Acute Bout Of Aerobic Exercise Research Articles

Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Lower-Limb Muscle Endurance Following an Acute Bout of Aerobic Exercise in Young Men.

We aimed to determine whether creatine supplementation influences lower-limb muscle endurance following an acute bout of aerobic exercise (AE) in young healthy men. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, 11 men (26.5 ± 6.2 years, body mass index 26.6 ± 2.1 kg/m2),with 12 months of experience in strength training (three times/week) and AE (two times/week) were randomized to receive creatine (20 g/day plus 20 g/day maltodextrin) and placebo (40 g/day maltodextrin) for 7 days, separated by a washout period of 14 days, before performing an acute bout of AE (30 min on treadmill at 80% baseline maximum velocity) which was followed by four sets of bilateral leg extension endurance exercise using a 10-repetition maximum protocol (10 RM)). There was a significant decrease in the number of repetitions performed in the third (Placebo: −20% vs. Creatine: −22%) and fourth set (Placebo: −22% vs. Creatine: −28%) compared with the first set (p < 0.05), with no differences between creatine and placebo. Additionally, no differences were observed between creatine and placebo for the total number of repetitions performed across all four sets (Placebo: 33.9 ± 7.0 vs. Creatine: 34.0 ± 6.9 repetitions, p = 0.97), nor for total work volume (Placebo: 3030.5 ± 1068.2 vs. Creatine: 3039.8 ± 1087.7 kg, p = 0.98). Short-term creatine supplementation has no effect on lower-limb muscle endurance following an acute bout of aerobic exercise in trained young men.

Using Body-Worn Sensors to Detect Changes in Balance and Mobility After Acute Aerobic Exercise in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis.

Current mobility and functional assessments do not capture the subtle changes in balance and gait that may predispose people with multiple sclerosis (MS) to falling. The purpose of this study was to use clinical and instrumented measures to examine the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on balance and gait in individuals with MS. Ten adults with MS performed 15 minutes of moderate-intensity recumbent cycling or 15 minutes of rest. Exercise and rest visit order was randomized and separated by 1 week. Balance and mobility were assessed before, immediately after, and 2 hours after each test condition. There were no significant differences across measurement periods for Timed 25-Foot Walk test times or Brief Balance Evaluation Systems Test scores. Significant improvements in mean sway radius and sway velocity when standing on foam and in percentage of stance stride time variability were found immediately after exercise compared with immediately after rest. This study lends further evidence that individuals with MS can safely engage in single bouts of aerobic exercise without detrimental short-term effects on function and may actually receive some short-term benefit regarding standing postural sway and gait variability. Future research should examine the dose-dependent relationship of varying types, intensities, or timing of exercise necessary to elicit short-term functional benefit and long-term health outcomes.

Sex differences in lower-limb arterial stiffness following acute aerobic exercise

Summary Objectives This study was to investigate sex differences in central and peripheral arterial stiffness after exercise in young adults. Methods Sixty-one young adults (32 males, 29 females; age 18–35 years) performed an acute bout of aerobic exercise at 70% of heart rate reserve. The carotid-femoral, carotid-radial, and femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity, and carotid and femoral artery diameters, were measured before exercise and 30- and 60-min after exercise using applanation tonometry (Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, USA) and SphygmoCor (AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia). Results The sex-by-time interactions were not significant for the carotid-femoral and carotid-radial pulse wave velocity, but were significant for the femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (P = 0.03). There were also significant sex-by-time interactions for the relative diameter changes in the femoral artery (P = 0.043), but not in the carotid artery. The change in femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity from pre-exercise to 60-min post-exercise was significantly positively correlated with leg lean soft tissue mass in males (P = 0.01, R = 0.45), but not in females. Conclusion Our study shows that the effect of acute aerobic exercise on lower-limb arterial stiffness varies between the sexes, with greater reductions in arterial stiffness in young males than in females.

Tracking the content of spatial working memory during a bout of acute aerobic exercise.

Tracking the content of spatial working memory during a bout of acute aerobic exercise.

Influence of Acute Aerobic Exercise on 24-hour Ambulatory Central Blood Pressure

Ambulatory central blood pressure (cABP) assessed for 24-hours is a relatively new measurement that may be predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Acute bouts of exercise lower peripheral blood pressure; however, it is currently unknown if an acute bout of vigorous exercise reduces 24-hour cABP. PURPOSE: To examine the response of cABP over 24 hours after an acute bout of aerobic exercise. METHODS: Apparently healthy adults (N=10; 6 males; age 25.9±1.8 years; body mass index 25.4±0.6 kg/m2; VO2max 46.1±2.7 ml/kg/min) completed two trials in a randomized order. Trials consisted of a progressive maximal treadmill exercise test to assess VO2max or a non-exercise control. During each trial, participants wore an ambulatory BP (ABP) monitor to record brachial and central BP variables over 24 hours. Hemodynamic variables between trials were analyzed as mean for 24 hours and by time of day; Daytime (0800-2200 hours), and Nighttime (2200- 0800 hours). Dependent t-test were used to compare 24-hour averages between control and exercise. A 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures was performed to examine time of day differences between trials. RESULTS: Over the course of 24 hours, average brachial systolic BP (bSBP) (119.6 ±2.2 vs. 122.0 ±2.5 mmHg) central systolic BP (cSBP) (108.1 ± 2.2 vs. 111.2 ± 2.4 mmHg), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) (86.9 ± 1.5 vs. 89.4 ± 1.9 mmHg) were lower (p<0.05) after exercise compared to control. A main effect for time (p<0.05) indicated that bSBP, bDBP, brachial pulse pressure, MAP, cSBP, and cDBP, were lower during nighttime compared to day time, independent of exercise. CONCLUSION: A single, vigorous bout of aerobic exercise lowers ambulatory central hemodynamics for at least 24 hours. These novel findings provide insight into the regulatory effects of exercise on blood pressure.

The Effects of Acute Bout of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Adults

The Effects of Acute Bout of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Adults

Acute Handgrip Exercise Alters the Inter-arm Systolic Blood Pressure Difference in Young Males and Females

A large inter-arm difference (IAD) in systolic blood pressure (BP) is linked to an increased likelihood of cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, and premature mortality. An acute bout of aerobic exercise can alter IAD both during the activity and into post-exercise recovery. Isometric handgrip exercise (IHE) results in acute alterations in BP that differ from aerobic exercise. Further, sex differences in IHE-mediated BP exist, and cardiovagal modulation is a plausible mechanism. No prior investigations have examined IAD during IHE in males and females. PURPOSE: To characterize IAD and heart rate variability (HRV) to IHE in men and women. METHODS: On visit one, participants completed three maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) per arm using a handgrip dynamometer. During visit two, after a five-minute rest, resting HRV was assessed while each participant breathed at a rate of 12 breaths/minute. HRV analysis software was used to determine relative low- and high-frequency power for each participant. Subsequently, a series of three resting bilateral BP measures were collected and averaged (REST) utilizing an automatic oscillatory BP device. Following REST, participants maintained the handgrip dynamometer at 20% MVIC for two minutes (arm randomly assigned), at which time bilateral BP and HRV were again measured (IHE). An independent-samples t-test and repeated measures ANOVA were used to compare and track variables of interest. RESULTS: IHE resulted in increased IAD in both males and females. Males demonstrated higher IAD at REST (7±6 vs. 3±3 mmHg) and during IHE (12±9 vs. 5±4 mmHg) than their female counterparts (P<0.05), with males also expressing a lower high-frequency HRV at rest (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Isometric handgrip exercise altered IAD from rest to exercise, with males displaying increased IAD during both conditions. The attenuated exercise pressor response observed in female participants may be due, in part, to a higher observed baseline of cardiovagal modulation. Future studies should address potential responses following repeated bouts of IHE, which may have important implications in those with IAD.

Role Of Gender In Anti-oxidant Response To A Bout Of Aerobic Exercise In Healthy Adults

Aerobic exercise acutely increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which creates an imbalance between free radicals and the body’s antioxidant defenses, resulting in increased oxidative stress. Oxidative stress levels are reportedly higher in males compared to females, however there is limited knowledge regarding the role of gender in the antioxidant response following an acute bout of aerobic exercise. PURPOSE: To determine whether changes in serum antioxidant levels after an acute aerobic exercise bout differed between genders. METHODS: The study comprised of 15 healthy adults (9 females, 6 males; age 27±8 years; BMI 24±3 kg/m2) enrolled in the NIH Fatigue in Healthy Individuals Protocol (NCT00888563). During the first visit, subjects completed a treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) to volitional exhaustion. On a separate visit, subjects performed a vigorous-intensity continuous work rate (WR) test, to volitional exhaustion on the treadmill. Serum samples were collected before and immediately after the vigorous exercise bout. A Human Oxidative Stress Multiplex panel was used to determine serum peroxidase (PRX2) and catalase levels. Student’s t-tests were performed between genders for WR and antioxidant levels. RESULTS: Males performed vigorous-intensity exercise at a higher WR than females (p<0.0001). No difference was found in baseline PRX2 and catalase levels between males and females. Relative change in PRX2 (+32% in males; -17% in females) and catalase (+18% in males; -11% in females) was different between genders after a vigorous bout of aerobic exercise (p=0.0136, p=0.0344, respectively). This difference became insignificant when WR was accounted for. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that higher levels of oxidative stress in males may be explained by higher work rates. However, response to exercise-induced oxidative stress demonstrated that males (6 of 6) increased anti-oxidant levels, while females (8 out of 9) showed decreased levels. Previous studies have suggested that gender differences in oxidative stress may be related to an increased production of ROS by NADPH-oxidase in males, or antioxidant properties of estrogen which may assist in minimizing oxidative stress in females. Funding: National Institute of Nursing Research, Division of Intramural Research

Alpha Arrestin Domain Containing 2 and Alpha Arrestin Domain Containing 3 Expression is Reduced in Skeletal Muscle by Anabolic Stimuli and Increased by Catabolic Stimuli

Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic organ capable of increasing or decreasing in size depending upon the stimuli placed upon it. While this is known, the molecular factors that contribute to changes in skeletal muscle mass under anabolic and catabolic conditions remain ill defined. As such, the objective here was to identify novel genes that likely contribute to changes in skeletal muscle mass following anabolic or catabolic stimuli. For the initial identification of such genes, male mice were fasted overnight to induce a catabolic state in the skeletal muscle. The next morning, half of the mice were allowed to refeed for 30 minutes to effectively impart an anabolic stimulus on the skeletal muscle. Using an unbiased microarray approach and subsequent qRT‐PCR validation, the refeeding stimulus resulted in a significant reduction in the mRNA expression of Alpha Arrestin Domain Containing 2 (Arrdc2) and Alpha Arresting Domain Containing 3 (Arrdc3) in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. The reduction in Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 mRNA expression was not limited to nutrient consumption or the TA muscle as mechanical overload also reduced Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 expression in the TA and plantaris muscles. Moreover, the combination of nutrient consumption with mechanical overload had a synergistic effect on reducing Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 expression. Interestingly, these reductions in Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 expression following mechanical overload occurred even when signaling through the mechanistic target of rapamycin in complex 1 (mTORC1) growth pathway was disrupted. On the converse, Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 mRNA expression was increased in the muscle by catabolic stimuli other than fasting, which included androgen deprivation and the metabolic stress imposed by an acute bout of aerobic exercise. The divergent changes in Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 mRNA expression in the skeletal muscle following anabolic and catabolic stimuli were consistently related to the corresponding changes in markers of autophagy activation. While Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 expression showed consistent and divergent changes in expression under these conditions, no consistent changes in expression of other members of the Alpha Arresting Domain Containing family of genes were observed. In all, these data suggest changes in Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 expression may contribute to the regulation of skeletal muscle mass following anabolic and catabolic stimuli by altering autophagy activation.Support or Funding InformationNIH‐DK15658 (SRK) and FSU Council on Research and Creativity (BSG)This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Inactivity induces resistance to the metabolic benefits following acute exercise.

Acute exercise improves postprandial lipemia, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity, all of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, recent research suggests that prolonged sedentary behavior might abolish these healthy metabolic benefits. Accordingly, this study aimed to elucidate the impact of an acute bout of exercise on postprandial plasma triglyceride, glucose, and insulin concentrations after 4 days of prolonged sitting (~13.5 h/day). Ten untrained to recreationally active men (n = 5) and women (n = 5) completed a counterbalanced, crossover study. Four days of prolonged sitting without exercise (SIT) were compared with 4 days of prolonged sitting with a 1-h bout of treadmill exercise (SIT + EX; 63.1 ± 5.2% V̇o2max) on the evening of the fourth day. The following morning, participants completed a high-fat/glucose tolerance test (HFGTT), during which plasma was collected over a 6-h period and analyzed for triglycerides, glucose, and insulin. No differences between trials (P > 0.05) were found in the overall plasma triglyceride, glucose, or insulin responses during the HFGTT. This lack of difference between trials comes with similarly low physical activity (~3,500-4,000 steps/day) on each day except for the 1-h bout of exercise during SIT + EX the day before the HFGTT. These data indicate that physical inactivity (e.g., sitting ~13.5 h/day and <4,000 steps/day) creates a condition whereby people become "resistant" to the metabolic improvements that are typically derived from an acute bout of aerobic exercise (i.e., exercise resistance). NEW & NOTEWORTHY In people who are physically inactive and sitting for a majority of the day, a 1-h bout of vigorous exercise failed to improve lipid, glucose, and insulin metabolism measured the next day. It seems that something inherent to inactivity and/or prolonged sitting makes the body resistant to the 1 h of exercise preventing the normally derived metabolic improvements following exercise.

Effect of gender and body mass index on cardiorespiratory parameters after an acute bout of aerobic exercise: A physiology laboratory-based study

Background: Exercise testing is a way to assess the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Conventionally, it has been reported that CRF decreases with an increase in body mass index (BMI). Moreover, there are gender-associated differences in the CRF. However, in the under-equipped physiology laboratory, the results of exercise testing may not produce the ideal results, as it has been accepted traditionally. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of BMI and gender on the cardiorespiratory parameters after dynamic exercise. The primary objective of the study is to set an example for students to report authentic results rather than making falsified ideal results. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one females and 23 males were involved in the study that was further divided into three groups based on BMI – normal weight, underweight, and overweight. Participants performed a 3-min exercise bout on the cycle ergometer. Cardiorespiratory parameters of each participant were recorded in front of other participants just before and after the exercise by the locally available instruments available in the laboratory. Analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey was applied and P ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Pre-exercise cardiorespiratory study parameters were unaffected by BMI, although males showed a higher resting blood pressure than the females. Post-exercise cardiorespiratory parameters remained unaffected by BMI, but females showed a significantly higher percentage change in post-exercise systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, rate pressure product, and respiratory rate than the males. Conclusion: The results of the present study are far from the traditionally accepted results; however, it has set an example for the budding doctors to report genuine results.

The Immediate Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Cognition in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Age-related cognitive decline is a worldwide challenge, highlighting the need for safe, effective interventions that benefit cognition in older adults. Harnessing the immediate and long-term pleiotropic effects of aerobic exercise is one approach that has gained increasing interest. The aim of this review is to provide knowledge on the immediate effects of acute aerobic exercise on cognitive function of healthy older adults and to assess the methodological quality of studies investigating these effects. A database search in PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov and Google Scholar was conducted using a systematic search strategy. Fifteen studies were identified and cognitive domains investigated included executive function and visual perception. Results from 14 of 15 studies showed that an acute bout of aerobic exercise can enhance at least one subsequent cognitive performance of healthy older adults when measured within 15min post-exercise. The small number of studies available, the limited domains of cognition investigated, the great variability between research protocols, and the low overall quality rating limits the conclusions that can be drawn. More comprehensive randomised controlled trials are needed to address these limitations and verify the potential benefits of acute aerobic exercise.

Experimental effects of brief, single bouts of walking and meditation on mood profile in young adults.

Background: To examine the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise and meditation on mood state among young adults. Methods: Participants (N= 66, mean age = 21.3 years) were randomly assigned to walk,meditate, or sit (control) for 10 minutes. Participants’ mood state was monitored before and after the intervention using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. Results: Significant group x time interaction effects were observed for the POMS composite scores (P=0.05). When evaluating three POMS sub scales separately (depression/dejection,anger/hostility, and fatigue/inertia), only fatigue/inertia was found to have a significant group x time effect (P=0.04). Post hoc paired t tests revealed that fatigue/inertia sub scale scores significantly decreased from baseline to post-intervention in both the exercise (P=0.03) and meditation (P<0.001) groups. However, POMS composite scores decreased significantly in the meditation group (P<0.001) but not in the exercise group (P=0.10). Conclusion: A 10-minute bout of brisk walking and meditation both improved mood state,when compared to an inactive control group. A single bout of brisk walking or meditation may offer suitable strategies to improve mood state among young adults.

Physical exercise increases overall brain oscillatory activity but does not influence inhibitory control in young adults

Extant evidence suggests that acute exercise triggers a tonic power increase in the alpha frequency band at frontal locations, which has been linked to benefits in cognitive function. However, recent literature has questioned such a selective effect on a particular frequency band, indicating a rather overall power increase across the entire frequency spectrum. Moreover, the nature of task-evoked oscillatory brain activity associated to inhibitory control after exercising, and the duration of the exercise effect, are not yet clear. Here, we investigate for the first time steady state oscillatory brain activity during and following an acute bout of aerobic exercise at two different exercise intensities (moderate-to-high and light), by means of a data-driven cluster-based approach to describe the spatio-temporal distribution of exercise-induced effects on brain function without prior assumptions on any frequency range or site of interest. We also assess the transient oscillatory brain activity elicited by stimulus presentation, as well as behavioural performance, in two inhibitory control (flanker) tasks, one performed after a short delay following the physical exercise and another completed after a rest period of 15’ post-exercise to explore the time course of exercise-induced changes on brain function and cognitive performance. The results show that oscillatory brain activity increases during exercise compared to the resting state, and that this increase is higher during the moderate-to-high intensity exercise with respect to the light intensity exercise. In addition, our results show that the global pattern of increased oscillatory brain activity is not specific to any concrete surface localization in slow frequencies, while in faster frequencies this effect is located in parieto-occipital sites. Notably, the exercise-induced increase in oscillatory brain activity disappears immediately after the end of the exercise bout. Neither transient (event-related) oscillatory activity, nor behavioural performance during the flanker tasks following exercise showed significant between-intensity differences. The present findings help elucidate the effect of physical exercise on oscillatory brain activity and challenge previous research suggesting improved inhibitory control following moderate-to-high acute exercise.

Exercise Effects on Adipose Tissue Postprandial Lipolysis and Blood Flow in Children.

To determine if acute bouts of aerobic exercise and/or excise training alter lipolytic and blood flow responses to food intake in lean (LN) and obese (OB) children. Sixty-five children (9-11 yr) were randomized into acute exercise (EX: 16 LN and 28 OB) or control (CON: 9 LN and 12 OB) groups that exercised (EX), or rested (CON) between standardized breakfast and lunch. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue to monitor interstitial glycerol (lipolysis) and blood flow. Changes in interstitial glycerol and nutritive flow were calculated from dialysate samples before and after each meal. A subgroup (OB = 15 and LN = 9) from the acute exercise group underwent 16 wk of aerobic exercise training. Poor suppression of lipolysis and a blunted increase in adipose tissue nutritive blood flow in response to breakfast was associated with BMI percentile (r = 0.3, P < 0.05). These responses were normalized at lunch in the OB in the EX (P < 0.05), but not in OB in the CON. Sixteen weeks of exercise training did not improve meal-induced blood flow and marginally altered the antilipolytic response to the two meals (P = 0.06). Daily bouts of acute aerobic exercise should be used to improve the antilipolytic and nutritive blood flow response to a subsequent meal in obese children.

Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise and Meditation on Parameters of Cognitive Function.

Single bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation have been shown to improve cognitive function. Yet to be examined in the literature, we sought to examine the effects of a combination of acute bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation on cognitive function among young adults. Participants (n = 66, mean (SD) age = 21 (2)) were randomly assigned to walk then meditate, meditate then walk, or to sit (inactive control). All walking and meditation bouts were 10 min in duration. Participants’ cognition was monitored before and after the intervention using Identification, Set Shifting, Stroop, and Trail Making tasks. Additionally, a subjective assessment of cognitive function was implemented before and after the intervention. Significant group by time interaction effects were observed when examining the Stroop congruent trials (P = 0.05). Post hoc paired t-tests revealed that reaction time significantly decreased from baseline to post-intervention in both combination groups (P < 0.001 for both), but not in the control group (P = 0.09). Regarding all other cognitive assessments, there were no significant group by time interaction effects (P > 0.05). Cognitive function was not substantially affected by a combination of brief meditation and exercise, though there is evidence to suggest that this combination may have beneficial effects on certain aspects of cognition. Future work should be conducted to evaluate the influences of different doses of exercise and meditation on cognitive functioning.

Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function in Individuals with Down Syndrome

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) commonly exhibit a mild to moderate level of cognitive impairment, which further affects quality of life in this population. Regular aerobic exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function among individuals with and without DS. However, if an acute bout of moderate intensity aerobic exercise has cognitive benefit in individuals with DS has yet to be explored. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in individuals with and without DS. METHODS: Forty volunteers with and without DS (DS=20, 25 yrs; Control=20, 25 yrs) participated in this study. VO2peak was obtained via indirect calorimetry by an individualized maximal exercise treadmill protocol. Participants exercised at 60% of maximal capacity for 20 min on a separate day. Cognitive function tests (task completion time and accuracy of task completion, A Quick Test for Cognitive Speed, AQT) were measured before, immediately after, and 30 min after the submaximal walking bout. Individuals without DS performed an additional cognitive function test, the Flanker test, to avoid the known ceiling effect of the AQT. RESULTS: Individuals with DS exhibited impaired cognitive function compared to individuals without DS with slower task completion time and higher error rate. (p < 0.05 for both). AQT components, task completion time and error rate, were not altered after 20 min of treadmill exercise in either group. However, improved reaction time and error rate on the Flanker test (immediate; 30 min post), suggest exercise positively benefited cognitive function among those without DS. (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that individuals with DS may need a higher intensity or longer exercise time for cognitive improvement. In addition, in-depth cognitive function testing may be more sensitive in detecting changes with exercise in individuals with DS.

Effects Of An Acute Bout Of Resistance Exercise On Cognitive Performance In Young Adults

There is overwhelming support for enhanced cognitive performance (CP) as a result of an acute bout of aerobic exercise. However, there is less research, and the research is less clear regarding the effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise (RE) on cognitive performance. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of an acute bout of high-intensity RE on reaction time (RT), working memory (WM) & inhibition (IC) - parameters of CP. To determine if there were sex differences for RE & CP, & to examine the relationship between CP & RE-Total Load (TL). METHODS: 23 healthy males (9) & females (Age = 21.7±1.8 yrs) volunteered. Day 1: body composition (Bodpod) and VO2 max were assessed (HRmax = 189.6 +/-5.4 b/min, VO2max = 49.0+/-7.3 ml/kg/min, BF% = 18.1+/-6.5). Day 2: Ss completed an initial battery of CP tests (imPACT) & then completed 1-repitition maximums (1-RM) for 7 Res that made-up the RE routine. Days 3&4: Ss underwent either 30 minutes of semi-reclined Rest (R) or the RE routine. The RE routine consisted of 2 consecutive sets (12 reps) of each RE at 75% 1-RM, followed by 1min of R. R & RE routine order was counter-balanced. Days 2, 3&4 were separated by 1wk. Prior to (PreR & PreEx) & following R & RE routine (PostR & PostEx) Ss performed the imPACT assessment for CP. 4(Conditions) X 2(Sex) ANOVAs with Repeated Measures & a priori contrasts were used to test for significant main effects & interactions for the CP variables. RESULTS: T-Tests confirmed Males (M) exhibited higher VO2max, TL, RE-VO2 & lower BF%. PreEx-PostEx RT (526+/-60ms - 510+/-58ms) was significantly reduced (p<0.02), whereas PreR-PostR RT (525+/-53ms - 532+/-67ms) & PreR-PreEx RT (525+/-53ms - 526+/-60ms) did not differ significantly. None of the CP variables differed by Sex. RT-change (PreEx-PostEx) & TL & RE-VO2 were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSION: Following a single-bout of a high-intensity RE routine, RT was significantly reduced for M & F. However, WM & IC did not differ significantly following RE or R for M or F. M exhibited greater VO2 & VCO2 in response to greater TL, however the change in RT (PreEx-PostEx) was not related to TL the entire group or for M or F.

Exercise-induced changes in stress hormones and cell adhesion molecules in obese men.

PurposeThe current study examined the relationship between exercise-induced changes in stress hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol) and vascular inflammatory markers (soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1], soluble endothelial selectin [sE-selectin], and soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 [sVCAM-1]) in obese men over a 24-hour period following exercise at lower and higher intensity.Patients and methodsFifteen physically inactive, obese, college-aged men performed a single bout of cycling exercise at lower and higher intensities (lower intensity: 50% of maximal heart rate, and higher intensity: 80% of maximal heart rate) in random order. Overnight fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately postexercise (IPE), 1-hour PE (1-h PE), and 24-hour PE. Changes in stress hormones and inflammatory markers were analyzed with a repeated-measures analysis of variance using Bonferroni multiple comparisons and a linear regression analysis (p<0.05).ResultssICAM-1, sVCAM-1, epinephrine, and norepinephrine did not change over time, while sE-selectin was significantly lower at 1-h PE (10.25±1.07 ng/mL, p=0.04) than at baseline (12.22±1.39 ng/mL). Cortisol and sICAM-1 were negatively related at 1-h PE following lower-intensity exercise (r2=0.34, p=0.02), whereas cortisol and sVCAM-1 were positively related at IPE following higher-intensity exercise (r2=0.36, p=0.02).ConclusionRegardless of intensity, an acute bout of aerobic exercise may lower sE-selectin in sedentary obese men. Responses of cortisol are dependent on exercise intensity, and cortisol may be a key stress hormone playing a major role in regulating sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1.

Affective Responses to Acute Bouts of Aerobic Exercise, Mindfulness Meditation, and Combinations of Exercise and Meditation: A Randomized Controlled Intervention.

Single bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation have been shown to induce positive affect. In a novel experimental paradigm, we sought to examine the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise and meditation, as well as exercise and meditation combined on affect among young adults. Participants ( N = 110, mean age = 21.4 years) were randomly assigned to walk, meditate, walk then meditate, meditate then walk, or to sit (inactive control). All walking and meditation bouts were 10 minutes in duration. Participants' affect was monitored before and after the intervention using the Exercise Induced Feelings Inventory. Significant group × time interaction effects were observed for three Exercise Induced Feelings Inventory subscales, including revitalization ( p < .001), tranquility ( p = .02), and exhaustion ( p = .03); the group × time interaction for Exercise Induced Feelings Inventory positive engagement was nonsignificant ( p = .16). A single bout of brisk walking or meditation, as well as a combination of walking and meditation, may positively influence affect. There is some evidence to suggest that affective benefits may be greater following meditation or a combination of meditation and walking, when compared with walking alone.