Boric Acid Solution Research Articles

Fretting wear behavior test and numerical simulation of Inconel 690 alloy

ABSTRACT A steam generator heat transfer tube is important for energy exchange between the primary circuit and secondary circuit . The changes in friction and wear properties of Inconel 690 alloy and 403 stainless-steel anti-vibration strips in different media (air, deionized water, and boric acid solution) were compared and analyzed. Friction and wear tests were conducted in different media environments and under different loads, and finite element simulation was performed in different media environments.Results show that the main wear mechanisms in the air are delamination wear and oxidation friction. The oxygen content in the water is reduced, and the oxide formed is reduced. Because the solution replaces the abrasive particles to form the third body, which can reduce friction and lubricate, the abrasive particles and abrasive particles can be easily removed or dissolved. The wear mechanism in a water environment is delamination wear and abrasive wear. In boric acid, a passive film is formed on the contact wear surface of the Inconel 690 alloy after the previous fretting wear. The passivation film is worn first in the next fretting wear, which slows down wearing. The wear mechanism in a boric acid environment primarily includes abrasive wear and corrosion wear.

Boron Adsorption Kinetics of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Polymer Resin

Tailoring boron-polysaccharide interactions is an important strategy for developing functional soft materials such as hydrogels, fire retardants, and sorbents for environmental remediation, for example, using lignocellulosic biomass. For such applications to be realized, it is paramount to understand the adsorption kinetics of borate anions on cellulose and their local structures. Here, the kinetic aspects of boron adsorption by microcrystalline cellulose, lignin, and polymeric resin are investigated and compared. Borate anions interact with the vicinal diols in the glucopyranoside moieties of cellulose to yield chemisorbed boron chelate complexes. In contrast to cellulose, technical lignin contains fewer cis-vicinal diols, and it does not have a tendency to form such chelate complexes upon treatment with the aqueous boric acid solution. The formation kinetics and stability of these chelate complexes strongly depend on nanoscale structures, as well as reaction conditions such as pH and concentration of the sorbate and sorbent. Specifically, insights into the distinct boron adsorption sites were obtained by solid-state one-dimensional (1D) 11B magic-angle spinning NMR and the local structures and intermolecular interactions in the vicinities of boron chelate complexes are elucidated by analyzing two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C and 11B-1H heteronuclear correlation NMR spectra. The total boron adsorption capacity of cellulose is estimated to be in the 1.3-3.0 mg range per gram of sorbent, which is lower than the boron adsorption capacity of a polystyrene-based resin, ∼17.2 mg of boron per gram of Amberlite IRA 743. Our study demonstrates that the local backbone and side chain flexibility as well as the structures of polyol groups play a significant role in determining the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of chelate complexes, yielding to different boron adsorption capabilities of lignocellulosic polymers.

Perception of artisans towards bamboo preservation for improved product durability in Uganda

Bamboo continues to attract attention globally as a sustainable material and is used in many applications. However, the quality of bamboo products in Uganda remains poor and cannot compete in the local and international markets. Bamboo's low product quality is associated with poor raw material processing and limited preservation methods, which lead to the short service life of the products due to its susceptibility to bio-deterioration and degradation. To cope with the above, artisans in Uganda apply various preservation methods depending on their knowledge and available resources. In this paper, the authors seek to determine the methods used by the artisans to preserve bamboo, understand the background of their intention to preserve, and their perception towards bamboo preservation. The Theory of Planned Behaviour was used as the main framework to understand artisans' perceptions towards the intention to preserve bamboo. A cross-sectional survey with 186 randomly selected artisans working with bamboo was conducted across three agroecological zones presumed to be Uganda's main bamboo growing areas. The study reported 13 available bamboo species, with the artisans exploiting mainly three of these species. Most artisans (86%) were aware of the need to preserve bamboo, with 67.4% practising bamboo preservation. The artisans use different methods and chemicals for preservation, i.e. leaching (17%), smoking (14%), soaking in crude lake salt (31%), boric acid and borax solutions (20%), surface application (16%), and pressure treatment (1%). Ordinal logistic regression was used to model artisans’ intention to engage in bamboo preservation. Attitude and subjective norms were the psychological factors that significantly influenced artisans’ intention to preserve bamboo. Interventions that increase benefits accrued from preserved bamboo can improve artisans’ attitude and subjective norms and enhance their intention to engage in bamboo preservation.

Effects of Zn injection into boric acid and lithium hydroxide solutions on the corrosion behaviors of 316LN stainless steel in simulated hot functional test high-temperature pressurized water

The effects of Zn injection into boric acid and lithium hydroxide solutions on the corrosion behaviors of 316LN stainless steel (SS) in simulated hot functional test (HFT) high-temperature pressurized water at 573 K were investigated. Low concentration of lithium hydroxide solutions with 20–100 ppb Zn injection are recommended for Zn-injected HFT water chemistry and the beneficial effects of Zn injection into both HFT and primary coolant water chemistry are confirmed in view of the protective properties of the oxide films on 316LN SS. The Zn injection involved corrosion mechanism during HFT is discussed.

Characterization of hemp fiber fire reaction

AbstractIntegrating bio‐resources in materials allows to reduce the environmental impact of the building industry. This study deals with fire‐retardant treatments, alternative to boric acid and ammonium salts solutions, applied to hemp fibers for thermal insulation application. The aim is to limit the energy, sanitary and environmental impacts of the treatment, while optimizing the technical performances. A laboratory protocol evaluates the flame‐retardant effect of the developed treatments. Treated fibers, including commercial treatments, are subjected to characterization tests: direct ignition small flame, thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis [TGA], differential thermal analysis [DTA]), pyrolysis‐combustion flow calorimeter and cone calorimeter. Some of the methods have been adapted to be applied to fibrous materials. The obtained results orientate the formulation of a treatment and highlight the complementarity of the analysis methods. Coupling the results, the ConeTools's predictive model leads to the estimation of the reaction to fire class according to the Euroclass. Euroclass C appears accessible with a tailored treatment.

Horticultural Practices in Early Spring to Mitigate the Adverse Effect of Low Temperature on Fruit Set in 'Lapins' Sweet Cherry.

Yield of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is determined by fruit set, a developmental stage sensitive to variable spring environmental conditions. To sustain fruit production and enhance crop climate resilience, it is important to understand the impacts of abiotic stresses and the effectiveness of horticultural mitigations in the spring on the critical developmental processes during fruit set. In this study, flowering phenology, pistil browning and percent fruit set of 'Lapins' were monitored at five sites of different elevation and frost risk in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada, in 2019 and 2022. At Site 1 in Summerland Research and Development Centre ("SuRDC1"), where a 'Lapins' on Krymsk 5 planting was located in a frost pocket where the crops were exposed to high risk of cold damage in the spring, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the floral organ viability and percent fruit set under low temperatures, and under the effects of four spring horticultural mitigation measures. Installation of polyethylene sleeves and FAME spray (fatty acid methyl esters-based plant growth regulator, WAIKEN, SST Australia) were implemented in 2019; boric acid spray and postponed irrigation were tested in 2022. Low fruit set at SuRDC1 in both years was associated with severe pistil browning after night temperature dropped below -4 °C in late April. In 2019, the semi-enclosure of polyethylene sleeves led to an increase in the surface temperature (Tsurfae) of floral buds by 2-4 °C, which prolonged the stage of first bloom, delayed petal fall and prevented frost damage on pistils, but led to the decrease in percent fruit set by 77%, due to ovule abortion or cessation of fruitlet development. The early and late sprays of FAME had no significant influence on either abundance of germinated pollen tubes or percent fruit set; however, the potential of late spray in improving pollen abundance and reducing pistil browning requires further investigation. In 2022, the spray of 0.01% boric acid solution led to a decrease in fruit set by 6.95%. Six-week postponement of irrigation starting from full bloom decreased soil moisture, but increased soil temperature and improved fruit set by 7.61%. The results improved our understanding about the damages of adverse spring air temperatures on pistils and ovules, and suggested the potential of irrigation adjustment in regulating soil moisture and temperature and improving fruit set in the cool and moist spring.

Determination of isotopic ratio of boron in boric acid solutions by ATR–FTIR spectroscopy

Determination of isotopic ratio of boron in boric acid solutions by ATR–FTIR spectroscopy

Ototoxicity of Topical Castellani Solution and Boric Acid in Alcohol: an Experimental Study on Rats.

The aim of this study is to determine the ototoxicities of boric acid in alcohol (BAA) and Castellani solutions by means of distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE). A total of 28 rats were randomly divided into four groups, each group consisting of 7 animals. Then, 0.1mL Castellani solution, 0.1mL BAA (4% boric acid solution prepared with 60% alcohol), 0.2mL (40mg/mL) gentamicin and 0.2mL saline were dropped to right outer ear canals of rats in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, twice a day, for 14days. DPOAE values obtained on days 0 and 14 were statistically compared for the values obtained at 750-8000Hz frequencies. A statistically significant decrease was found on day 14 compared to day 0 values in Castellani group at all frequencies (p < 0.05). In BAA group, there was a statistically significant decrease between frequencies 1500 and 8000Hz on day 14 (p < 0.05).We found that Castellani and BAA were ototoxic. BAA and Castellani solutions should be avoided in patients with tympanic membrane perforations, ventilation tubes and open mastoid cavities.

Влияние растворов борной кислоты в органических растворителях на продуктивность и химический состав зеленой массы клевера лугового

A comparative study of the effectiveness of boron in various forms (aqueous solution / chelated form) on the yield and quality indicators of Martum variety meadow clover herbage was carried out. Chelated forms were solutions of boric acid in organic liquids: monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, glycerol, ethylene glycol. The plants fertilized with solutions of boric acid in orga¬nic solvents were bulkier and their biomass grew more intensively. The use of an aqueous solution of boric acid (the traditional form of boron microfertilizers) increased the plant growth by only 6.2 % compared to the variant without fertilization. The use of organic solvents led to more significant increase in the height of red clover: its increase compared to control test varied from 5.5 to 19.6 cm. The tallest plants were observed in the variant with the use of boric acid dissolved in ethylene glycol, which exceeded the control value by 1.3 times. Foliar top dressing with boric micronutrient fertilizers allowed increasing the herbage of the experimental crop by 7.4–78.5 %, in relation to the control test. The use of triethanolamine, glycerol, and ethylene glycol as solvents contributed to the maximum significant growth of the vegetative mass of clover, which was 8.1, 7.7 and 9.5 t/ha higher, respectively, compared to the unfertilized variant. The collection of dry matter in the experimental variants increased by 0.1–1.1 t/ha. The highest value of this indicator was noted during foliar treatment of clover with the solution of boric acid based on ethylene glycol, which exceeded the value of the control test by 73.3 %, as well as the variant with an aqueous solution of boric acid by 62.5 %. In addition to taking into account the total content of organic or mineral compounds in the clover phytomass, the content of the main nutrients – nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium – was determined. The highest concentration of nitrogen was observed after adding a mixture of boric acid and glycerol, which is 24.2 % higher than the value in the control test, as well as 33.1 % higher than the variant after the aqueous solution of boric acid. The content of phosphorus in the clover herbage was maximal in the variant using a solution of boric acid in glycerol; it exceeded the control test by 15.4 %. The dissolution of boric acid in water and ethylene glycol, on the contrary, significantly reduced the concentration of this element by 11.5 % compared to the control test. The content of potassium in the clover herbage in the control test was 1.95 %, while the use of solutions of boric acid in organic solvents for foliar feeding led to an increase in this indicator by an average of 1.04 times. At the same time, the maximal increase in the indicator under consideration in the variant where a solution based on diethanolamine was used equaled 7.7 % to the corresponding value of the unfertilized variant and 8.2 % to the variant using an aqueous solution of boric acid. The use of boric acid contributed to a slight decrease in the content of nitrates, and the options with the use of di- and triethanolamine were characterized by the greatest effect in this case.

Electrochemical Properties and Specific Selectivity of Ion-Exchange Membranes in Borate-Nitrate Electrolyte Solutions

Electrochemical characteristics of heterogeneous cation- and anion-exchange Ralex membranes and the mechanism of transfer of ions of salt, boric acid and its anions through membranes at different pH values were investigated by the method of rotating membrane disk (RMD). It is shown that boric acid is transported mainly through an anion exchange membrane. At pH 9.5, the limiting stage of anion transfer through the anion exchange membrane is the reaction of tetrahydroxyborate \({\text{B}}\left( {{\text{OH}}} \right)_{4}^{ - }\) anion formation. The study of the electrodialysis separation of a solution of sodium nitrate and boric acid showed that the electrodialysis method makes it possible to effectively separate the components of the mixture, while the value of the specific selectivity coefficient \({{P}_{{{{\text{B}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\text{B}} {{\text{NaN}}{{{\text{O}}}_{{\text{3}}}}}}} \right.} {{\text{NaN}}{{{\text{O}}}_{{\text{3}}}}}}}}}\) = (0.02–0.06), depending on the voltage on the electrodialyzer.

Balın GSBL ve Biyofilm Üreten Enterobacterales Üzerindeki Antibakteriyel Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Mastitis is a mammary gland inflammatory disease that causes milk yield reduction and economic losses. Mastitis is bacteriological and antibiotics are usually used for treatment. Alternative natural treatment methods such as bee products, phytotherapy, and essential oils were evaluated to reduce the use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis. In this study, the in vitro antibacterial effect of flower and oak honey samples dissolved in distilled water and boric acid (2%) on ESBL and biofilm-producing Enterobacterales pathogens was investigated. The aim was to establish the usability of honey/boric acid solution against mastitis as a natural antiseptic solution for bovine udder surfaces. Honey samples were studied by dissolving in distilled water and boric acid (2%) solvents. There was no significant statistical difference between honey solutions using distilled water and boric acid (p&gt;0.05). Antibacterial effects were increased according to the increasing honey proportion in flower honey solutions. However, the antibacterial activity of oak honey dissolved in boric acid solution was higher than dissolved in distilled water. As a result of the statistical correlation analysis between flower and oak honey samples, antibacterial effects of flower honey samples were determined to be higher than oak honey samples (p

Non-negligible corrosion from vaporized boric acid on 304 stainless steel

Based on the volatility and sublimation properties of boric acid, the corrosion behaviours of 304 stainless steel (SS) in boric acid-containing vapour over the boric acid aqueous solution and in the solution at high temperature were investigated. The results showed that the vaporized boric acid could cause or accelerate the formation of droplet-orientated scabs on the metal surfaces, which led to the formation of localized crust-like layers of corrosion products, whereas the boric acid in solution could only cause uniform corrosion with thin oxide layers formed on the metal surface. Prolonging the exposure duration or increasing the concentrations of boric acid in solution could accelerate the localized corrosion. The weight gains of 304 SS exposed to the vaporized boric acid reached 0.314 mg/cm2 at 180 °C for 960 h, while it was 0.055 mg/cm2 in the corresponding boric acid solution, being 5.7 times in weight changes. Furthermore, the possible corrosion pathway and formation mechanism of the corrosion products were proposed and discussed.

Nanocrystallized Surface Effect on the Tribocorrosion Behavior of AISI 420

Nanopeening treatment was applied to the AISI 420 steel to decrease its sensitivity to tribocorrosion damage. The microstructural investigation highlighted that the nanopeening treatment led to high plastic deformation and a nanostructured surface layer with a 110 µm depth. In order to study the combined effect of corrosion and mechanical wear, tribocorrosion tests were performed on non-treated and nanopeened samples in boric acid and lithium hydroxide solutions, considering both continuous and intermittent sliding. It was found that the AISI 420 steel is sensitive to the synergy between mechanical friction and electrochemical corrosion with the dominance of abrasive wear. Adhesive wear was also detected in the wear track. Indeed, the mechanical wear was pronounced under intermittent sliding because of hard wear debris generation from the repassivated layer during rotating time. The nanopeening treatment led to enhanced mechanical performance and corrosion properties. Such improvement could be explained by the high plastic deformation resulting in the nano-structuration of grains and the increasing hardness of AISI 420 steel.

Tension‐Responsive Graphene Oxide Conductive Hydrogel with Robust Mechanical Properties and High Sensitivity for Human Motion Monitoring

PVA‐BB/GO‐Fe3+/agar hydrogels (BB is configured by 1:1 configuration of 0.04 mol L−1 boric acid solution and 0.04 mol L−1 borax solution) are designed with excellent mechanical and electrical properties due to their triple cross‐linked network, and they maintain stable performance in various tests, which is sufficient to support the use of hydrogels in multiple scenarios. Meanwhile, the tension responsiveness of the PVA‐BB/GO‐Fe3+/agar hydrogel allows it to rapidly transmit signal changes upon tension changes. Finally, maintaining increased energy dissipation and strength enhancement during the loading–unloading cycle provides the possibility of long, stable operation. In summary, it is believed that PVA‐BB/GO‐Fe3+/agar hydrogel has significant potential in the field of flexible sensors and is expected to be fabricated as a sensor for motion monitoring.

Effect of gadolinium addition on the corrosion behavior and oxide properties of titanium in boric acid solution at 50 °C

The purpose of this study is to investigate the electrochemical and immersion corrosion behavior of Ti-5 wt.% Gd alloy in a boric acid solution at 50 °C. The chemical states and defect densities of oxide films formed in the solution were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the Mott–Schottky relation, respectively. Ti-5Gd alloy revealed a higher corrosion and passive current density, and greater weight loss compared to pure Ti, which is primarily attributed to the preferential dissolution of anodic Gd-rich particles in the cathodic Ti matrix. Incorporation of Gd3+ ions into the TiO2 lattice increased oxygen vacancy concentration; therefore, the oxide films of Ti-5Gd alloy contained much more point defects that carry the charges through the films, thereby deteriorating the corrosion resistance of the alloy in regards to the properties of the films.

Effect of Organic Manures and Boron Application on Yield Attributes and Yield of Mustard (Brassica junciea L.) under Jammu Region

ABSTRACT Boron (B) is a critical micronutrient for mustard’s normal growth and development. After zinc (Zn), this is one of the most critical deficient micronutrients in Indian soil. During the consecutive years 2018–19 and 2019–20, an experiment was carried out using three sources of organic manures and four levels of boron in a factorial randomized block design at experimental field, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, India, during rabi season. The three appication sources of organic manures, viz., OM0 (control), OM2 (10 ton per hectare Farmyard manure) and OM3 (5 ton per hectare Farmyard manure +2.5 ton per hectare Vermicompost), with five levels of boron, i.e. B1 (control), B2 (soil application 5 kg borax per hectare), B3 (soil application 10 kg borax per hectare), B4 (foliar spray 0.1% boric acid solution) and B5 (foliar spray 0.2% boric acid solution). Based on the field experiment, the best treatment combination was the application of OM3 (5 ton per hectare Farmyard manure +2.5 ton per hectare Vermicompost) combined with BS-10 (10 kg borax per hectare). This combination produced the best results based on metric characters like plant dry matter (at 30, 60 and harvest), number of silique per branches, number of seeds per silique, length of silique, number of branch per plant, occurrence of 50% flowering, test weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index.

Model of boron diffusion in silicon used for solar cell fabrication based on boric acid solutions

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a model that allows determining the boron concentration profile in silicon based on duration and temperature of the diffusion process.Design/methodology/approachThe model was developed on the basis of the Fick’s second law, which is fundamental for describing the diffusion process. The explicit scheme of the finite difference method was used in the conducted simulations. Results of measurements made using the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) were used as template dopant concentration profiles. Solution of boric acid in ethanol is the dopant source for which this model was developed.FindingsBased on the conducted simulations, it was proposed that besides the influence of electric field of ionized dopants, which is already described in literature, an appropriate factor reflecting the influence of the threshold concentration on the coefficient of diffusion of boron in silicone should also be introduced.Originality/valueThe developed model enables determination of the boron concentration profile in silicon consistent with the results of SIMS measurements. A factor taking into account the influence of threshold concentration on the coefficient of diffusion was introduced. The influence of concentration of boric acid in the dopant solution on the concentration profile was also considered.

Corrosion behavior of neutron absorbing Ti-Gd alloys in simulated spent nuclear fuel pool water

The purpose of this study is to investigate the corrosion behavior of Ti-Gd alloys that were fabricated as a neutron absorbing material for storage of spent nuclear fuel in a boric acid solution at 50 °C. The electrochemical corrosion current and weight loss of the alloys increased with increasing Gd content. Gd-rich particles distributed in the Ti matrix were preferentially dissolved in the solution by a micro-galvanic effect with the cathodic Ti matrix. Oxide films grown on the alloys revealed a lower charge transfer resistance, lower electrical resistance, and higher donor density compared to those of pure Ti.

Corrosion Analysis of Al-Ce-X Cast Alloys in Dilute Boric Acid and 3.5 Wt.% NaCl Solutions

New compositions of Al-Ce-X cast alloys have been developed to offer higher material performances than the conventional Al alloys for nuclear and other industrial applications. To assess the corrosion behavior of these new Al-Ce-X alloys, mass change measurements and electrochemical analysis were conducted using 0.23 wt.% boric acid solution, relevant to the water chemistry for the storage pool of spent nuclear fuels, and a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution approximating sea water. Pre- and Post-corrosion Al alloy specimens were characterized by electron microscope systems including SEM, TEM and EDS. The initial electrochemical and mass change results suggest that Al-Ce-X alloys are resistant to corrosion in 0.23 wt.% boric acid but can be susceptible to corrosion in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The initial characterization of post-corrosion samples indicated that one Al-Ce-X alloy type experiences uniform corrosion without any preferential or local attacks. Further corrosion analysis and characterization are underway for comprehensive understanding of corrosion phenomenon in these new alloys.

Cathodic Boronitrocarburising and Anodic Polishing of Mild Steel 20 in Electrolitic Plasma

The paper discusses a possibility of increasing the wear and corrosion resistance of a low carbon steel surface after cathodic plasma electrolytic boronitrocarburising in a solution of boric acid, glycerin, and ammonium chloride, with the subsequent anodic plasma electrolytic polishing in an ammonium sulfate solution due to the formation of a modified structure consisting of a dense oxide layer and a diffusion layer below it, which contains up to 0.87% carbon, 0.80% nitrogen, and 0.87% boron upon reaching microhardness up to 970±20 HV. The competitive influence of the surface erosion under the action of discharges and high-temperature oxidation on the morphology and roughness of the surface is revealed. A positive effect of reducing the surface roughness during the formation of a dense oxide layer on the surface and a hardened diffusion layer under it on reducing the friction coefficient and mass wear, as well as reducing the roughness and additional oxidation of the surface during polishing on reducing the corrosion current density, has been established.