Acute Bout Of Aerobic Exercise Research Articles

Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation During Exercise in Older Adults with Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome.

Motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR) is a pre-dementia syndrome characterized by subjective memory complaints and gait impairments that may be related to lower prefrontal cortex (PFC) function. Acute bouts of aerobic exercise are shown to improve PFC function, however, the acute effects of exercise on PFC oxygenation have not yet been examined in MCR. This study aims to characterize the PFC oxygenation responses during acute exercise in older adults with MCR. Nineteen older adults with MCR performed a submaximal cycling exercise protocol. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is used to measure concentrations of oxygenated (OxyHb) and deoxygenated (DeoxyHb) hemoglobin from the PFC. There is a trend for increased OxyHb concentrations and decreased DeooxyHb concentrations during exercise. Exercise also induced significant increases in ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) and heart rate. A significant, positive correlation between PFC OxyHb and RPEs during the cycling exercise are also observed. The findings reveal that PFC oxygenation increases during exercise in an intensity-dependent manner and the subjective perception of exertion is associated with the magnitude of PFC oxygenation. These results suggest that moderate-intensity cycling exercise may have beneficial effects on increasing cerebral blood flow in the PFC of older adults with MCR.

THE EFFECT OF INTRA-INFUSION EXERCISE ON CHEMOTHERAPY SIDE EFFECTS; AN INTERIM ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy treatment results in side effects that impact quality of life and physical activity behaviours. Aerobic exercise in parallel with chemotherapy reduces side effects particularly fatigue and improves quality of life. Our recent clinical pilot work has shown that an acute bout of aerobic exercise increases blood flow to tumours. Therefore, if exercise is performed during chemotherapy (intra-infusion exercise), the result may be increased drug delivery and treatment efficacy. Intra-infusion exercise also provides a supervised opportunity to overcome patient-reported barriers to exercise during a period where a patient would be otherwise sedentary. AIM: The aim of this ongoing randomised controlled trial is to determine the effects of aerobic intra-infusion exercise on chemotherapy side effects and physical activity behaviours. METHODS Adults under 75 years receiving chemotherapy with stage I-III breast, colorectal or ovarian cancer, and ECOG 0-2 were eligible. Four chemotherapy sessions were included, cycle 1 (C1) a baseline and cycles 2-4 (C2-4) included exercise intervention or usual care. The exercise task was 20-minutes of moderate intensity cycling (40-50% heart rate reserve) during infusion. All participants received exercise education. A 7-day symptom diary (including Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) and Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS)) was completed following C1-C4 and an activity monitor worn. RESULTS Nineteen participants have completed the trial (79% female), with no adverse events reported in either group. Physical symptoms increased across cycles in both groups (p=0.003). 1-week mean ESAS physical symptoms total in the exercise group (C1 16±9.8, C4 23±13.7) and control group (C1 18±7.1, C4 23±12.7) were similar. No significant effects were seen for fatigue or step count. CONCLUSION Intra-infusion exercise is safe and does not increase side effects in patients receiving chemotherapy. Expected increases in physical symptoms were observed without difference between usual care and exercise. Further analysis with ongoing recruitment will continue to examine any differences between groups.

Electrophysiological investigation of active-assisted vs recumbent cycling: A pilot study in healthy older adults.

There is a relationship between acute bouts of aerobic exercise and cognition in adults, yet the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear. The current pilot study aims to investigate how different modes of cycling (active-assisted cycling vs recumbent cycling) at different moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) intensity levels (prescribed 65-70% Heart Rate Max and self-selected 12-13 Rate of Perceived Exertion) modulate neurocognitive, and behavioral markers of cognition in healthy older adults. A sample of 10 adults (aged 50-74years) participated in baseline (no exercise), active-assisted, and recumbent cycling interventions at different intensity levels. The P3 event-related potential (ERP), a neural index of executive functions, was recorded at baseline and following each exercise condition during an auditory odd-ball paradigm. Results revealed that greater amplitudes within the P3 ERP component were associated with post-exercise recumbent bike cycling compared to baseline and active-assisted cycling. Further, post-exercise behavioral cognitive measures (i.e., button press accuracy) were significantly greater than baseline for both active-assisted and recumbent bikes at both intensity levels. These findings suggest that exercise modulated both neurocognitive and behavioral measures of executive functions in older healthy adults, and that exercise modalities and intensity levels differentially modulate neurocognitive measures.

Acute Bouts of Aerobic Exercise Do Not Modulate Task-Evoked Midfrontal Theta Oscillations in School-Age Children

While acute aerobic exercise has been found to have a facilitative effect on task components with varied cognitive control demands in school-age children, its effects on specific neural processes evoked by a cognitive control task remain underexplored. The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of acute aerobic exercise on task-evoked midfrontal theta event-related synchronization (ERS)—which plays a crucial role in supporting cognitive control. Thirty-three preadolescent children were recruited into this within-subjects, crossover study. Participants engaged in an aerobic exercise condition and a seated rest condition in a counterbalanced order. After both conditions, participants completed a flanker task, with concurrent EEG data collection. The results revealed no differences in midfrontal theta ERS following acute aerobic exercise as compared with following the control condition. However, midfrontal theta ERS was higher during congruent trials relative to incongruent trials following control condition but not following aerobic exercise. Collectively, acute bouts of aerobic exercise do not appear to modulate the control and behavioral monitoring processes indexed by midfrontal theta ERS during cognitive control in children.

Calf Venous Compliance During Hypotension After an Acute bout of Aerobic Exercise in Humans

Abstract Purpose Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) following prolonged dynamic exercise is induced by an increase in systemic vascular conductance via skeletal muscle vasodilation, which may occur not only in the arteries but also in the veins, and the vasodilated regions may contribute to greater venous pooling in the exercised limbs. However, the contribution of venous distention to PEH is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate venous compliance in previously exercised muscles in a preliminary study. Methods Seven participants performed a single 60-min session of upright cycle ergometry at 60% of heart rate reserve. Calf venous compliance was measured using venous congestion plethysmography before and 45 min following exercise in Trial 1. Stroke volume and femoral arterial blood flow were determined using ultrasonography at the same time points in Trial 2. Heart rate and blood pressure were monitored during both trials. Results Mean arterial pressure significantly decreased between the start and ~ 30 min following the end of exercise (82 ± 6 mmHg vs. 76 ± 6 mmHg, respectively, in Trial 1; 79 ± 6 mmHg vs. 74 ± 5 mmHg, respectively, in Trial 2; P < 0.05). Pre- and post-exercise stroke volume did not significantly differ. Blood flow and vascular conductance in the femoral artery significantly increased from 641 ± 84 mL/min and 8.13 ± 0.79 mL/min/mmHg pre-exercise to 773 ± 121 mL/min and 10.55 ± 1.00 mL/min/mmHg post-exercise, respectively (P < 0.05). Pre- and post-exercise calf venous compliance did not significantly differ. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that vasodilation in the active limb increases during exercise, but the resulting PEH does not affect venous compliance.

Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition on resting and post-exercise indices of vascular health in young adults

Poor cardiorespiratory fitness may mediate vascular impairments at rest and following an acute bout of exercise in young healthy individuals. This study aimed to compare flow mediated dilation (FMD) and vascular augmentation index (AIx75) between young adults with low, moderate, and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness before and after an acute bout of aerobic exercise. Forty-three participants (22 men; 21 women) between 18 and 29 years of age completed the study. Participants were classified into low, moderate, and high health-related cardiorespiratory fitness groups according to age- and sex-based relative maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2 max) percentile rankings. FMD was performed using Doppler ultrasound and AIx75 was performed using pulse wave analysis at baseline and 60-min after a 30-min bout of treadmill running at 70% V˙O2 max. A significant interaction (p ​= ​0.047; ηp2 ​= ​0.142) was observed, with the moderate fitness group exhibiting a higher FMD post-exercise compared with baseline ([6.7% ​± ​3.1%] vs. [8.5% ​± ​2.8%], p ​= ​0.028; d ​= ​0.598). We found a significant main effect of group for AIx75 (p ​= ​0.023; ηp2 ​= ​0.168), with the high fitness group exhibiting lower AIx75 compared to low fitness group ([−10% ​± ​10%] vs. [2% ​± ​10%], respectively, p ​= ​0.019; g ​= ​1.07). This was eliminated after covarying for body fat percentage (p ​= ​0.489). Our findings suggest that resting FMD and AIx75 responses are not significantly influenced by cardiorespiratory fitness, but FMD recovery responses to exercise may be enhanced in individuals with moderate cardiorespiratory fitness levels.

88 Light and Vigorous Bouts of Acute Aerobic Exercise Positively Impact Sustained Attention and Inhibition but not Pattern Separation in Young Adults

Objective:The current study had two primary objectives: 1) To assess the dose-response relationship between acute bouts of aerobic exercise intensity and performance in multiple cognitive domains (episodic memory, attention, and executive function) and 2) To replicate and extend the literature by examining the dose-response relationship between aerobic exercise intensity and pattern separation.Participants and Methods:18 young adults (mean age = 21.6, sd = 2.6; mean education = 13.9, sd = 3.4; 50% female) were recruited from The Ohio State University and surrounding area (Columbus, OH). Participants completed control (no exercise), light intensity, and vigorous intensity exercise conditions across three counterbalanced appointments. For each participant, all three appointments occurred at approximately the same time of day with at least 2 days between appointments. Following the rest or exercise conditions and after an approximately 7 minute delay, participants completed a Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST; Stark et al., 2019) to assess pattern separation. This task was always administered first as we attempted to replicate previous studies and further clarify the relationship between acute bouts of aerobic exercise and pattern separation by implementing an exercise stimulus that varied in intensity. After the MST, three brief cognitive tasks (roughly 5 min each) were administered in a counterbalanced order: a gradual-onset continuous performance task (gradCPT; Esterman et al., 2013), the flanker task from the NIH toolbox, and a face-name episodic memory task. Here we report results from the gradCPT, which assesses sustained attention and inhibitory control. Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion were collected to validate the rest and exercise conditions. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to assess the relationship between exercise condition and dependent measures of sustained attention and inhibitory control and pattern separation.Results:One-way repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed a main effect of exercise condition on gradCPT task performance for task discrimination ability (d') and commission error rate (p’s < .05). Pairwise comparisons revealed task discrimination ability was significantly higher following the light intensity exercise condition versus the control condition. Commission error rate was significantly lower for both the light and vigorous exercise conditions compared to the control condition. For the MST, two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed an expected significant main effect of lure similarity on task performance; however, there was not a significant main effect of exercise intensity on task performance (or a significant interaction).Conclusions:The current study indicated that acute bouts of exercise improve both sustained attention and inhibitory control as measured with the gradCPT. We did not replicate previous work reporting that acute bouts of exercise improve pattern separation in young adults. Our results further indicate that vigorous exercise did not detrimentally impact or improve pattern separation performance. Our results indicate that light intensity exercise is sufficient to enhance sustained attention and inhibitory control, as there were no significant differences in performance following light versus vigorous exercise.

The Effects of Acute Bouts of Aerobic Exercise on Adipokine Concentrations in Individuals with Moderate Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

This study examined the effects of two different acute bouts of treadmill running (e.g., steady-state moderate-intensity exercise (SSE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE)) on adipokine (e.g., adiponectin, leptin, and omentin) concentrations in individuals with moderate stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fourteen participants (8 females and 6 males) (age 58.7 ± 9.7, height (cm) 168.5 ± 9.7, weight (kg) 83.5 ± 18.2) were classified as having moderate stages of CKD (stages G3a and G3b; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 59 and 30 mL/min/1.73 m2). Participants completed 30 min of either SSE at 65% oxygen consumption reserve (VO2R) or HIIE for 3 min at a 90% VO2R separated by 2 min of slow walking (20% VO2R) in a randomized, crossover design on a treadmill. Venous blood samples were obtained at baseline, 1 h, and 24 h post exercise. Data were analyzed using a two by three repeated measures ANOVA (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in adiponectin (p < 0.353), leptin (p < 0.084), and omentin (p < 0.235) concentrations between SSE and HIIE. Similarly, no significant differences were seen between the sampled time points for either aerobic exercise condition. In conclusion, this study demonstrated there were no changes in adiponectin, leptin, or omentin concentrations when performing an acute bout of HIIE or SSE for 30 min, at 1 or 24 h post exercise. Future studies should seek to either increase the duration of the exercise bout or identify different adipokines to examine for patients experiencing moderate stages of CKD.

Soluble RAGE and skeletal muscle tissue RAGE expression profiles in lean and obese young adults across differential aerobic exercise intensities.

Nearly 40% of Americans have obesity and are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Skeletal muscle is responsible for >80% of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake that is attenuated by the inflammatory milieu of obesity and augmented by aerobic exercise. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is an inflammatory receptor directly linking metabolic dysfunction with inflammation. Circulating soluble isoforms of RAGE (sRAGE) formed either by proteolytic cleavage (cRAGE) or alternative splicing (esRAGE) act as decoys for RAGE ligands, thereby counteracting RAGE-mediated inflammation. We aimed to determine if RAGE expression or alternative splicing of RAGE is altered by obesity in muscle, and whether acute aerobic exercise (AE) modifies RAGE and sRAGE. Young (20-34 yr) participants without [n = 17; body mass index (BMI): 22.6 ± 2.6 kg/m2] and with obesity (n = 7; BMI: 32.8 ± 2.9 kg/m2) performed acute aerobic exercise (AE) at 40%, 65%, or 80% of maximal aerobic capacity (V̇o2max; mL/kg/min) on separate visits. Blood was taken before and 30 min after each AE bout. Muscle biopsy samples were taken before, 30 min, and 3 h after the 80% V̇o2max AE bout. Individuals with obesity had higher total RAGE and esRAGE mRNA and RAGE protein (P < 0.0001). In addition, RAGE and esRAGE transcripts correlated to transcripts of the NF-κB subunit P65 (P < 0.05). There was no effect of AE on total RAGE or esRAGE transcripts, or RAGE protein (P > 0.05), and AE tended to decrease circulating sRAGE in particular at lower intensities of exercise. RAGE expression is exacerbated in skeletal muscle with obesity, which may contribute to muscle inflammation via NF-κB. Future work should investigate the consequences of increased skeletal muscle RAGE on the development of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction and potential mitigating strategies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise intensity on circulating sRAGE isoforms, muscle RAGE protein, and muscle RAGE splicing. sRAGE isoforms tended to diminish with exercise, although this effect was attenuated with increasing exercise intensity. Muscle RAGE protein and gene expression were unaffected by exercise. However, individuals with obesity displayed nearly twofold higher muscle RAGE protein and gene expression, which positively correlated with expression of the P65 subunit of NF-κB.

The influence of aerobic exercise on model-based decision making in women with posttraumatic stress disorder

Individuals with PTSD often exhibit deficits in executive functioning. An unexplored aspect of neurocognitive functions associated with PTSD is the type of learning system engaged in during decision-making. A model-free (MF) system is habitual in nature and involves trial-and-error learning that is often updated based on the most recent experience (e.g., repeat action if rewarded). A model-based (MB) system is goal-directed in nature and involves the development of an abstract representation of the environment to facilitate decisions (e.g., choose sequence of actions according to current contextual state and predicted outcomes). The existing neurocognitive literature on PTSD suggests the hypothesis of greater reliance on MF vs MB learning strategies when navigating their environment. While MF systems may be more cognitively efficient, they do not afford flexibility when making prospective predictions about likely outcomes of different decision-tree branches. Emerging research suggests that an acute bout of aerobic exercise improves certain aspects of neurocognition, and thereby could promote the utilization of MB over MF systems during decision making, although prior research has not yet tested this hypothesis. Accordingly, the current study administered a lab-based two-stage Markov decision-making task capable of discriminating MF vs MB decision making, in order to determine if moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (either shortly after or 30-minutes after the exercise bout has ended) promotes greater engagement in MB behavioral strategies compared to light-intensity aerobic exercise in adult women with and without PTSD (N = 61). Results revealed that control women generally displayed higher levels of MB behavior that was further increased following immediate exercise, particularly moderate-intensity exercise. By contrast, the PTSD group generally displayed lower levels of MB behavior, and exhibited greater MB behavior when completing the task following moderate-intensity aerobic exercise compared to light-intensity aerobic exercise regardless of whether there was a short or long delay between exercise and the task. Additionally, women with PTSD demonstrated less impairment in MB decision-making compared to controls following moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. These results suggest that an acute bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise boosts MB behavior in women with PTSD, and suggests that aerobic exercise may play an important role in enhancing cognitive outcomes for PTSD.

Moderate-to-vigorous intensity cycling exercise immediately after visual learning enhances delayed recognition memory performance

A single bout of acute aerobic exercise has been shown to improve long-term memory, though it is unclear if exercise before learning or after learning is optimal for memory enhancement. Although some research has demonstrated that exercise before learning is ideal, investigations have consistently shown that acute arousal post-learning is a powerful memory enhancer. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of self-perceived hard cycling before or after learning on recognition memory for emotional and neutral images, and examine the relationship between central noradrenergic activity and memory performance. Seventy-two males and females (18–35 years of age) participated in this between-subjects study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: exercise before learning, exercise after learning, and control. Participants in the exercise groups engaged in 20 min of cycling at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 15 (“hard”) on the Borg RPE scale before or after viewing a series of 90 pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral images (30 each). Participants in the control group engaged in no exercise before or after image viewing. At several time points throughout the experiment, saliva was collected to measure salivary alpha amylase (sAA), a marker of central noradrenergic activity. One-week later, recognition memory was assessed where participants viewed 180 images (90 new) and had to identify which images were previously viewed. Participants in the exercise after learning group had significantly higher recognition memory compared to the control group, but this was not seen with exercise before learning. sAA was not correlated with memory in any group, though it did increase during exercise. These results demonstrate that acute self-perceived hard cycling post-learning, but not pre-learning, improves recognition memory, though this was unrelated to the exercise-induced increase in central noradrenergic activity as measured in saliva.

Effects of physical activity/exercise on tear film characteristics and dry eye associated symptoms: A literature review

PurposeTo conduct a review of the literature in order to identify the potential association between physical activity or exercise and the objective signs and/or subjective symptoms of dry-eye disease. MethodsA review of PubMed and Web of Science databases was performed, according to the PRISMA guidelines. The papers included in the review addressed the relationship of physical activity or exercise with dry-eye associated signs (changes in tear volume, osmolarity or biochemical composition) and/or subjective symptoms. ResultsA total of 16 papers were included. In eight, the changes in tear film volume, osmolarity and/or biochemical composition were studied after a single, acute bout of aerobic exercise. In another eight, changes in dry-eye associated symptoms were studied in relation to the habitual practice of physical activity or to prescribed exercise programmes. Acute responses of the tear film to exercise included: a) an increase of tear volume, without an increase of the tear break-up time; b) a trend to increase tear osmolarity, although within its physiological range; and c) a reduced concentration of several cytokines, and other molecular markers of inflammation or oxidative stress. Long-term exposure to physical activity or exercise programmes was associated with relief of dry-eye associated symptoms and a trend to increased tear break-up time. ConclusionsDespite a high heterogeneity in the studied population, study designs and methods, the current body of evidence suggests a potential role for physical activity as a modulatory stimulus for the proper functioning of the tear film and/or the relief of dry-eye symptoms.

An Intense Bout of Acute Aerobic Exercise, but Not a Carbohydrate Supplement, Improves Cognitive Task Performance in a Sample of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) Student Athletes.

There are contradictory findings in the literature on whether an acute bout of aerobic exercise leads to a post-exercise improvement in cognitive function (CF). Moreover, participants used in the published literature are not representative of the racial make-up of sport or tactical populations. A randomized crossover design was incorporated, with participants randomly consuming water or a carbohydrate sports drink within the first 3 min of a graded maximal exercise test (GMET) conducted in a laboratory. Twelve self-identified African American participants, (seven males, five females, age = 21.42 ± 2.38 years, height = 174.94 ± 12.55 cm, mass = 82.45 ± 33.09 kg) completed both testing days. Participants completed the CF tests immediately pre- and post-GMET. CF was assessed with the Stroop color and word task (SCWT) and concentration task grid (CTG). Participants completed the GMET when they reported a score of 20 on the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale. Time to complete the SCWT incongruent task (p < 0.001) and CTG performance (p < 0.001) significantly improved post-GMET in both conditions. VO2max was positively correlated with pre- and post-GMET SCWT performance. The findings of our study suggest that an acute bout of maximal exercise significantly improves CF. Additionally, cardiorespiratory fitness is positively associated with CF in our sample of student athletes from a historically Black college and university.

An Acute Bout of Endurance Exercise Does Not Prevent the Inhibitory Effect of Caffeine on Glucose Tolerance the following Morning.

Caffeine reduces glucose tolerance, whereas exercise training improves glucose homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of caffeine on glucose tolerance the morning after an acute bout of aerobic exercise. Methods: The study had a 2 × 2 factorial design. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed after overnight fasting with/without caffeine and with/without exercise the evening before. Eight healthy young active males were included (Age 25.5 ± 1.5 years; 83.9 ± 9.0 kg; VO2max: 54.3 ± 7.0 mL·kg-1·min-1). The exercise session consisted of 30 min cycling at 71% of VO2max followed by four 5 min intervals at 84% with 3 min of cycling at 40% of VO2max between intervals. The exercise was performed at 17:00 h. Energy expenditure at each session was ~976 kcal. Lactate increased to ~8 mM during the exercise sessions. Participants arrived at the laboratory the following morning at 7.00 AM after an overnight fast. Resting blood samples were taken before blood pressure and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured. Caffeine (3 mg/kg bodyweight) or placebo (similar taste/flavor) was ingested, and blood samples, blood pressure and HRV were measured after 30 min. Next, the OGTTs were initiated (75 g glucose dissolved in 3 dL water) and blood was sampled. Blood pressure and HRV were measured during the OGTT. Caffeine increased the area under curve (AUC) for glucose independently of whether exercise was done the evening before (p = 0.03; Two-way ANOVA; Interaction: p = 0.835). Caffeine did not significantly increase AUC for C-peptides compared to placebo (p = 0.096), and C-peptide response was not influenced by exercise. The acute bout of exercise did not significantly improve glucose tolerance the following morning. Diastolic blood pressure during the OGTT was slightly higher after intake of caffeine, independent of whether exercise was performed the evening before or not. Neither caffeine nor exercise the evening before significantly influenced HRV. In conclusion, caffeine reduced glucose tolerance independently of whether endurance exercise was performed the evening before. The low dose of caffeine did not influence heart rate variability but increased diastolic blood pressure slightly.

The Effects of an Acute Bout of Aerobic or Resistance Exercise on Nonexercise Physical Activity.

A reduction in nonexercise physical activity (NEPA) after exercise may reduce the effectiveness of exercise interventions on weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity. Aerobic exercise (AEx) and resistance exercise (REx) may have different effects on NEPA. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine the effect of a single bout of AEx or REx on NEPA and sedentary behavior in inactive adults with overweight or obesity. Adults with overweight or obesity (n = 24; 50% male; age, 34.5 ± 1.5 yr; body mass index, 28.5 ± 0.9 kg·m-2) not meeting current physical activity guidelines completed a single 45-min bout of AEx, REx, or a sedentary control on different days in random order. After each condition, participants' NEPA was recorded for 84 h by accelerometer. Time spent sedentary and in light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity; steps; metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-hours; and sit-to-stand transitions were calculated using activity count data. No differences were observed in the percent of waking time spent sedentary and in light, moderate, and vigorous activity between conditions (P > 0.05). No differences were observed in steps, MET-hours, or sit-to-stand transitions between conditions (P > 0.05). NEPA responses were variable among individuals, with approximately half of participants reducing and half increasing NEPA over the 84 h after each exercise condition. NEPA was not reduced after an acute bout of AEx or REx in a sample of inactive adults with overweight or obesity.

Utjecaj neposrednog aerobnog vježbanja na rezultate u igrama pamćenja kod djece u šestoj godini

Physical activity (PA) is important for improvement of the cardiovascular, muscular and skeletal health, however the influence of PA on cognitive functions is also established. PA is particularly important in early childhood because of pronounced neuroplasticity in that develomental stage. Considering that numerous research conducted on adults, has shown positive impact on working memory, i. e. ability to maintain and manipulate the information, the goal of the current research was to establish the influence of acute bouts of aerobic exercise on memory games in preschool children. Forty children 6-year-old, divided into experimental and control groups, were included. Experimental group was involved in moderate-to-high aerobic exercise immeadiately before the memory game, while control group does not exercise before the game. In one-month experiment four measurements were conducted. Outcome variables were defined by game scores acquired and time needed to complete the game. The results showed no statistically significant differences between the groups in points acquired, but statistically significant main effect of time was obtained (F(1.97, 74.85)=17.89, p=.000, partial eta squared = .32).

Study on neuropsychological and neurophysiological functions: acute effect of aerobic exercise training in sleep disturbed collegiates

This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of aerobic-exercise (AE) on neurophysiological-functions and neuropsychological-functions in sleep-disturbed collegiates. 32 eligible students were included in study. They completed 30 minutes of single bout of moderate AE (at 60–70% of maximal heart rate reserve). Pre and post training measures were tested for both, neurophysiological-functions by recording eventrelated- potential-P300 [P300-amplitude and P300-latency], and for neuropsychological-functions by administering neuropsychological-test-battery [Attention, Working-memory, Sensorimotor-speed and Executive-function (EF)]. In experimental group, statistically significant improvements were observed when analyzed for all 3 (group-by-time interaction, main-time, and main-group) effects in neurophysiological-functions. However, results were not significant for all neuropsychological-functions measures except for EF. Correlation-analysis demonstrated no association between neurophysiologicalfunctions and neuropsychological-functions except for post-intervention (p300-latency and attention). It is therefore can be concluded that acute bout of AE may be a promising approach to improve cognitivefunctions in sleep-disturbed collegiates, however long-lasting effects are still unclear.

Dihydrocapsiate does not increase energy expenditure nor fat oxidation during aerobic exercise in men with overweight/obesity: a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.

ABSTRACTBackgroundPrior evidence suggests that capsinoids ingestion may increase resting energy expenditure (EE) and fat oxidation (FATox), yet whether they can modulate those parameters during exercise conditions remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that dihydrocapsiate (DHC) ingestion would increase EE and specifically FATox during an acute bout of aerobic exercise at FATmax intensity (the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation during exercise [MFO]) in men with overweight/obesity. Since FATmax and MFO during aerobic exercise appear to be indicators of metabolic flexibility, whether DHC has an impact on FATox in this type of population is of clinical interest.MethodsA total of 24 sedentary men (age = 40.2 ± 9.2 years-old; body mass index = 31.6 ± 4.5 kg/m2 [n = 11 overweight, n = 13 obese]) participated in this randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial (registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT05156697). On the first day, participants underwent a submaximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer to determine their MFO and FATmax intensity during exercise. After 72 hours had elapsed, the participants returned on 2 further days (≥ 72 hours apart) and performed a 60 min steady-state exercise bout (i.e. cycling at their FATmax, constant intensity) after ingesting either 12 mg of DHC or placebo; these conditions were randomized. Respiratory gas exchange was monitored by indirect calorimetry. Serum marker concentrations (i.e. glucose, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), skin temperature, thermal perception, heart rate, and perceived fatigue) were assessed.ResultsThere were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between DHC and placebo conditions in the EE and FATox during exercise. Similarly, no significant changes were observed in glucose, triglycerides, or NEFAs serum levels, neither in the skin temperature nor thermal perception across conditions. Heart rate and perceived fatigue did not differ between conditions.ConclusionsDHC supplementation does not affect energy metabolism during exercise in men with overweight/obesity.

Time-course recovery of cerebral blood velocity metrics post aerobic exercise: a systematic review.

Currently, the standard approach for restricting exercise prior to cerebrovascular data collection varies widely between 6 and 24 h. This universally employed practice is a conservative approach to safeguard physiological alterations that could potentially confound one's study design. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to amalgamate the existing literature examining the extent and duration of postexercise alterations in cerebrovascular function, measured via transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Furthermore, an exploratory aim was to scrutinize and discuss common biases/limitations in the previous studies to help guide future investigations. Search strategies were developed and imported into PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Medline databases. A total of 595 records were screened and 35 articles met the inclusion criteria in this review, which included assessments of basic cerebrovascular metrics (n = 35), dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA; n = 9), neurovascular coupling (NVC; n = 2); and/or cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR-CO2; n = 1) following acute bouts of aerobic exercise. Across all studies, it was found that NVC was impacted for 1 h, basic cerebrovascular parameters and CVR-CO2 parameters for 2 h, and dCA metrics for 6 h postexercise. Therefore, future studies can provide participants with these evidence-based time restrictions, regarding the minimum time to abstain from exercise prior to data collection. However, it should be noted that other physiological mechanisms could still be altered (e.g., metabolic, hormonal, and/or autonomic influences), despite cerebrovascular function returning to baseline levels. Thus, future investigations should seek to control as many physiological influences when using cerebrovascular assessments, immediately following these time restraints. The main limitations/biases were lack of female participants, cardiorespiratory fitness, and consideration for vessel diameter.

Racial Differences in Left Ventricular Filling Pressure Following Acute Aerobic Exercise Between Chinese and Caucasians

BackgroundLeft ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) is an important early indicator of heart failure that is more prevalent in Caucasians than Chinese. Exercise-induced change in LVFP may provide more incremental information to assess diastolic function. But it was unknown whether there was difference in LVFP following acute exercise between Caucasians and Chinese.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the change of LVFP following an acute 45-min aerobic exercise in healthy Caucasian and Chinese individuals.MethodsSixty participants (30 Caucasians and 30 Chinese, half was male, respectively) performed an acute bout of aerobic exercise at 70% of heart rate reserve. Hemodynamics, Left ventricle (LV) morphology and function parameters were measured at baseline, then at 30-min and 60-min post-exercise.ResultsThere was a similar LV ejection fraction, LV fraction shorten, lateral E/eʹ and lateral eʹ between Chinese and Caucasians at baseline. There was a significant race-by-time interaction in lateral E/eʹ and lateral eʹ between Chinese and Caucasians from pre-exercise to 30 min and 60 min after acute aerobic exercise. The ΔE/eʹ was significant correlated with baseline systolic blood pressure.ConclusionThe change of LVFP was different between Chinese and Caucasians following acute aerobic exercise. The racial differences may be primarily caused by the changes of LV relaxation following exercise, baseline systolic blood pressure may also contribute to the differences.