains. Cyberlindnera fabianii was shortlisted for its high decolorization capacity and was further tested on various azo dyes. Based on the color of the biomass, and the UV-Vis analysis, Acid Red 14 was selected as a model dye, to examine the enzymatic biodegradation. The results showed significant increase in the intracellular and extracellular activities of laccase, tyrosinase, manganese peroxidase, and azoreductase. Phytotoxicity assessment indicated that the AR14 biodegradation by-products were not phytotoxic compared to the original dye molecules. Regarding the decolorization optimization, the screening of factors using the Plackett-Burman design showed that pH, dye concentration, and shaking speed had significant effects. These factors and their combined effect were evaluated using response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken model. The pH was the most significant factor, followed by dye concentration. The analysis of the contour plot and the 3D response surface diagram showed that the decolorization was inversely proportional to the increase in the initial dye concentration, but proportional to the initial pH and shaking speed. At optimal conditions (pH=5.154, AR14=50mg/L), C.fabianii could decolorize more than 97% of AR14 within 12hr. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Cyberlindnera fabianii is a successful candidate for dye mycoremediation. Oxidase and reductase are the key enzymes involved in the biodegradation of azo dyes. By-products of Acid red 14 biodegradation are not phytoxic compared to the original dye. Design of experience tools enables to determine optimum conditions for efficient decolorization.

Design and development of solid lipid nanoparticles of tazarotene for the treatment of psoriasis and acne: a quality by design approach

ABSTRACT Tazarotene is a third-generation retinoid applied topically for the treatment of psoriasis and acne. But its applications are limited due to its poor solubility and bioavailability. The current investigation aimed at the development of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of Tazarotene for effective topical delivery. Depending on the solubility, stability, and compatibility lipids and surfactants were selected and further optimised. SLN of Tazarotene was developed by hot-homogenisation followed by probe sonication method. Preformulation studies were carried out and compatibility was confirmed with FTIR. The design of the expert, Box Behnken model was implemented and the surface response curve was plotted. Glyceryl monostearate was found to be the best lipid and a combination of tween-span as a surfactant for SLNs. The entrapment efficiency was found as 59% and the particle size of 470 nm was reported. The optimised batch showed the zeta potential of −10.3 Mv with a drug release of 59% to 77% after 6 h.

Adsorptive Removal of As(V) from Aqueous Solution onto Steel Slag Recovered Iron – Chitosan Composite: Response Surface Modeling and Kinetics

In the present work iron particles was recovered by dry magnetic separation, from waste steel slag, doped with chitosan for adsorbent prepared, characterized and evaluated for the removal of As(V) from an aqueous solution. The adsorption of As(V) was optimized by using response surface methodology through Box-Behnken design model, which gave high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9175), and a predictive model of quadratic polynomial equation. Analysis of variance and Fischer's F-test were used to govern the parameters which interrupt the adsorption of As(V).The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. Optimal conditions, including adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature, initial ion concentration and contact time for the removal of As(V), were found to be 0.8 g, pH 4, 308 K, 10 mg L−1 and 3 h, respectively. Langmuir isotherm model fitted better compared to the Freundlich model having a maximum adsorption capacity of 11.76 mg g−1, a high regression coefficient value of 0.993 and least chi-square value of 0.1959. The process was found to follow monolayer adsorption and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters such as ∆S, ∆H and ∆G indicated the feasibility, spontaneous and endothermic nature of adsorption. Successful regeneration of the adsorbent implies its applicability to the removal of arsenic from real life wastewater.

Formulation and optimization of gefitinib-loaded nanosuspension prepared using a newly developed dendritic lipopeptide oligomer material

Amino acid derived polypeptides are often biocompatible, and hence the materials of choice in nanoparticle formulations to avoid nanotoxicity and associated complications. A hydrophilic linear polypeptide γ-poly(l-glutamic acid) can form self-assembled nanoparticles only when made amphiphilic by chemical modification. Present work investigated pharmaceutical feasibility of a newly synthesized l-glutamic acid-based dendritic lipopeptide oligomer, which was found to be biocompatible and devoid of any inherent anticancer activity in vitro. Gefitinib, a poorly water-soluble anticancer drug, was used as the model drug to prepare an oligomeric nanosuspension by solvent evaporation–ultrasonication method. The formulation was optimized using response surface methodology and Box–Behnken model of design of experiments. The optimized gefitinib-loaded oligomeric nanosuspension demonstrated acceptable particle-size distribution, surface morphology, colloidal stability, entrapment efficiency, and drug release profile. Overall, current work highlights competence of a newly synthesized dendritic lipopeptide oligomer for drug delivery applications.

Improving Microhardness of AISI 316L Stainless Steel by Ball Burnishing- Optimization by BOX-BEHNKEN Model

In the field of mechanics and biomaterials, particular attention is directed to the finishing step of pieces because it conditions several properties of materials, namely surface quality and microhardness. The mechanical surface treatment (TMS) by burnishing is one among the most competent finishing operations aimed toward improving the characteristics of surface and also the lifetime of components. Although this treatment is extremely effective, but it is very necessary to choose the appropriate combination of process parameters to realize better results. This work aims to improve, by ball burnishing, the microhardness of 316L stainless steel used for the manufacture of biomedical hip prostheses. This property is vital because it directly influences other final properties such as tensile strength, wear resistance and fatigue life. The response surface method based on Box-Behnken model is followed for experiments and an empirical model expressing the relationship between microhardness and process parameters (burnishing force, feed rate, and ball diameter ) is developed. The optimal regime for maximum hardening is also established. The results show that burnishing treatment, carried out on a flat surface, makes it possible to significantly hardening the surface of 316L stainless steel by obtaining a greater value by up to 67% compared to the untreated surface. Scanning electron micrographs show a very thin surface layer containing grains deformed plastically in the burnishing direction.

Copper nickel co-impregnation of Moroccan yellow clay as promising catalysts for the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of caffeine

Copper and nickel were incorporated into the prepared yellow clay (YC) using one of the most widely used methods, for the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts, which is the wet impregnation method (IPM) and its application as a heterogeneous catalyst for Caffeine (CAF). Several catalysts Cooper Nickel's Catalysts (Cu–Ni) were applied to the yellow clay with different weight ratio of Cu and Ni, in order to explore the role of both metals during the catalytic oxidation process CWPO. Furthermore, the CuNi-YC catalysts, were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Langmuir's surface area, Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES), so as to get a better understanding concerning the catalytic activity's behavior of CuNi-YC catalysts. The optimization of the catalytic activity's effects on the different weight ratios of Cu and Ni, temperature and H2O2 were also examined, using Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology RSM to enhance the CAF conversion. The analysis of variances (ANOVA) demonstrates that Box-Behnken model was valid and the CAF conversion reached 86.16%, when H2O2 dosage was equal to 0.15 mol.L−1, copper impregnated (10%) and temperature value attained 60 °C. In addition, the regeneration of catalyst's cycles under the optimum conditions, indicated the higher stability up to four cycles without a considerable reduction in its conversion performance.

INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CUTTING AND MACHINING PARAMETERS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND MAIN CUTTING FORCES VIA RESPONSE SURFACE METHOD

In this study, the effects of the parameters of cutting speed, feed rate and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) frequently employed in machining applications on main cutting force (Fc) and surface roughness (Ra) were investigated. For this purpose, analyses for Fc and Ra were performed utilizing Box-Behnken model. The efficiency of parameters and the changes in parameters on Fc and Ra were studied with the help of experiment set composed of 13 experiments by employing experimental parameters. Also, the effectiveness of design models was investigated by creating different design models. The high success rate modelling for Fc and Ra was realized with 99% success as a result of analyses conducted according to Box-Behnken and Stepwise, Backward and Forward methods of Box-Behnken. The most effective parameter among experimental parameters on Fc and Ra was found to be the feed rate according to Variance Analysis (ANOVA). It was demonstrated that the estimations on the created Box-Behnken model were quite successful on the data initially entered into the system; and that R2 values obtained for Fc and Ra were 0.999 and 0.996, respectively. It was determined that optimum parameters for the Fc were feed rate 0.25 mm/rev, cutting speed 125 m/min and cutting condition MQL2 ml/min, while they were feed rate 0.25 mm/rev, cutting speed 125 m/min and cutting condition MQL1 ml/min for Ra.

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) microencapsulated bioinsecticide: Spray drying technique optimization, characterization, in vitro release, and degradation kinetics

Insecticides based on Azadirachta indica have been demonstrated as useful in pest control and bioinsecticides that are microencapsulated can reduce the amount of product utilized, and minimize impacts on the environment and human health. The objective of this study was to optimize drying, and evaluate the release and degradation kinetics of microencapsulated extracts from A. indica seeds. The Box-Behnken model (33) and surface response methodologies were used to find the best spray drying conditions for the chosen variables. They were: in-let temperature of 160 °C, feed flow of 3.3 mL/min, and nozzle diameter of 0.7 mm. The drying efficiency and EE under these conditions were respectively 71.15% ± 2.18 and 56.88% ± 0.28. In the release kinetics study, the release time for Azadirachtin (100%) was 20h. The 50% photo-degradation time for Azadirachtin was 21.07 days. Our results support industrial scale-up studies, and can help application measures in the field.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of damsin and neoambrosin from Ambrosia maritima: optimization using response surface methodology

Damsin and neoambrosin are two important anticancer phytopharmaceuticals of Ambrosia maritima (Damsissa). Despite their importance, no report has yet discussed their extraction from plants on lab or industrial scales. Consequently, the present article aims to develop an ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) model for their extraction on the lab scale. Box-Behnken model was applied to investigate the effects of ethanol strength (X1: 40-100%), drug solvent ratio (DSR, X2: 1:20-1:60), and time (X3: 30-90 min) on the yield of damsin and neoambrosin in damsissa extract. Surprisingly, only ethanol strength was the significant factor in damsin yield with an optimum value of 65%. Time and DSR played no significant roles in damsin content. No statistically significant model could be deduced for neoambrosin. The model is a preliminary step to elucidate factors affecting the UAE of sesquiterpene lactones from plants and a preamble for its large scale green extraction.

Optimization in Process Parameters of Calcium Sulfate Whisker Modified Asphalt Using Response Surface Methodology

To optimize the process parameters of calcium sulfate whisker (CSW) modified asphalt, the response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted to determine the optimum values of process parameters. Three influence factors, stirring time, stirring temperature, and development temperature (i.e., the temperature set by the forced-air oven to stabilize the internal structure of the modified asphalt sample after stirring), were selected to determine the process of modification. Three performances including high-temperature performance, low-temperature performance, and deformation resistance relating to the service of asphalt were analyzed as responses by testing in the Box–Behnken model. The results showed that, within the scope of this study, the optimum process parameters were stirring time of 32 min, stirring temperature of 175 °C, and development temperature of 175 °C, which have reliable accuracy compared with actual experimental results. In addition, the effect of three process parameters on asphalt performances was also researched, and it was found that stirring time has a more significant influence on the softening point, penetration at 25 °C and ductility at 10 °C interacting with other two factors.

Removal of textile dyes from water by jute stick activated carbon: process optimization and isotherm studies

In this study, jute stick derived activated carbon (JSAC) has been evaluated as an adsorbent to remove textile dyes namely acid red-1 (AR-1), reactive orange-16 (RO-16), and methylene blue (MB) from water using the Box–Behnken model of response surface methodology (RSM). The direct and interaction effects of four independent process parameters namely solution pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and time were investigated and optimized for textile dye by using ANOVA. The optimum conditions for maximum % dye removal were found to be pH-3, initial dye concentration-500 mg L−1, adsorbent dose-0.9 gL−1, and time-110 min for AR-1; pH-3, initial dye concentration-350 mg L−1, adsorbent dose-1.5 g L−1, and time-110 min for RO-16, and pH-11, initial dye concentration-415 mg L−1, adsorbent dose-0.7 g L−1, and time-86 min for MB, respectively. Adsorption equilibrium investigations were carried out with Langmuir, Freundlich, and Jovanovic models. Based on error analysis, Langmuir isotherm was found the best-fitted model with maximum adsorption capacities of 588.2, 156.3, and 384.6 mg g−1 for AR-1, RO-16, and MB, respectively. The dimensionless factor, RL values (range: 0.0152–0.2665) also indicated spontaneous and favorable adsorption of studied dyes onto JSAC. Dye loaded adsorbents were easily regenerated with 0.1 M HCl (for MB) and 0.1 M NaOH (for AR-1/RO-16) and reused up to the 4th cycle. The present investigation indicated that JSAC, with a highly porous and stable structure coupled with various functional groups, holds immense potential as a new adsorbent for textile dyes.

Copper sulphide-Zirconium dioxide nanocomposites photocatalyst with enhanced UV-light photocatalysis efficiency: structural and methodology

ABSTRACT To plan great photocatalytic performance, fast photo-generated charge recombination in nanocatalysts should be repressed. Thus, copper sulphide-Zirconium dioxide (CuS-ZrO2) nanocomposites were synthesised via a facile chemical method. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) results indicated that a heterojunctions interface among CuS and ZrO2. XRD analysis showed optimum CuS-ZrO2 photocatalyst with an average diameter of 42.58 nm were found. The UV–vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS) illustrated that the synthesised CuS-ZrO2 nanocomposites owned the highest absorption intensity in the UV-light range compared with pure ZrO2 nanoparticles. The bandgap (Eg) values of ZrO2 nanoparticles and CuS-ZrO2 nanocomposites were found 3.55 eV, and 2.65 eV, respectively. These characteristic structural and optical property consequence showed that the CuS-ZrO2 nanocomposites with great photocatalysis progress for degradation of tetracycline. Among the different ratio nanocomposites, CuS-ZrO2-2 indicates the highest photocatalytic efficiency (97.15%) in acidic pH and 60 min. Photocatalytic was optimised by response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken model. The study provides a promising photocatalyst to be used for organic pollutant removal in a large scale.

Application of electrospun Polyamide-6/Modified zeolite nanofibrous composite to remove Acid Blue 74 dye from textile dyeing wastewater

Textile industry produces huge amounts of wastewater containing synthetic dyes and impurities. Contaminants include toxic dyes, which can be found in dyeing wastewater. In textile industry, various dyes such as acid, basic, reactive, disperse are used for dyeing. The aim of this study was to evaluate adsorption of Acid Blue 74 by electrospun PA-6/Modified zeolite nanofibrous composite. Design of the Response Surface Method (RSM) of Box-Behnken model (BBD) was used to determine the optimal conditions for the removal of Acid Blue 74. The effect pH, temperature, stirring speed, dye concentration, and adsorbent dose were investigated. The investigation of kinetic and isotherm model showed that the reaction kinetics follows the pseudo-second-order model and the PA-6/Modified zeolite nanofibrous composite adsorption process follows the Freundlich model. As a result, the PA-6/Modified zeolite nanofibrous composites can be considered as an effective material in removing Acid Blue 74 from wastewater.

Continuous-flow electrocoagulation (EC) process for iron removal from water: Experimental, statistical and economic study

The process of Electrocoagulation (EC), the in-situ production of coagulants by passing an electric current through sacrificial electrodes, is free of chemical additives and cost-effective. This makes it the most widely used water and wastewater treatment method. However, the literature highlights some significant drawbacks of this method including EC unit design limitations. This research therefore aimed to develop a new EC unit design using drilled plates (electrodes) to mix the solution being treated without using external mixers, this minimising power consumption. The performance of the new EC unit was validated by applying it to remove iron from water taking into account the effects of applied current density (ACD), the pH of the water (PoW), iron concentration (IC) and treatment time (TT). The effects of these parameters were optimised using the Box-Behnken model. Synthetic water samples containing different concentrations of iron (10-30 mg/l), were treated in a continuous flow, using the new EC reactor at different ACD (1.5–4.5 mA/cm2), PoW (4–10) and TT (10–50 min). The results revealed that the removal of 99.9% of iron was achieved by keeping PoW, ACD, IC and TT at 7, 3 mA/cm2, 10 mg/l and 50 min, respectively. The effects of ACD, POW, IC and TT on iron removal could be successfully simulated with R2 = 0.9788. The cost of removing iron using the proposed EC unit was 0.623 £/m3.

Effect of Ball Burnishing on Surface Roughness and Wear of AISI 316L SS

This work aims at the improvement of surface quality and wear resistance of AISI 316L stainless steel, used in different industrial sectors including orthopedic applications. Ball-burnishing treatment, considered as a very efficient mechanical finish process, was applied with respect to the response surface method. Surface roughness parameter Ra was minimized by using a mathematical model based on Box–Behnken model and expressing Ra as a function of applied charge, feed rate, and ball diameter. After optimization, the selected regime was fixed and the number of passes was increased by up to 5. Ra was measured again and tribological behavior was studied. Results show that surface roughness of best burnished sample can be decreased to a value much less by 93.4% and correspondingly, its wear loss can be improved by 53.4%, but with respect to fix 3 passes during ball burnishing. Morphologies of wear scars analyzed by scanning electron microscopy specify that adhesive wear occurred in both untreated and burnished surfaces. The coefficient of friction, measured under dry conditions, was reduced only for the smoothest surface, while other specimens had elevated coefficient of friction compared to turned surface.

Siyah Kuşburnu Meyvesinden Süperkritik CO2 Ekstraksiyonu ile Doğal Pigment Eldesinin Yüzey Yanıt Yöntemi Kullanılarak Modellenmesi ve Optimizasyonu

In this work, black rosehip was used as potent natural pigment source due to its anthocyanin content. To obtain these pigments, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction considered as a green extraction technique was employed. The effects of carbon dioxide pressure (150-350 bar), temperature (40-60°C) and co-solvent (ethanol) concentration (20-100%) on extraction of total anthocyanins were optimized using the Response-Surface Method according to the Box-Behnken model. Extraction of anthocyanins was successfully achieved when aqueous ethanol used as co-solvent. The most effective variables were co-solvent composition and pressure and temperature interaction (p<0.005). Optimum extraction conditions were elicited as the highest pressure (350 bar) and temperature (60°C) conditions and the ethanol concentration close to the center point values of 60% (54-55%). According to the results obtained, it was understood that the ethanol concentration should remain below 60%. In addition, extraction efficiency was found to be very low in processes using absolute ethanol. Finally; the model was validated. When the estimated total anthocyanin amount (R2 = 0.8936) was compared to the actual measured values, the values were found to be close to each other.

APPLICATION OF BOX–BEHNKEN DESIGN FOR OPTIMIZATION OF MALACHITE GREEN REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY MODIFIED BARLEY STRAW

&lt;p&gt;Untreated wastewater can have important effects on the environment and human. The aim of the work was to evaluate the effectiveness of modified barley straw to remove malachite green from industrial wastewater. Studied variables were pH, contact time, initial malachite green concentration, and adsorbent dosage. Box–Behnken design method was used for modeling the process of adsorption. The results of analysis of variance showed that there are the significance relative among process parameters. The high value of R2 (0.9753) indicated that there was a high correlation between the predicted and experimental values. Removal efficiency of malachite green increased by increasing of modified barley straw dosage, pH and contact time, and decreasing of color concentration. Remove the color was better in alkaline conditions and the best pH was equal to 9.5. The optimum contact time to remove was 120 min. The findings of this study showed that Box-Behnken model can efficiently optimize the malachite green adsorption onto modified barley straw from aqueous solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;

In situ electrochemical synthesis of Zn-Al layered double hydroxides for removal of strontium: Optimization and kinetics study

In situ electrochemical synthesis of Zn-Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) was adopted to remove strontium in the simulated liquid radioactive waste (LRW). In this paper, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the experimental conditions and assess the effect of the process variables and their interactions on Sr2+ removal. The experimental design was developed by Box-Behnken model. The optimal experimental conditions were determined as current density of Zn electrode 108 mA/cm2, Zn/Al current ratio 2, reaction temperature 60°C, and initial pH 9. Removal of Sr2+ reached 99.15 % at the initial concentration of 5 mg/L Sr2+ in the simulated LRW under the optimal experimental condition. The results of the adsorption kinetics experiments showed that the process was divided into two stages. The first stage with faster adsorption rate followed the pseudo-first-order model, while the second stage fitted the pseudo-second-order model better.