Production Of Bottles Research Articles

Validation and Comparison of Two Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy-Based Carbon Dioxide Sensors for Bottled Wine

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the applicability of two different carbon dioxide sensors with respect to the wine and bottling production fields. The instruments considered use gas-phase carbon dioxide detection through absorption spectroscopy. The applicability of this method was examined to extract measurements of dissolved carbon dioxide in the liquid phase and the sample pressure. Limitations of these measurements are discussed.

EFFECT OF PET PARISON SIZE ON INJECTION MOULDING MOULD DESIGN

Injection molding is one of the most popular manufacturing processes for producing good finishing plastic products with low cost and high volume production, especially for the production of plastic bottles. In order to produce high quality plastic bottle with specific size, the injection moulding mould need to be properly designed. This study is aimed to design injection moulding mould for producing three different sizes of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) parison. The actual dimensions of a commercial bottle preform of parisan of 25g weight were measured. PET was used as thermoplastic material because it has good strength and light weight properties. The designing process involved two primary components; (1) Female section consists of cavity plate as the main component and (2) male section consists of core plate as the main component. The effect of parisan size on the mould design was evaluated. Three different designs of female and male sections were constructed using CATIA software based on 15g, 20g and 30g parisan weight. The designs were also compared to the existing mould system of 25g PET parisan. It was shown that the design of insert cavity of female section and core cavity of male section were highly influenced by the size of the preform.

Life cycle assessment of Swedish single malt whisky

Agricultural production and further processing to food and drink have large impacts on the environment. However, there are still few examples of LCA studies on beverages such as whisky. This paper presents a life cycle assessment of Swedish single malt whisky and different environmental improvements of the production chain are discussed. The functional unit is one bottle (70 cl) of whisky and results are obtained for global warming potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication potential (EP) and primary energy (PE). The contribution to GWP is dominated by CO2 emissions from transport of stillage. When avoided emissions from use of biogas are included, the net result is 2.1 tonnes CO2-eq. Acidification is mainly due to emissions of SO2 from bottle production, transport and barley cultivation which ends up to 14.6 kg SO2-eq. Eutrophication results are totally dominated by barley cultivation, in total 8.6 kg PO43−. The total use of primary energy is 53.5 MJ/FU with a 50/50 distribution in renewable and non-renewable. Non-renewables emanate from fossil fuels used for transports and in glass production, whereas renewables are mostly used for heating in the distillery. Improvement analysis of transports included; (1) decreasing need of transport, (2) change of fuel and (3) change of transport mode. Decreasing transport of stillage is an efficient measure to reduce GWP and use of non-renewable energy. Substituting diesel with biodiesel for all road transports is an even more efficient measure for these categories, but increases other environmental impact. For all impact categories except use of renewable energy a scenario combining all improvements is the most efficient measure to reduce environmental impact. The results can be used by the manufacturer, but an improved and expanded LCA on product level can be used for a more specific eco-labelling of the different whisky editions.

Carbon footprint of a pale lager packed in different formats: assessment and sensitivity analysis based on transparent data

Energy and water consumption, waste generation, and emissions to air are the main environmental issues of the brewing industry. Several strategies have been so far proposed to reduce its impact on the global climate. This study assessed the environmental impact of the industrial production and distribution of 1 hL of a pale lager, as packed in different formats by the Italian brewery Birra Peroni Srl (Rome, Italy) over the period April 2012–March 2013, in compliance with the Publicly Available Specification 2050 standard method. The estimated carbon footprint of 1 hL of lager beer packaged in 66-cL glass bottles, 33-cL glass bottles assembled in cardboards or cluster packs, 33-cL aluminum cans, or 30-L steel kegs was of the order of 57, 67, 74, 69, or 25 kg CO2e, respectively. Such a difference in the overall carbon footprint values was due to the diverse contributions of packaging materials and transportation. In particular, the impact of packaging materials was minimum in the case of kegs, in virtue of the high reuse coefficient, and maximum in the case of the 33-cL glass bottle cluster packs. The estimated carbon footprint values were considerably lower than those reported in the most recent literature, probably because of the large production scale and short distribution chain of Birra Peroni brewery, utilization of beer co-products as feed and anaerobic digestion of liquid wastewaters. Owing to the linearity of the mathematical model of the carbon footprint, its sensitivity to the change of one-emission factor-at-a-time allowed the main hot spots in the life cycle of beer (i.e., glass bottle production and barley cultivation) to be identified and targeted for mitigating the carbon footprint of any pale lager, both of them being not related to the brewery production scale examined here. The scientific value of this work relies on the choice of estimating the carbon footprint using wholly transparent data in order to allow its direct comparison to other estimates, as well as its straightforward re-calculation using better quality data, as available.

Modelagem e análise da confiabilidade do processo de transformação de polímeros de uma unidade de produção de saneantes

Uma das etapas mais importantes para a maioria dos processos de produção de saneantes é a fabricação dos frascos (embalagens primárias) dos produtos, comumente realizada através de transformação de polímeros, tais como extrusão e sopro. Um crescimento na produção de forma segura requer o uso de meios para reduzir a ocorrência de falhas. O estudo sobre confiabilidade de sistemas de produção pode ser utilizado como uma ferramenta para compreender e prever o comportamento da confiabilidade das unidades industriais. O presente trabalho estuda o comportamento da confiabilidade de uma unidade industrial de saneantes com foco na produção dos frascos. Os estudos feitos neste trabalho foram baseados em três métodos de modelagem: Global Life Distribution (GLD, distribuição de vida global), Composite Life Distribution (CDL, distribuição de vida composta) e Optimum Composite Life Distribution (OCDL, distribuição de vida composta ótima). As distribuições utilizadas neste trabalho foram: exponencial, Weibull, normal, lognormal, q-exponencial e q-Weibull. Os resultados obtidos pelos três métodos foram comparados com os dados experimentais. A metodologia OCLD herda as potencialidades, mas supera as limitações, de ambas as metodologias GLD e CLD, pois, além de representar bem o comportamento do sistema global, possibilita também uma representação dos subsistemas, ou modos de falha, que o compõem. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma análise da contribuição dos modos de falha para a probabilidade de falha do sistema global. O valor calculado para o lucro cessante demonstra a oportunidade de benefício financeiro que pode ser obtido com possíveis aprofundamentos e desdobramentos futuros do estudo realizado.

Ion Chromatographic Determination of Free Cyanide in Different Classes of Bottled Natural Mineral Water Consumed in Turkey

An ion chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of free cyanide in bottled natural mineral waters were measured in terms of selectivity, linearity, the limit of detection, limit of quantification, repeatability, precision, and accuracy. Chromatographic separation of free cyanide ions was accomplished with an anion-exchange column and detected by pulsed amperometric detection with a silver working electrode. The method was found to be selective, linear (r2 = 0.999) at a concentration range of 0.5 to 134 μg L−1, precise, and accurate. Recovery values of free cyanide in all classes of natural mineral water varied from 65.9 ± 1.6 to 95.2 ± 0.7 at different spiking levels (5–70 μg L−1). Parameters (total dissolved solids, mineral interferences, and added sodium hydroxide) affecting the recovery values were studied in this project. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.295 and 0.983 μg L−1, respectively. The proposed method was applied to 27 different brands of commercially available bottled natural mineral water products sold in Turkish markets. These natural mineral waters were classified as: (i) very low mineral concentration, (ii) low mineral concentration, (iii) intermediate mineral concentration, and (iv) high mineral concentration based on their total dissolved solids contents according to European Union Directive (Directive 80/777/EEC). Levels of free cyanide residues in the samples ranged from > limit of detection to 6.12 μg L−1. The highest average concentration of free cyanide residues was found in the class of “high mineral concentration waters.” However, the determined free cyanide values in all of the tested natural mineral water samples were found to be within the limits of European Union legislation.

Study on Nanocoated PET Bottles of Tomato Puree against Enteropathogenic Bacteria

The global production of plastics would reach about 227 MT by 2015, with a growth rate increase of about five percent per year. PET is thermoplastic polyester widely used for production of beverage bottles. Plastic bottles made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are increasingly used in storage of beverages like soft drinks, mineral water, juices and beer, in comparison to other packaging plastic. PET is considered to be the most inert of polymers with good barrier properties against moisture, oxygen and carbon dioxide with a low migration tendency of its constituents. According to National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR, 2011), among 5,478 million pounds of PET bottles are available for recycling. Different technologies can further enhance PET inherent barrier properties and offer great protection to natural properties of packaged products against oxygen migration and carbon dioxide. Food packed into PET containers is the main source of microorganisms causing diarrhoeal diseases (Figure 1). Hence technology to minimize microbial health hazards is the need of the hour. Therefore barrier enhanced technology such as nanoparticle coatings on PET bottles was tried out in this study.

Energy and English wine production: A review of energy use and benchmarking

The English (and Welsh) wine production industry, with more than 120 wineries, has many challenges linked to its northerly cool climate conditions and youthful status as a quality wine-producing country. The subject of sustainability remains important for producers, particularly as a means of improving the economic viability of wine production.This paper presents energy usage within English winemaking facilities based upon energy audits conducted at an individual winery level. The survey did not include vineyard operations or energy usage. The wineries surveyed were representative of the geographic distribution of producers in England and included a range of production scales from a few thousand bottles per year to over 300,000 bottles per year. The combined (average yearly) bottle production for the wineries surveyed was 1,032,194 bottles, representing almost 26% of the total wine production capacity in England and Wales, expending 512,350kWh of energy. Almost 44% of the energy expended in English wine production is related to heating, cooling and ventilation (HVAC) requirements, with 22% related to lighting. Extrapolating the study findings to the entire English winemaking industry (winery only) indicates that 2008MWh of energy was expended in 2011. The average energy benchmark for English wine production is 0.557kWh/l, ranging from 0.040kWh/l to 2.065kWh/l, which compares favourably with other wine producing regions.

Framework-flexibility driven selective sorption of p-xylene over other isomers by a dynamic metal-organic framework.

Chemical separation has great importance in industrial applications. Separation of xylene isomers still prevails to be one of the most important challenges in chemical industry, due to the large amount of commercial use of p-xylene in the production of beverage bottles, fibers and films. A novel Zn(II)-based dynamic coordination framework based on flexible ether-linkage, exhibiting selective adsorption of p-Xylene over its congener C8-alkyl aromatic isomers at ambient conditions is reported. Notably, no dynamic structure based MOF compound is known in the literature which shows clear preference of p-xylene over other isomers. This type of framework-breathing and guest-induced reversible solid-state structural transformations with unique adsorption selectivity can be exploited purposefully to develop smart functional host materials capable of industrially important chemical separations.

Effect of additives on the quality of tender coconut water processed by nonthermal two stage microfiltration technique

Non-thermal two-stage microfiltration technique in aseptic conditions was used to preserve coconut water. Concentrations of citric acid (0.02 g/100 mL), ascorbic acid (0.18 g/100 mL) and l-cysteine (0.009 g/100 mL) were standardized according to taste and added to coconut water as natural additives. The coconut water was packed in glass and plastic bottles after flushing the headspace with nitrogen and stored under refrigeration (4 °C). The microfiltered water was studied for microbial, sensory and physicochemical properties for a period of 46days. The quality of the water packed in glass bottles was better in all respects. The total soluble solids changed from 5.4 to 6°Brix. The pH changed from 5.7 to 5.8. The soluble sugar concentration increased from 1.9g/100 mL to 3.1 g/100 mL, free fatty acid content increased from 0.064 mg KOH/g to 2.8 mg KOH/g at the end of 46days, which was much lower than the changes in control. The protein content decreased in all the samples. Two way ANOVA showed that the storage time had more impact on the sensory properties of the product than the packaging material. The glass bottled product was acceptable on sensory basis till 46days of storage.

Paradoxes of ethically branded bottled water: constituting the solution to the world water crisis

This paper draws attention to the growing role of corporate marketing in the cultural production of crisis narratives. We examine ethically branded bottled water products that encourage the purchase of bottled water as one means of solving the global water crisis. The brands make a donation to a development organization addressing water issues each time a bottle of water is purchased. Through this process consumers are encouraged to ‘save lives’ and ‘engage’ in ‘alleviating the world water crisis’ through buying one brand of bottled water over another. These brands are somewhat paradoxical because they portray the consumption of products that many consider environmentally, economically and socially harmful as an ethical practice. We undertake a discourse analysis of the marketing materials for Ethos Water (one such ethically branded water product) in order to examine how a version of the world water crisis is constituted by the brand. Using the concept of problem closure, we argue that the cultural production of the world water crisis as natural and apolitical; as dislocated from specific places and environments; and as an opportunity for ethical awakening among consumers, results in the consumption of Ethos Water being constituted as a viable solution to such a crisis.

Energy efficiency optimization of air supply system in a water bottle manufacturing system

Abstract This paper presents the use of green manufacturing methods for optimization of energy efficiency of air compressors. The method developed during this research is applied to one industry problem in a facility that fills polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles with mineral water. Bottle manufacturing systems in large beverage production companies often have multiple PET bottle production lines. A common issue in these lines is failure of one of the compressors used for a machine in such manufacturing systems. These equipment failures prevent companies from manufacturing their products until the compressor and its line get repaired. In this way, companies are losing significant financial resources. Therefore, in this paper, one possible solution for such a problem is given. The main goal of the proposed optimization solution is focused on the improvement of system reliability and higher energy efficiency. This was achieved by the replacement of previous, multiple compressors of various capacities with one multiple compressor station with a larger, optimized capacity, customized for a specific solution. In addition, another goal was to establish a platform for a design retrofit in a company with a limited budget. As a result of this research, a suggestion was given that high-pressure compressors, linked to four individual lines for blowing PET bottles, were linked to one high-pressure tank. In this way, the reliability of the system was increased. During this research, discrete event simulation methods were used to verify a proposed solution and to assist researchers in determining an optimal design of an air supply system. The solution given was based on a suitable combination of PET bottle blowers work cycles, which would better meet the total demand for compressed air based on methods related to robust design and Design of Experiments (DoE).

Simulation of the Carbides Precipitation Mechanism in 34CrMo4 and 42CrMo4 Steels

The low-alloyed Cr-Mo steels (25CrMo4, 34CrMo4 and 42CrMo4) are used for production of important technical equipment parts in the petrochemical industry, for transportation of the gaseous hydrocarbons, concentrated acids, and lyes. They are also used for rolling of seamless tubes, in the production of pressure bottles, steel bolts, etc. Steel grades 25CrMo4 and 34CrMo4 represents materials with improved mechanical properties, mainly due to vanadium microalloying. Unfortunately, vanadium microalloyed steels are very sensitive to cracks occurrence after continuous casting and/or heating before hot rolling. This paper deals with vanadium rich precipitates MC, M3C2 and M7C3 formation during continuous casting process. It was verified that vanadium microalloyed steel 34CrMo4 exhibited different carbides formation mechanism and contained significantly higher rate of vanadium in MxCy carbides than steel grade 42CrMo4 using experimental data and ThermoCalc software. Understanding of the vanadium precipitation kinetics is necessary for manufacturing process optimization and internal defects limitation.

Delving into the environmental aspect of a Sardinian white wine: From partial to total life cycle assessment

The aim of this study was to deepen the assessment of the environmental impacts of a white wine produced in Sardinia (FU 750ml), performing an attributional LCA. The system boundaries were extended, from ‘cradle to gate’ (partial LCA) of a previous study, to ‘cradle to grave’ (total LCA), in order to identify the environmental impacts occurring along the wine life cycle stages (vine planting, grape production, wine production, bottling and packaging, distribution, final disposal of the glass bottle).Some assumptions were made in order to quantify the environmental impact of the transportation phase, regarding the few data which were available.Inventory data were mainly collected through direct communication with the Company involved in the study. Results showed that the environmental performance of wine was mostly determined by the glass bottle production (for all impact categories except ozone layer depletion). The second contributor was the agricultural phase, which included two sub-phases: vine planting and grape production. Results showed that the vine planting sub-phase was not negligible given its contribution to the agricultural phase, mainly due to diesel fuel consumption. Transportation impact was found to be relevant for long distance distribution (USA); the impact categories more affected by transport were acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidation and global warming potential.Suggested opportunities to reduce the overall environmental impact were the introduction of a lighter glass bottle or the substitution of the glass bottle with a polylaminate container.

Ant colony system with characterization-based heuristics for a bottled-products distribution logistics system

The aim of this paper is to show the solution of the Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW) as a key factor to solve a logistics system for the distribution of bottled products. We made a hybridization between an Ant Colony System algorithm (ACS) and a set of heuristics focused on instance characterization and performance learning. We mainly propose a method to make a constrained list of candidate customers called Extended Constrained List (ECL) heuristics. Such a list is built based on the characterization of the time-window and the geographical distribution of customers. This list gives priority to the nearest customers with a smaller time window. The ECL heuristics is complemented by the Learning Levels (LL) heuristics, that allows the ants to use the pheromone matrix in two phases: local and global. In order to validate the benefits of each heuristics, a series of computational experiments were conducted using the standard Solomon’s benchmark. The experimental results show that, when the ECL heuristics is incorporated in the basic ACS algorithm, the number of required vehicles is reduced by 28.16%. When the LL heuristics is incorporated, this reduction increases to 36.83%. The experimentation reveals that, by a suitable characterization, preexisting conditions in the instances are identified in order to take advantage of both of the ECL and LL.

Comparative assessment of the environmental profile of PLA and PET drinking water bottles from a life cycle perspective

Bioplastic polymer that is produced from cassava has been considered the most promising alternative to conventional plastics as there is an abundant renewable resource in Thailand. The objective of this study was to analyze the life cycle environmental performance of polylactic acid (PLA) drinking water bottles produced in Thailand with an emphasis on different end-of-life scenarios. The functional unit was set at 1000 units of 250-ml drinking water bottles. The system boundary of the study covered all stages in the life cycle, including cultivation and harvesting, cassava starch production, transportation, glucose production, the polymerization process to produce PLA resin, PLA bottles production, and disposal process. The input–output data included the use of resources (water, chemicals, materials), energy (electricity, fuels), and all emissions based on the functional unit. The life cycle environmental performance of PLA drinking water bottles was compared with that of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for the same functional unit. The global warming potential, fossil energy demand, acidification, eutrophication, and human toxicity were selected in the analysis. The results obtained in this study showed that the environmental performance of cassava-based PLA bottles was better than PET bottles in terms of global warming, reduction of dependency on fossil energy, and human toxicity. In addition, it was shown that improving cassava starch process by combining with biogas production and utilization will lead to significant reduction in global warming potential and eutrophication potential.

Epoxy Resin and Polyurethane Compositions from Glycolized Poly (ethylene terephthalate) Wastes

The possibility to use poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles production waste as raw material for compositions with high adhesion ability has been investigated. PET waste was glycolyzed with polypropylene glycol and three kinds of oligoesters were formed after depolymerization reaction. The polydispersity of product formed was 1.05. The possibilities to use PET glycolysis products – oligoesters for epoxy resin and polyurethanes were studied. Two-step reaction of oligoesters with epichlorohydrin was chosen for epoxy resin synthesis, while glycolyzed PET reaction with aliphatic isocyanate was used for polyurethane synthesis. The structure and properties of the obtained polymers were investigated. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.19.3.5237

Identification of Putative Steroid Receptor Antagonists in Bottled Water: Combining Bioassays and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are man-made compounds interfering with hormone signaling and thereby adversely affecting human health. Recent reports provide evidence for the presence of EDCs in commercially available bottled water, including steroid receptor agonists and antagonists. However, since these findings are based on biological data the causative chemicals remain unidentified and, therefore, inaccessible for toxicological evaluation. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the antiestrogenic and antiandrogenic activity of bottled water and to identify the causative steroid receptor antagonists. We evaluated the antiestrogenic and antiandrogenic activity of 18 bottled water products in reporter gene assays for human estrogen receptor alpha and androgen receptor. Using nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry (LTQ-Orbitrap Velos), we acquired corresponding analytical data. We combined the biological and chemical information to determine the exact mass of the tentative steroid receptor antagonist. Further MSn experiments elucidated the molecule’s structure and enabled its identification. We detected significant antiestrogenicity in 13 of 18 products. 16 samples were antiandrogenic inhibiting the androgen receptor by up to 90%. Nontarget chemical analysis revealed that out of 24520 candidates present in bottled water one was consistently correlated with the antagonistic activity. By combining experimental and in silico MSn data we identified this compound as di(2-ethylhexyl) fumarate (DEHF). We confirmed the identity and biological activity of DEHF and additional isomers of dioctyl fumarate and maleate using authentic standards. Since DEHF is antiestrogenic but not antiandrogenic we conclude that additional, yet unidentified EDCs must contribute to the antagonistic effect of bottled water. Applying a novel approach to combine biological and chemical analysis this is the first study to identify so far unknown EDCs in bottled water. Notably, dioctyl fumarates and maleates have been overlooked by science and regulation to date. This illustrates the need to identify novel toxicologically relevant compounds to establish a more holistic picture of the human exposome.

The environmental impact of a Sardinian wine by partial Life Cycle Assessment

PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental emissions associated with the production of a typical white wine produced in Sardinia, with particular reference to CO2 emissions. The main objective is to determine the main environmental impacts of the overall production process and to identify what steps have the greatest level of criticity. MethodsAn attributional and partial Life Cycle Assessment analysis was used with GaBi software. ResultsThe analysis shows that the main problems were the production and combustion of diesel in the viticulture phase, above all during the vine planting phase, and the production of glass bottles in the phase of wine bottling within the winery processes. Conclusions and recommendationsTo overcome these critical points, some suggestions come from the most recent literature, such as the use of biofuels in the first case and the use of lighter bottles in the second. More in-depth analysis is needed to compare these alternatives in order to assess the effective reduction of environmental emissions.

Comparison of the effects of bisphenol A alone and in a combination with X-irradiation on sperm count and quality in male adult and pubescent mice

Bisphenol A (BPA) is employed in the manufacturing of epoxy, polyester-styrene, and polycarbonate resins, which are used for the production of baby and water bottles and reusable containers, food and beverage packing, dental fillings and sealants. The study was designed to examine the effects of 8-week exposure (a full cycle of spermatogenesis) to BPA alone and in a combination with X-irradiation on the reproductive organs and germ cells of adult and pubescent male mice. Pzh:Sfis male mice were exposed to BPA (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) or X-rays (0.05 Gy) or to a combination of both (0.05 Gy + 5 mg/kg bw BPA). The following parameters were examined: sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology, and DNA damage in male gametes. Both BPA and X-rays alone diminished sperm quality. BPA exposure significantly reduced sperm count in pubescent males compared to adult mice, with degenerative changes detected in seminiferous epithelium. This may suggest a higher susceptibility of germ cells of younger males to BPA action. Combined BPA with X-ray treatment enhanced the harmful effect induced by BPA alone in male germ cells of adult males, whereas low-dose irradiation showed sometimes protective or additive effects in pubescent mice.