Bovine Plasma Research Articles

Bovine plasma hydrolysates' iron chelating capacity and its potentiating effect on ferritin synthesis in Caco-2 cells.

The low bioavailability of iron is one factor that contributes to its deficiency in the human diet. For this reason, it is necessary to find compounds that can form iron chelates so that these can be added to foods that contain iron to improve its bioavailability at the intracellular level. In this study, we assessed the relationship between bovine plasma hydrolysates' iron chelating ability and their degree of hydrolysis. The hydrolysate with the highest chelating capacity was fractionated and each fraction's chelating capacity was subsequently assessed. Each fraction's effect on ferritin synthesis in Caco-2 cells was also determined. The results showed that bovine plasma hydrolysates with a degree of hydrolysis of 19.1% have an iron chelating capacity of 38.5 ± 0.4% and increase the synthesis of ferritin in Caco-2 cells five-fold compared to the control. This may be due to the fact that these hydrolysates contain amino acids such as Leu, Lys, Glu, Ala, Asp, Val, Thr, Cys and Phe, which may be responsible for binding iron to the hydrolysate, increasing its solubility and the consequent uptake by Caco-2 cells.

Characterisation of ADAMs (protein)of bovine seminal plasma by Mass Spectrometry

This study has been designed to analyse the secreted and soluble proteins in bovine seminal plasma by mass spectrometry. The majority of these proteins are produced by accessory glands, and partially by testis, epididymis, ductus deferens and vas deferens of male reproductive tract.
 Seminal plasma of bovine was collected freshly and isolated after centrifuged and removed the sperm. Non boiled and boiled seminal plasma lysate were run to identify and detect the total proteins, as well as the individual single member of ADAMs protein is determined.
 The non-boiled lysate of seminal plasma was displayed diversity of proteins more than boiled sample lysate of seminal plasma.
 However, boiled and non-boiled seminal plasma have distinguished several types of ADAMs protein which are included: ADAM10, ADAM9, ADAM7, ADAM15 in non-boiled samples, while boiled lysate of bovine seminal plasma was displayed ADAM10, ADAM9, ADAM28, and ADAM22.
 Our finding concluded that bovine seminal plasma is very rich in different types of soluble, cleaved and shed proteins such ADAMs protein which could potentially have a biological and physiological role in protection and interactions of sperm during motility inside female reproductive tract, as it might support it to fertilise the ovum. This protection might be via immunosuppression behaviour or by block specific receptors in female reproductive tract for enhancing sperm motility, and avoid sperm the singling response of immunity.

Role of Bovine Fetal Platelet-rich Plasma (PRP) on Skin Wound Healing in Mice

Role of Bovine Fetal Platelet-rich Plasma (PRP) on Skin Wound Healing in Mice

CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF FREEZE DRIED BOVINE CARTILAGE POWDER AND PLATELET RICH PLASMA (PRP) TO MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL (MSCs)

Cartilage repair is a challenging clinical problem because the damage is an irreversible condition. Many studies had been performed using several kinds of natural or synthetic scaffold. Attempts to repair articular cartilage using scaffold usually found many problems, lacks the physical structure and mechanical properties necessary to ensure long-term efficacy to cartilage defect. Furthermore, scaffold frequently cause toxicity to the host. Therefore, this study was performed in vitro to test the toxicity effect of scaffold freeze dried bovine cartilage powder and platelets Rich Plasma (PRP). This research was conducted using pure experimental research design in 4 groups of animal stem cells which being added with scaffold freeze dried bovine cartilage scaffold provided with platelet rich plasma. This study using posttest only control group design. The result being processed with MTT assay and spectrophotometer for counting the viable stem cells. There was no significant difference in the amount of macrophage between control and the freeze dried bovine cartilage scaffold provided with PRP (p=0,128). With this result in the number of macrophages between the control with freeze dried bovine cartilage scaffold provided PRP, it can be concluded that these biomaterials have biocompatibility.

Liquid chromatography quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry for the simultaneous analysis of advanced glycation end products and protein-derived cross-links in food and biological matrices

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and protein cross-links have been extensively investigated in both food and biomedical fields over the past years. Although there are a few chromatographic and immunological methods for the analysis of selected AGEs, there is no method available for comprehensive simultaneous analysis of major AGEs found in processed foods and biological samples. In the present study, we have reported a validated UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous identification and quantification of 15 different AGEs, furosine (an indicator of Amadori products), 2 protein-derived cross-links (lanthionine and lysinoalanine) and 2 amino acids (Lys and Arg). The analytes were separated on a reversed phase C-18 column and quantified accurately based on the isotope dilution method, where 9 stable isotope-labelled internal standards were used to quantify 20 different analytes using an Orbitrap mass analyzer. The method showed acceptable linearity, accuracy and precision. The LOD and LOQ values in plasma were in the range of 0.30–19.02 and 0.87–57.06 ng/mL, respectively. The recovery values at the three spiked levels were in the range of 71–110%, with some exceptions. The intraday and interday precision were in the range of 1.5–13.2%, however, quantification of N-ɛ-(carboxymethyl)lysine accompanied slightly higher interday precision (30.7%). The applicability of the method was successfully assessed by analyzing AGEs and protein cross-links in six different complex matrices including Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) processed milk, roasted chicken breast meat, roasted chicken skin, roasted pork liver, bovine plasma and perfusion liquid.

148 Bull spermatozoa uptake of extracellular vesicles from bovine seminal plasma

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are important mediators of intercellular communication because they transfer microRNA (miRNA) that are able to repress translation of mRNA. Their presence in seminal plasma suggests a role in sperm fertility. It is known that bull seminal plasma contains fertility-associated proteins that are predictive of high and low fertility (Killian et al. 1993 Biol. Reprod. 49, 1202-1207). In addition, a difference in miRNA content between high and low spermatozoa motility has been observed in bulls, highlighting a potential role of EV on fertility (Capra et al. 2017 BMC Genom. 18, 14). We hypothesised that co-incubation of sperm of low-fertility bulls with EV isolated from the seminal plasma of high-fertility bulls could improve their fertility. Before testing this hypothesis, a preliminary study was carried out to investigate the presence and type of EV in bovine seminal plasma and their interaction with spermatozoa. Ejaculates of eight Holstein bulls collected weekly by artificial vagina were centrifuged at 1600×g for 10min to pellet spermatozoa and then centrifuged again at 2400×g for 30min to eliminate cell debris and large vesicles. After centrifugation, supernatants were collected and filtered twice (0.45 and 0.22µm) and stored at −80°C. A double ultracentrifugation at 100 000×g for 1h was performed, and pellets resuspended in a small volume of Tris buffer were kept at −80°C until used. Three ejaculates of the same bull were pooled to detect the concentration and size of EV by Nanosight Instruments. To trace the interaction with spermatozoa by fluorescence microscopy, EV were labeled with PKH26 dye and a dose-response curve in three replicates was performed. A suspension of 1×106 spermmL−1 was co-incubated with 200 or 400×106 EV labelled with pKH26 for 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180min at 38.5°C. The end point of incubation was at 24h. Internalisation of EV was assessed using confocal microscopy. Our results showed that the size of EV ranged from 145.1 to 187.7nm, with an average of 166±29nm. For all seminal plasma samples, the number of EV ranged from 3.62 to 6.08×1013 particlesmL−1, with an average of 4.37±0.61×1013. Based on size, these EV can be categorised as shedding vesicles. Confocal microscopy was set to take fluorescent images at different planes scanned every 0.12µm from top to bottom of the spermatozoa. Our results showed that no fluorescence signal was detectable after co-incubation with 200×106 EV. At the concentration of 400×106 EV, up to 60min no signal was detectable, whereas at 90min spermatozoa showed a fine granular fluorescent pattern within the intermediate portion. At 120min, the signal was within the acrosome, and at 180min the spermatozoa were stained for the whole length, supposing a distribution of incorporated EV throughout all the cell. At 24h, the fluorescence signal decreased. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that bull spermatozoa incorporate EV from bull semen. We hypothesise that a transfer of molecules, such as miRNA and other noncoding RNA molecules, from EV to spermatozoa is probably involved in sperm fertility.

142 Metabolomic analysis of fresh and frozen bovine seminal plasma: A preliminary study

Sperm cryopreservation is essential for assisted reproduction; however, freezing induces biochemical and physical damage to the sperm membrane structures, negatively affecting sperm fertilising ability (Castro et al. 2006 J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 5, 1-9). Metabolomics is the study of small molecules, commonly known as metabolites, which play essential roles in biological systems. Emerging research in the field of metabolomics showed a potential role in identifying male fertility biomarkers (Bieniek et al. 2016 Asian J. Androl. 18, 426-433). Metabolites present in the seminal plasma play several roles related to sperm motility, sperm membrane protection from oxidative stress, and regulation of metabolic activity (Therien et al. 1995 Biol. Reprod. 52, 1372-1379). However, the extent of metabolite changes in seminal plasma during cryopreservation is still not well known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the differences of the seminal plasma metabolites between fresh and frozen bovine sperm. Four ejaculates from eight Holstein (Bos taurus) bulls (4-6 years age) maintained at an authorised national semen collection center (Centro Tori Chiacchierini, Civitella D’Arna, Italy) under uniform management conditions were collected weekly using an artificial vagina (IMV Technologies). Each ejaculate was split into two aliquots (one fresh and one frozen) at −20°C for at least 2h. Seminal plasma from fresh (immediately) and frozen-thawed semen was separated from sperm by centrifugation (1600×g for 10min), and supernatants were then transferred to a 2-mL tube and stored at −80°C until use. After methanol extraction of metabolites, samples were centrifuged at 6400×g for 30min at 4°C, and supernatants were analysed using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS; Agilent 1260 HPLC; Agilent Technologies) system with an autosampler and a binary pump coupled to an Agilent Q-TOF 6540 (Agilent Technologies). Univariate analyses of the data were performed using bioinformatics approaches. The differences between fresh and frozen seminal plasma samples were analysed using a paired Student's t-test. Twenty-three metabolites were found in both fresh and frozen seminal plasma samples, out of which eight were significantly different (P<0.05) between the two groups; among these, hypotaurine, ceramide, and isoindoline were identified. In particular, hypotaurine and ceramide were downregulated, whereas isoindoline was upregulated in fresh samples compared with frozen samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify seminal plasma metabolites in fresh and frozen samples by using LC-MS. In order to ensure the reliability and accuracy of results, the validation of the method used in the analysis of biosamples is still in progress, as is the evaluation of the metabolic profile in sperm cells. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that LC-MS can be a promising screening tool to detect metabolites potentially associated with bull fertility.

55 Identification of microRNAs associated with sex determination in bovine amniotic fluid and maternal blood plasma

In most eutherian mammals, sex determination is the process through which a bipotential gonad (also known as genital ridges) develops into a testis or ovary depending on the sex chromosome content of the embryo, specifically by the presence of the SRY/Sry gene (sex-determining region of the Y chromosome). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression and are involved in diverse functional roles including development, differentiation, apoptosis, and immunity. We hypothesised that the expression of miRNAs in amniotic fluid (AF) and maternal blood plasma (MP) would be affected by the sex of the embryo around the time of sex determination. Amniotic fluid and MP were collected from 6 crossbred beef pregnant heifers (3 carrying a single male and 3 carrying a single female embryo) following slaughter on Day 39 (when the peak of SRY expression occurs in cattle). All heifers had been synchronized and inseminated with semen from the same beef bull. A total of 12 samples (6 AF and 6 MP) were profiled using the miRCURY LNA miRNA Serum/Plasma Focus PCR Panel (Qiagen; 179 assays targeting relevant miRNAs). Data were analysed by GeneGlobe Data Analysis Center (Qiagen). A threshold cycle cut-off of 35 was applied and data were analysed using an unpaired t-test. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was performed using the WebGestaltR package to explore the possible functions of differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs. In this study, DE miRNAs were identified in male vs. female AF (n=5; 3 upregulated and 2 downregulated; P<0.05) and MP (n=57; 54 upregulated and 3 downregulated; P<0.05). Although no enrichment was detected for DE miRNAs in AF (in either sex) or in MP in heifers carrying a female embryo, 37 biological processes were enriched by DE miRNAs in MP of heifers carrying a male embryo (false discovery rate<0.05). Interestingly, the top five most enriched biological processes were male gonad development, development of primary male sexual characteristics, signal transduction in absence of ligand, actomyosin structure organisation, and male sex differentiation, suggesting a potential role of these miRNAs in reproductive traits. Results from this study highlight unique aspects of sex determination in cattle such as the role of miRNAs in gonad development. Moreover, although it is well known that AF provides a protective space around the developing embryo/fetus that allows its movement and growth; here we provide evidence suggesting that its components may play important roles in fetal development. Finally, miRNAs in MP may offer new opportunities to investigate biomarkers for early prediction of embryo/fetal sex in commercial practice. This research was supported by the Science Foundation Ireland (13/IA/1983) and the European Union H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network project Biology and Technology of Reproductive Health - REP-BIOTECH - 675526.

Bovine plasma protein as an alternative protein source in extruded aquafeeds forPiaractus mesopotamicus(pacú) at two fattening stages

An 84‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the addition of bovine plasma protein concentrate (BPP) as a full replacement of fish meal (FM) in extruded aquafeeds for the fish Piaractus mesopotamicus at two fattening stages. Fish with an initial body weight of 105.55 ± 13.48 g (1st fattening stage) and 564.50 ± 88.02 g (2nd fattening stage) received two iso‐nitrogenous and isocaloric diets with 130 g/kg of FM (FM diet—FMD) or with 130 g/kg of BPP (BPP diet—BPPD). No significant difference in growth performance was detected between dietary treatments. Fish from the 2nd fattening stage showed decreased intestinal pH and increased haemoglobin content. At the 1st fattening stage, fish fed with BPPD presented higher levels of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, and hepatic and whole‐body lipid content, while plasma glucose and muscular glycogen were lower at the 2nd fattening stage compared with FMD‐fed fish. Fish fed with FMD showed an increase in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in liver at the 1st fattening stage and intestine at the 2nd one, accompanied by higher levels of hepatic catalase at the 1st fattening stage. Results suggest BPP could completely replace FM in diets for P. mesopotamicus without affecting growth performance, when FM represents 13% of the diet.

Kinetic Models to Produce an Antioxidant by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Bovine Plasma Protein Using a High Substrate Concentration

Background: The animal blood that is produced in a slaughterhouse is a potential source of inexpensive proteins used in the food industry around the world. However, 60% of it is surplus, and it ends with a negative environmental impact. Introduction: The enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins represents a good way to produce peptides with different biological activities. Methods: Enzymatic hydrolysis of bovine plasma with subtilisin at an alkaline pH and 61.5°C was performed using the pH-stat method. Experiments were conducted considering the effects of a high initial substrate concentration (So) and the enzyme/substrate ratio (E/S) minimizing the processing time necessary to obtain a specific degree of hydrolysis (DH). Results: The best conditions obtained were 42 g/L of So and 0.89 AU/g substrate of E/S until a DH of 20% in 11,1 ± 1,1 min was achieved to the tested conditions, which result in a fitted empirical polynomial equation of degree 3. Conclusion: A kinetic equation is established to relate the DH and the reaction time to a relative error of less than 5% in the fit, to obtain a good antioxidant product in an industrially interesting time. Additionally, the results suggest a good adjustment of the data with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9745 in validation.

Progestogen profiling in plasma during the estrous cycle in cattle using an LC-MS based approach

In many mammalian species, corpus luteum derived progesterone (P4) is the main functional gestagen during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. P4 can be metabolized into various metabolites, of which some are biologically active. While some metabolites target the classical nuclear progesterone receptor (PR), neurosteroids bind the receptors of type A γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA-r) in the brain. According to the position of reduction within the molecule, metabolites of P4 can be characterized into C20-reduced progestogens (20α-dihydroprogesterone (20α-DHP) and 20β-dihydroprogesterone (20β-DHP)), C3-reduced progestogens (3α-dihydroprogesterone (3α-DHP) and 3β-dihydroprogesterone (3β-DHP)), 5α-reduced progestogens (5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP), allopregnanolone and isopregnanolone) and 5β-reduced progestogens (5β-dihydroprogesterone (5β-DHP), pregnanolone and epipregnanolone). We questioned whether the reduced progestogens are present in bovine plasma during the estrous cycle and whether their profiles differed from the profile of the common precursor P4 around the time of luteolysis. The analytes were monitored in plasma samples using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). While progestogens lagged behind the drop of P4 at luteolysis, they followed the profile of P4 during the estrous cycle. The abundance of P4 was predominant followed by allopregnanolone, pregnanolone, epipregnanolone and 20β-DHP. Further studies will need to focus particularly on the period around luteolysis.

Conserved core tryptophans of FnII domains are crucial for the membranolytic and chaperone-like activities of bovine seminal plasma protein PDC-109.

The fibronectin type II (FnII) domain, present in diverse vertebrate proteins, plays crucial roles in several fundamental biological processes. PDC-109, the major bovine seminal plasma protein, contains two FnII domains that bind to choline phospholipids on sperm plasma membrane and induce lipid efflux crucial for successful fertilization. PDC-109 also exhibits chaperone-like activity and protects other proteins against various types of stress. Here, we show that a core tryptophan residue is highly conserved across species in the FnII domains. Mutation of conserved tryptophan residues W47, W93, and W106 in the FnII domains of PDC-109 to alanine leads to drastic decrease or complete abolition of membrane-binding and chaperone-like activities. These observations suggest that conserved tryptophans are important for the function of FnII proteins.

Affinity of Serum Albumin and Fibrinogen to Cellulose, Its Hydrophobic Derivatives and Blends.

This work describes the preparation of spin-coated thin polymer films composed of cellulose (CE), ethyl cellulose (EC), and cellulose acetate (CA) in the form of bi- or mono-component coatings on sensors of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). Depending on the composition and derivative, hydrophilicity can be varied resulting in materials with different surface properties. The surfaces of mono- and bi-component films were also analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and large differences in the morphologies were found comprising nano- to micrometer sized pores. Extended protein adsorption studies were performed by a QCM-D with 0.1 and 10 mg mL−1 bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0.1 and 1 mg mL−1 fibrinogen from bovine plasma in phosphate buffered saline. Analysis of the mass of bound proteins was conducted by applying the Voigt model and a comparison was made with the Sauerbrey wet mass of the proteins for all films. The amount of deposited proteins could be influenced by the composition of the films. It is proposed that the observed effects can be exploited in biomaterial science and that they can be used to extent the applicability of bio-based polymer thin films composed of commercial cellulose derivatives.

Lytic Activity of Staphylococcal Bacteriophage on Different Biotypes of Staphylococcus aureus

Bacteriophage is a virus that infects a bacterium by injecting a phage genome into a bacterial cytoplasm and uses a host cell as a propagation mechanism. The studied models of phages show a narrow range of hosts. Previous studies on the investigation of lytic activity of staphylococcal bacteriophages were focused on determining the sensitivity of S. aureus isolated from patients from different clinical material and clinically healthy people. However, there is no information as to how refractory are the already described agents against S. aureus ecovars, isolated from animals. The purpose of the work is to study the lytic activity of the agent “Staphylococcal Bacteriophage” in relation to different biotypes of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiological treatment of samples for isolation of S. aureus was performed using BD Baird-Parker Agar according to standard techniques. To confirm the presence of S. aureus, tests were used for catalase, coagulase, oxidase, for D-mannitol fermentation, DNase production and acetoin. In cultures belonging to S. aureus, the biotype was determined using the scheme: determining the colour of pigment, the presence of beta hemolysis, the activity of coagulase in the bovine plasma, the formation of colonies in a medium with crystal violet. Determination of the range of action of bacteriophages in relation to clinical isolates of microorganisms was carried out by droplet method. The results of determining the lytic activity of staphylococcal bacteriophage in relation to S. aureus isolates of various biological origin showed that the lytic activity of staphylococcal bacteriophage is most active against S. aureus var. hominis. From the studied cultures S. aureus var. hominis full lysis in the course of dripping were found only in 4.8%, and in 42.8% of cultures showed a semiconfluent lysis. 14.3% of cultures S. aureus var. hominis were subjected to weak lytic activity of the bacteriophage. Also, there were detected 4,8% of cultures of this biotype, which were resistant to staphylococcal bacteriophage. In the study of lytic activity of staphylococcal bacteriophage up to 35 cultures S. aureus var. bovis, the manifestation of the lytic action of only one culture is established. Moreover, the level of lysis was estimated at “+/–”, that is, they showed less than 20 phage colonies. At the same time, the studied by us staphylococcal bacteriophage did not show the lytic action on S. aureus var. avium and S. aureus var. canis. Therefore, conducted studies have shown that the lytic activity of the agent “Staphylococcal Bacteriophage” is directed mainly to S. aureus var. hominis, and practically does not work on other biotypes. In consideration of the apparent lack of activity of phage agents in relation to the studied biotypes, attention should be focused on the specificity of phages, not only within the species of bacteria, but also within their biotypes.

PSIV-5 Can dietary oxidized protein induce oxidative stress in pigs?

Abstract Endogenous protein oxidation as a result of oxidative stress is known to reduce the efficiency of livestock species (Boler et al., 2012; DeRouchey et al., 2004; Dibner, Atwell, Kitchell, Shermer, & Ivey, 1996). Additionally, rendered by-products are common feedstuffs in livestock diets. During processing, these sources have the potential to become oxidized. While most research on oxidative stress has focused on consumption of dietary oxidized lipids, little research has been done in the area of dietary oxidized proteins and the potential to induce oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary oxidized protein on oxidative stress in pigs. For this study, 30 pigs 6 weeks old were divided into three dietary treatments of control, medium, and high dietary oxidized protein. Each treatment was fed the same diet, with the exception of the degree of oxidation in bovine plasma which was included in the diet at 10 percent. Pigs were fed for 19 days and then euthanized for tissues collected. Jejunum, liver, and colon were collected along with urine and plasma samples on day 0 and 18. Jejunum samples were also collected for histology. Markers of oxidative stress included protein carbonyls, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), 8-hydroxyguanine, and glutathione peroxidase activity. Pigs in the high oxidation treatment had an increase in crypt depth of 16 percent (p-value less than 0.05) when compared to control further resulting in an 11 percent decrease in villi height to crypt depth ratio (p-value less than 0.05). Additionally, lipid oxidation products, measured by TBARS, was 28 percent greater in the liver of pigs in the medium oxidation treatment (p-value less than 0.05) when compared to control. Even with the short duration of this study, dietary oxidized protein did impact the oxidative status of the animal. Using pigs as a model for companion animals, it could be hypothesized then that long-term exposure could have implications on longevity.

347 Supplemental copper concentration and feed restriction influence plasma metabolome of growing beef steers

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma metabolome of steers fed a Cu deficient or Cu adequate diet in response to a feed restriction (FR) challenge. Twenty-four Angus-cross steers (463 ± 29 kg) fed a common diet (4.5 mg Cu/kg DM) were utilized in a 2×2 factorial consisting of supplemental Cu concentration: 0 (CON) or 10 (SUPP) mg Cu/kg DM as CuSO4 and 5-d FR treatment: ad-libitum feed intake (AdLib) or restricted intake (RES-INT 50% of average pen DMI for 10 d prior). Steers were enrolled in a prior trial resulting in distinct liver Cu statuses of 6.7 ± 3.34 and 72.3 ± 26.6 mg Cu/kg DM for CON and SUPP, respectively. Steers were housed in pens (6 steers/pen) with GrowSafe bunks; steer was experimental unit. Steers were weighed at start and end of FR and plasma was collected at end of FR for non-targeted metabolomic analysis by GC/MS. Analyzed via Proc Mixed of SAS as a 2×2 factorial, DMI and ADG during FR were lesser in RES-INT than Adlib (P < 0.001), per design. Metabolites were analyzed in Metaboanalyst 4.0 by volcano plots, ANOVA, and significant analysis for microarrays with the fixed effects of Cu supplementation, feeding strategy, and the interaction. There were no interactions between Cu supplementation and feeding strategy (P > 0.99). Phenylalanine concentrations were greater (P < 0.001) while ornithine and glucose concentrations were lesser (P < 0.05) in SUPP vs. CON. Lactic acid concentrations were greater (P < 0.001), while heptadecanoic acid concentrations were lesser (P = 0.002) in Adlib vs. RES-INT. These data suggest that supplemental Cu concentration and feed restriction may alter the bovine plasma metabolome. Copper is required for phenylalanine metabolism, but further research is needed to fully evaluate the impacts of trace mineral status and feed intake on the bovine plasma metabolome.

PSIV-3 Comparison of nursery pig feed programs with or without spray dried plasma

Abstract The objective was to determine if a 3-phase feed program (CON) without spray-dried bovine plasma (SDP) using a budgeted amount of phase 1 diet (2.3 kg/pig), followed by phase 2 diet offered to d 21 post-weaning results in similar pig performance and economics compared to a 3-phase program (SDP) using 5% SDP in phase 1 diet provided d 0-14, 1.25% SDP in phase 2 diet offered d 14-21 post-weaning, with both programs using a common phase 3 diet without SDP offered d 21-48 post-weaning. Female weaned pigs (18–21 d of age; 5.02 ± 0.07 kg initial BW) were randomly allotted by BW to pens in 2 rooms to provide 23–24 pigs/pen (666 total pigs) and 14 pens/feed program. Pen data was analyzed using a randomized complete block design for effects of room and feed program using the covariance of initial BW. By d 14 pigs fed program SDP had higher (P < 0.01) ADG (159 vs 111 g/d), GF (0.85 vs 0.54), BW (7.3 vs 6.6 kg) and tended (P = 0.06) to have lower ADFI (191 vs 205 g/d) compared to CON program. By d 48 pigs fed SDP program had higher (P < 0.05) final BW (25.2 vs 24.2 kg), GF (0.60 vs 0.57) and tended (P = 0.09) to have higher ADG than CON program. Pig mortality and culls did not differ (P > 0.10) between feed programs. Assuming $4.40 kg BW, income and feed cost/pig was higher (P < 0.05) for SDP vs CON program with a value over cost advantage (P = 0.12) of $2.95/pig fed SDP. In conclusion lower cost feed programs without SDP can result in less income due to reduced final BW and GF by the end of the nursery.

Review of Lactobacillus in the food industry and their culture media

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are currently of great importance given their increasing use in the improvement of human and animal health and nutrition. They exhibit complex nutritional requirements, which is the reason why their production costs are high. Research efforts are being made aimed at evaluating different substrates for their production as well as the production of valuable metabolites from them. The purpose of this paper is to expose the main research and development trends for LAB production for industrial purposes with emphasis on the culture media required for their growth. The web of Science databases as well as the Google Patent Search tool were used in order to gather and analyze the scientific and technical information published in the last twelve years relating to LAB and their culture media. The use of milk, industrial cheese whey, cane molasses, hydrolyzed starches, lignocellulosic materials, organic food waste and bovine blood plasma, among others, have been proposed for Lactobacillus cultivation with the purpose of reducing costs and increasing performance in their production. Research groups and centers have the responsibility of intensifying their efforts to offer highly efficient technological alternatives to the industry that allow the production and application of LAB as a growth factor for the food sector. Also, research in prebiotic ingredients or additives derived from LAB that allow the enhancement of the benefits to the consumer must be continued. In this regard, it is necessary to increase the international visibility of Colombian scientific production in this area.

Inhibition of influenza virus activity by the bovine seminal plasma protein PDC-109.

A number of viruses causing sexually transmissible diseases are transmitted via mammalian seminal plasma. Several components of seminal plasma have been shown to influence those viruses and their physiological impact. To unravel whether components of seminal plasma could affect viruses transmitted via other pathways, it was investigated here whether the bovine seminal plasma protein PDC-109, belonging to the Fn-type 2 protein family, influences the activity of influenza A viruses, used as a model for enveloped viruses. We found that PDC-109 inhibits the fusion of influenza virus with human erythrocyte membranes and leads to a decreased viral infection in MDCK cells. In the presence of the head group of the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine, phosphorylcholine, the inhibitory effect of PDC-109 was attenuated. This indicates that the impact of the protein is mainly caused by its binding to viral and to erythrocyte membranes thereby interfering with virus-cell binding. Our study underlines that Fn-type 2 proteins have to be considered as new antiviral components present in mammalian seminal plasma.

Selective separation of bovine hemoglobin using magnetic mesoporous rare-earth silicate microspheres

Selective separation of heme proteins and peptides from complicated biological samples before comprehensive identification and characterization of intact biomolecules which are low stoichiometry is indispensable for ongoing proteomics. Here, three magnetic mesoporous rare-earth silicate (rare-earth = Er, Tm, Yb) microspheres prepared by facile solvothermal method were used as novel adsorbents for the selective isolation of bovine hemoglobin (BHb), and magnetic mesoporous ytterbium silicate showed apparent adsorption efficiency in isolating BHb with a adsorption capacity of 304.4 mg/g after the comparison. The retained BHb could be eluted by using Na2CO3 as stripping reagent. Meanwhile, Circular dichroism spectra illustrated that the microspheres posed no effect on the secondary structure of BHb. The resultant magnetic particles were characterized by transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, x-ray powder diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption−desorption isotherm and zeta potential. The as-prepared magnetic microspheres showed high specificity for the separation of BHb from bovine plasma as corroborated by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS analysis, which would be expected to possess potential application in isolation of other heme proteins in complex biological samples.